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1.
48 male undergraduates employed as judges (Js) participated in an individual and a group session to assess their accuracy in person perception. Using 2 programed cases, J selected from a multiple choice format what he believed to be true about a real person. Results indicated individual sessions to be more efficient and accurate than group sessions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
Reports 2 studies measuring the impact upon 30 male inpatients and 29 male outpatients of believing others have become aware of their psychiatric history. Ss thought the interest was in determining if another person would behave the same toward mental patients and controls. 1/2 the Ss were told the other person knew they were patients and the remainder that he believed them to be nonpatients. Believing others were aware of their status caused Ss to feel less appreciated, to find a task more difficult, and to perform more poorly, and they were perceived as more tense, anxious, and poorly adjusted by an O. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
The hypothesis tested was that exposure of the infant mouse to shock which could not be terminated by some specific response would lead to greater fearfulness later on than exposure to shock whose termination was contingent on a specific response. 3 groups of mice 8 to 11 days of age were each subjected to different shock conditions. One group could terminate the shock by an avoidance response (response-contingent group), one group had no control over the duration of shock (arbitrary shock group), and the third group received no shock in the apparatus. Later an open-field test of emotionality showed no significant differences, but an adult avoidance learning test showed that the run times of the response-contingent group were significantly shorter than those of the no-shock group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

4.
Comment on the importance and the value of a bibliographic service for psychology. It is believed that a perpetual bibliographic service would be an extremely valuable contribution to the science of psychology. A McBee Keysort or IBM cards could be employed. Cards would be made on all references. At least a part of the expense would be borne by the person desiring the service. Examining the suggested categories and considering that the bibliographic specification could exclude as well as include various subdivisions, it may easily be seen-with a bit of imaginative reflection-what a worthwhile contribution such a service would be to an integrated progress in our field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
36 undergraduate observers viewed a sequence of nonverbal behavior that was described as being either spontaneous (the stimulus person was filmed with a hidden camera) or deliberate (the stimulus person was acting). While watching the videotape, Ss segmented the behavior into meaningful units. Those who believed they were watching deliberate behavior generated approximately twice as many units for the nonverbal sequence as did Ss who believed they were viewing spontaneous action. The findings are discussed in terms of a cognitive schema that an observer uses in the active organization of behavioral events. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
We examined the effects of Kelley's "warm/cold" manipulation on first impressions of persons and teaching ability. A stimulus person, posing as a visiting professor, gave a "neutral" lecture to 240 university students. Before the stimulus person appeared, half of the subjects received information that he was a rather warm person, whereas the other half was told that he was a rather cold person. In turn, half of each of these groups was informed that he was a professor of physical education and the other half that he was a professor of social psychology. A 2 (warm/cold condition)?×?2 (discipline of the stimulus-person )?×?2 (subjects' sex) multivariate analysis of variance revealed that (a) subjects who were led to believe that the stimulus person was warm perceived him as a more effective teacher and as less unpleasant, more sociable, less irritable, less ruthless, more humorous, less formal, and more humane than did subjects who were told that he was a cold person; and (b) neither the disciplinary status of the stimulus person nor the sex of the subjects had an effect on subjects' perception of the lecturer. Results were discussed in regard to halo, context, and status effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
The hippocampus is believed to be an important structure for learning tasks that require temporal processing of information. The trace classical conditioning paradigm requires temporal processing because the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are temporally separated by an empty trace interval. The present study sought to determine whether the hippocampus was necessary for rats to perform a classical trace fear conditioning task in which each of 10 trials consisted of an auditory tone CS (1 5-s duration) followed by an empty 30-s trace interval and then a fear-producing floor-shock US (0.5-s duration). Several weeks prior to training, animals were anesthetized and given aspiration lesions of the neocortex (NEO; n = 6), hippocampus and overlying neocortex (HIPP; n = 7), or no lesions at all (control; n = 6). Approximately 24 h after trace conditioning, NEO and control animals showed a significant decrease in movement to a CS-alone presentation that was indicative of a conditioned fear response. Animals in the HIPP group did not show conditioned fear responses to the CS alone, nor did a pseudoconditioning group (n = 7) that was trained with unpaired CSs and USs. Furthermore, all groups except the HIPP group showed conditioned fear responses to the original context in which they received shock USs. One week later, HIPP, NEO, and control animals received delay fear-conditioning trials with no trace interval separating the CS and US. Six of seven HIPP animals could perform the delay version, but none could perform the trace version. This result suggests that the trace fear task is a reliable and useful model for examining the neural mechanisms of hippocampally dependent learning.  相似文献   

