数字化主控室操纵员人因可靠性研究

当前较经典、较普遍的人因可靠性分析（HRA）方法均是在主控室数字化前研究的。本研究根据操纵员模拟机培训录像,采用行为学的方法,对数字化主控室操纵员的操作行为进行了定义、数据采集和分析。研究表明,数字化主控室操纵员操作失误概率基本正常;二类任务操作增多、失误概率增大。因此,本研究为数字化主控室操纵员HRA提供了依据。      

应用于M310电厂数字化报警抑制的机组运行工况计算

采用数字化仪控系统(DCS)和先进主控室的核电厂需要由仪控系统自动实时计算核电机组运行工况,通过友好的数字化人-机界面显示给主控室操纵员;该运行工况的计算结果,用以进行数字化报警抑制。本文提出的方法就是设计运行工况的计算方法和运行工况数字化实施方法。     

基于模拟机实验的核电厂数字化主控室人因失误辨识

为了识别核电厂数字化主控室中操纵员的主要人因失误模式,本文基于现场观察、操纵员访谈以及认知行为分析识别操纵员的主要认知功能,并据此建立了人因失误分类体系。在此基础上,通过模拟机实验识别数字化主控室操纵员的主要人因失误模式及其原因,为提高核电厂操纵员的行为可靠性、人因失误的减少和预防提供理论支持。     

核电厂数字化SOP对人因失误的影响

主控室中数字化状态导向规程SOP(State-oriented Procedure)的应用使操纵员执行事故处理的逻辑和信息显示方式都发生了重大变化。本文介绍了SOP规程的原理,描述了数字化主控室中操纵员执行SOP处理电厂事故的流程。以核电厂主控室现场调研、行为观察、模拟机实验和操纵员访谈为依据,发现数字化SOP在操作控制、信息显示、班组合作等方面带来了大量可能导致人因失误的因素,以及可能出现的新的人误模式,可期为SOP规程的优化提供支持。     

数字化核电厂操纵员监视行为可靠性分析及其应用

为了建立数字化核电厂操纵员监视行为可靠性量化模型,在分析电厂数字化主控室设计特征和操纵员监视行为的基础上,结合监视活动过程与规律,将监视行为可靠性划分为屏幕间转移可靠性、屏幕内信息搜索转移可靠性和信息察觉可靠性3部分。基于Senders的监视理论建立了屏幕间转移可靠性计算模型;基于注意力资源分配理论建立了屏幕内信息搜索转移可靠性计算模型;考虑行为形成因子(PSF)的因果关系,基于贝叶斯网络建立了信息察觉可靠性计算模型,并给出了"误安注"场景下监视可靠性计算应用实例。结果表明,建立的监视行为可靠性模型既能客观地描述操纵员监视过程,又能给出其可靠性量化结果,克服了传统方法的不足,提高了人因可靠性分析的精度,为数字化主控室操纵员监视行为可靠性分析与工程应用提供了理论与技术支持。     

某核电厂操纵员慢性肌肉骨骼损伤与人体工效学初探

调查某核电厂主控室操纵员慢性肌肉骨骼损伤情况。结果表明,某核电厂操纵员慢性肌肉骨骼损伤率为71.57%,与普通放射工作人员相比差异显著;不同部位慢性肌肉骨骼损伤患病率差异显著;初步给出适合核电厂操纵员座椅的基本尺寸。基于人体工效学的座椅尺寸有利于减轻核电厂操纵员的慢性肌肉骨骼损伤危害。     

核电站主控室数字化操纵员评价系统

为准确和高效地进行核电站主控室人机系统匹配关系的评价,分析了操纵员评价人体模型的表达形式和人体参数,确定了数字化操纵员应具备的评价功能。基于二次开发技术开发了数字化操纵员评价人体模型,该模型可根据具体评价的需要,选择操纵员的生成方式、性别、操作姿态、单/双眼视域、左/右手可达域,用于评价显示信息是否在操纵员视域范围内以及评价操纵设备是否可触及;同时还具备作业空间和字符可视性评价等关键功能。实例应用表明,该方法能准确、高效和快捷地完成核电站主控室人机匹配关系的评价工作,使二者的协调关系达到最优。     

数字化主控室操纵员操作模式及响应时间研究

对国内某核电厂数字化主控室操纵员模拟机复训开展实地观察，收集操纵员在数字化操作平台的操作行为及响应时间的影像数据，根据影像数据应用行为分析技术对操纵员在数字化操作台上的各种操作行为进行分组并获取其响应时间的均值，最终确定了数字化操作平台操纵员操作的模式及各操作行为组的响应时间，该研究及分析成果为明确人员可靠性分析的定性描述，减少定量化分析的不确定性提供了有力的理论及现实依据。      

核电厂主控室任务分析方法的建立和应用

分析了核电厂主控室任务的要求、难点,对相关任务分析方法在核电厂任务分析中的适用性进行了评估,着重对任务量评估方法的合理性进行了探讨,并在此基础上建立了一套针对核电厂主控室、通过量化数据对操纵员工作对重要任务进行识别的最小单元任务分析方法。基于此方法对先进控制室后撤阶段任务进行任务分析,初步验证了这种方法可以识别出操作过程当中的重要任务。     

基于计算机模拟技术的人机界面评价系统

介绍了一种基于计算机模拟技术的核电厂控制室人机界面软件评价系统DIAS。该系统利用计算机来模拟操纵员对控制室人机界面的操作过程．给出操作过程的定量评价结果，同时它还采用人因失误预测技术(THERP)对操纵员操作失误概率进行分析。DIAS系统可以为核电厂主控室人机界面的设计及改进提供很好的技术支持。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.