8.
Examines various interpretations of cognitive dissonance. A review of the conditions which have reliably produced dissonance indicates that the phenomenon will occur whenever an individual can be held intentionally responsible for his behaviors and is concerned with the attributions others make about him. A social-psychologically based theory of impression management is offered to account for the results of dissonance studies. According to the theory, an individual learns that he must appear consistent in order to maintain his credibility as a social communicator. Additionally, he is constrained by normative considerations. Dissonance reduction will only be observed when a person believes that an outside o imputes intentionality to both of 2 contradictory statements or actions, and the 2nd action is believed to be counternormative or harmful in nature. The theory integrates the various viewpoints of L. Festinger, D. Bem, V. Allen, and M. Rosenberg, is supported by the existing dissonance literature, is rooted in socialization processes, and offers an alternative to the traditional intrapsychic explanations of dissonance. (50 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
2 hypotheses derived from dissonance theory were tested: (a) when a person is paid by the hour his productivity will be greater when he perceives his pay as inequitably large than when identical pay is perceived as equitable, and (b) when a person is paid on a piecework basis his productivity will be less when he perceives his pay in inequitably large than when he perceives identical pay as being equitable. The first hypothesis was sustained (p  相似文献   

10.
Do people know what kinds of impressions they convey to other people during particular social interactions? In a study designed to answer this question, subjects interacted individually with three partners on each of four different tasks. After each interaction, participants reported their impressions of the other person's likability and competence. They also postdicted the impressions they believed they conveyed to the other person along the same dimensions. Accuracy was computed as recommended by Cronbach (1955) and by Kenny's (1981) Social Relations Model. Subjects could tell to a significant degree how the impressions they conveyed to their partners changed over time (time accuracy) and how they changed over time in different ways with different partners (differential accuracy). They could also tell how their competence was differentially perceived by different partners (dyadic accuracy). However, they were not very accurate at discerning which partners perceived them as most competent or most likable across all interactions (person accuracy). Subjects believed that they conveyed similar impressions of themselves to all of their partners, although actually partners evidenced little agreement with each other in their impressions of a given subject. The implications of these findings for symbolic-interactionist theories of the development of the self and impression-management perspectives on social behavior are described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
Data from the surveillance scheme of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales were used to describe the epidemiology of outbreaks of salmonellosis in hospitals from 1992-1994. Outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease in hospitals accounted for 15% (189/1275) of all outbreaks. A salmonella was the implicated pathogen in 12% (22/189). The mode of transmission was described as mainly person to person in 12 outbreaks, mainly foodborne in eight and equal or unknown proportions of foodborne and person to person in two. The most common strain involved was Salmonella enteritidis PT4 (11 outbreaks). The mean duration of outbreaks was 16 days. The mean attack rate in patients was 25% but varied from 2-67%. Illness was reported in 260 patients, of whom 130 had a laboratory confirmed infection. Eight hundred and twenty-six asymptomatic patients were tested, 31 of whom were positive. The salmonella infection was believed to have contributed to the deaths of five patients. Ill staff (115) were tested and 68 were positive; 1508 well staff were tested and 33 were positive. Outbreaks of salmonellosis in hospitals are preventable. Attack rates can be high and outbreaks are often prolonged, with high morbidity and associated disruption of hospital services. There is need for effective infection control policies, appropriate training of staff, simple surveillance systems and readily available expert advice to ensure outbreaks are rapidly controlled.  相似文献   

12.
In Exps I–III, a shuttlebox was used, with the odor of formic acid as the aversive stimulus. A punishment contingency was found to suppress shuttling more in master animals than in yoked controls, whereas escape and unsignaled avoidance contingencies facilitated shuttling in master animals compared with yoked controls. In Exps III–VI, the Ss were unrestrained foragers flying back and forth between the hive and the sill of an open laboratory window to take sucrose solution from targets constructed so that shock could be delivered while the proboscis was in contact with the solution. A group of Ss trained to discriminate between 2 differently colored targets, one providing sucrose and the other sucrose plus immediate shock, performed as well as a group trained with sucrose and tap water and better than a group trained with sucrose and sucrose plus delayed shock. Ss for which a signal was paired with shock while they were feeding from a single target quickly learned to avoid the shock by flying off the target. The effectiveness of the pairing was demonstrated both by an explicitly unpaired procedure (which retarded acquisition when the signal and shock subsequently were paired) and by differential conditioning. Findings suggest that escape, punishment, and avoidance procedures appear to have the same effects on honeybees as on vertebrates. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
"The present paper is designed to link dissonance theory with one practical reality-oriented aspect of the process of psychotherapy with emotionally troubled individuals—namely, the charging of fees." Freud stated that "money matters are treated by civilized people in the same way as sexual matters—with the same inconsistency, prudishness, and hypocrisy. It is… avowed… that in order to accomplish any significant therapeutic work the patient must be charged a fee that is somewhat painful and discomforting." Dissonance theory "would predict that if a person paid nothing for something that he believed was worth nothing he would not experience cognitive dissonance. Rather his cognitive world would be in a state of harmony in this regard. My main purpose has been to stimulate greater clinical interest in the possibilities of employing general psychological theories, developed in the more traditional academic areas of psychology, to shed light upon seemingly complex issues in the field of clinical psychology." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

14.
"An avoidance situation was arranged in which the animals could either (a) postpone the shock and prolong the warning signal or (b) take the shock and terminate the warning signal." A low rate of avoidance responding was observed in the presence of the warning signal and a high rate in its absence. "The animals behaved in such a way as to terminate the stimulus as quickly as possible, even though a shock accompanied each stimulus termination. When the signal duration was made independent of the animal's behavior, the rate of avoidance responding in the stimulus increased." Avoidance contingencies in the presence and absence of the warning stimulus are suggested as important determiners of the relative aversiveness of stimulus and shock. 18 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

15.
Self-awareness theory assumes that individuals direct their attention outward or back on themselves as a function of characteristics of the situation. Taking this theory literally, it was hypothesized that Ss taking a self-focused perspective would draw a capital letter E on their forehead such that the E would be oriented for the external perspective of an observer. Ss' whose attention was directed outward would draw an E that would appear backward to another person. As hypothesized, in 3 experiments with 175 female undergraduates, Ss in high self-focus conditions significantly more often than low self-focus Ss drew an E on their forehead oriented toward the perspective of an outside observer, even though they believed they could not be observed by anyone else. Self-focus was induced using a video camera placed either to the side of the S (Exp I) or behind the S (Exp II), where it could not record how the E was drawn. In Exp III, an audiotape recorder was used to induce self-focused attention. The results demonstrate that an external, reflexive visual perspective could be induced by an auditory self-focusing manipulation. Furthermore, in Exp III, when situationally induced self-focus was low, Ss who were high in public self-consciousness (as measured by the Self-Consciousness Scale) were more likely to draw the E from an external perspective than were Ss low in public self-consciousness. Degree of private self-consciousness was unrelated to perspective taking. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
In a study with 128 undergraduates, it was predicted that attributions of mental illness would be based on the extent to which self-disclosure deviates from appropriate sex role behavior for men and women. In support of this hypothesis Ss of both sexes rated a male stimulus person as being better adjusted when he failed to disclose than when he did disclose information about a personal problem. The reverse trend occurred when a female stimulus person was being evaluated; she was seen as better adjusted when she disclosed than when she did not. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
Repression.     
It has occurred to the author that repression is an artifact of two points of view, namely, that of the person toward himself and that of the theorist observer toward the person, and that, therefore, repression is neither a method (of the ego) nor a process. It is only an artifact. In this light, then, the occurrence of ego vis-a-vis repression is the occurrence of eschewment of awareness (as it strikes the theorist observer while it is going on) in the person of psychological characteristics which the observer feels that he or she has good reasons to believe can be safely ascribed to the person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
This study focuses on 1 condition which seems to influence the role of stigmata in interpersonal relationships. The results indicate that mental illness and the extent to which a person is held responsible for this stigma determine the amount of pain inflicted upon him and how favorably he is evaluated. Responsibility was varied by having a confederate report to the undergraduate Ss either a typical or an atypical and pathogenic childhood. A bad childhood mitigated the harshness of the treatment accorded the mentally ill person, but for the normal individual this experience appears to be as stigmatizing as mental illness itself. The individual perceived as abnormal either because of mental illness or a poor childhood experience is treated in a harsher manner than the normal. He is also described as less adequate in his performance, although there is no objective basis for this, he is less liked, and Ss prefer no further interaction with him. An interesting implication of comparing the evaluation with the behavior displayed is that people can be induced to behave more favorably while retaining all of their dislike and contempt for the stigmatized person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
Investigated the role of Pavlovian contingencies in modifying the tonic immobility reaction (IR) of Production Red chickens (N = 62) in 2 experiments. In Exp. I, Ss which received a stimulus associated with shock onset (CS1) showed facilitated duration of and increased susceptibility to IR compared with Ss which received a cue paired with shock offset (CS2). However, the lack of difference between Ss receiving CS1 and Ss receiving no stimulation, and the relatively low duration of IR, implied that CS2 training could mask the effects of conditioned fear. Exp. II provided an independent assessment of the relative strengths of CS1 and CS2. The former stimulus was shown to potentiate and the latter to actively inhibit IR. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
The duration of and susceptibility to tonic immobility were measured in 3 groups of albino and pigmented guinea pigs (N = 27) while a train of intense tone bursts was presented. In 1 group, the tone bursts had been previously associated with painful shock stimuli. The 2nd group had previously experienced the tone bursts alone, and the 3rd group had previously received shocks without the train of tone bursts. Results indicate that both groups which had previously received shock exhibited increased susceptibility to immobilization, and the no-shock group showed a decline in duration when tone bursts were presented. Results could not be easily interpreted to support the fear hypothesis. Explanations involving "sensitization" and "learned helplessness" are proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

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