产业用纺织品将年增近百万吨

国务院纺织工业调整振兴规划明确提出,要推进产业用纺织品的应用。未来3年,中国产业用纺织品纤维消费量每年将增长80～100万t,在全行业纤维加工总量中的比重将增加到19％左右。目前,发达国家的产业阳纺织品在其纤维加工总量中的比重一般占到30％左右,中国产业用纺织品行业还处于初级阶段。     

北美产业用纺织品的发展

<正>北美产业用纺织品的发展主要体现在加强“传统”产业用纺织品(如汽车篷盖、帐篷材料等)的生产,以及加快新型的产业用纺织品(如汽车用充气袋等)的增长比例。同时有效的法律条文亦起了很大的作用,如产业用纺织品在汽车业中作为防护措施。北美自由贸易区Nafta(货物从加拿大经由美国进入墨西哥的开放市场)对产业用纺织品市场的形成有很大的影响。图1为美国和加拿大五大产业用纺织品的发展情况,包括产量和增长率。从图2中可看出五大品种中增长率最高的为充气袋(+67％)。表1     

产业用纺织品的未来派

产业用纺织品是世界上纺织品消费增长最快的领域。根据市场调查,预计在2014年到2024年间．其年均增长超越10％。由于在生产、消费和出口技术方面拥有巨大的潜力．产业用纺织品的用途也极其广泛,这种产业用纺织品的前景是光明的。产业用纺织品除用于服装外,     

刊首语

产业用纺织品在国民经济中占据着重要地位，它在航空航天、船舶、汽车、医疗卫生、建筑、农林、海洋渔业等各个行业领域中都发挥着其它产品无法替代的重要作用。近几年来，由于国家各部门的重视和全行业的努力，我国产业用纺织品和非织造布都有了很大的发展，2005年我国各类产业用纺织品生产总量为365．4万吨（其中的非织造布产量达到117．7万吨），比2004年同期增长14．7％（非织造布增长12．89％），约占纤维总消费量的13．9％。这其中医疗卫生用纺织品、过滤用纺织品、建筑用纺织品、土工合成材料、篷盖布、革基布、包装用纺织品和文体用纺织品都有较快的发展。产业用纺织品的发展给行业和企业带来了很好的经济效益和社会效益，据海关不完全统计，2005年我国产业用纺织品出口量为90多万吨，出口金额近32亿美元，分别比前年增长30％和36％。预计2006年我国各类产业用纺织品生产总量能达到400万吨。     

产业用纺织品的发展前景

经过10～15年的发展,产业用纺织品在整个纺织品中所占的比例已有明显提高,目前西欧纺织品中,产业用纺织品的占有比例提高,达20%。现在,产业用纺织品继续呈增长趋势。据专家估计,发展至2000年,发达国家的产业用纺织品将占整个纺织品的30%。生产产业用纺织品的纺织工艺有机织、针织和非织造等手段,它们都在竞相发展,但就目前技术发展而言,采用经编技术生产     

产业用纺织品的分类

最近几年来使用各种技术制造的产业用纺织品不断出现,使用范围也越来越广。产业用纺织品的定义十分简单,除服装、家用和室内装饰外的纺织品一概属产业用纺织品。产业用纺织品也并非新事物,当纺织品出现在世界上时也就同时产生了产业用纺织品,如船帆、车篷、帐篷。目前西欧纺织品市场上产业用纺织品消耗占15％,美国占20％,世界平均不到10％。那么众多的产业用纺织品该如何分类呢?可试分下列六种:     

产业联盟,寻求行业发展新突破——2010年(青岛)产业用纤维技术与市场创新论坛侧记

<正>"2009年我国产业用纺织品产量达723万t,同比增长19%;产业用纺织品中85%～90%使用各类功能性化学纤维,大大拉动了化纤行业产业用纤维的发展"。中国化纤工     

刊首语

产业用纺织品是纺织工业中极具潜力和高附加值的产品,其发展水平是衡量一个国家纺织工业是否强大的重要标志之一。据报道,目前发达国家的产业用纺织品在终端纺织品应用领域中所占比例约为30％～40％,而我国的这一比例仅为15．4％。     

未来两年车用针织内饰品需求增长加速

汽车工业是产业用纺织品的最大用户,在各类车用纺织品中,车内装饰产品所占比例最大。汽车生产销售的增长正在推动内装饰产品的增长。未来两年装饰织物需求增长年均将达到25％～30％,其中针织品的应用增长速度尤其突出。 据预测,到2004年世界私人汽车销售量将超过5000万     

纺织经济

<正>中国2010年1～8月产业用纺织品出口量价齐升2010年1～8月,中国产业用纺织品出口量价齐升,形势良好。相关数据显示,2010年1～8月工业用纺织品出口总额38.51亿美元,同比提升47.36%,出口均价0.33美元,同比增长12.30%。非     

Invited review: Assessing experimental designs for research conducted on commercial dairies

Because of increasing constraints placed on conducting large studies at universities, more research is being conducted on commercial dairies, thereby raising some implications for experimental designs and data analysis. For example, experimental units are often specified to be pens of animals in on-farm studies, thereby requiring that at least 2 pens be used per treatment group in a single-dairy study. Even when treatments are compared within pens, the precision of inference on treatment differences is still primarily limited by the number of pens in the study, rather than the number of cows per treatment in each pen. Other challenges with on-farm studies include proper blocking and randomization of cows or pens to treatments. On the other hand, multiple farm studies are attractive, because they facilitate a broader scope of inference on treatment effects across a wider range of management or climatic conditions and genetic backgrounds compared with single-site university studies. Furthermore, studies based on multiple farms or multiple pens within a single large farm can facilitate greater power for treatment comparisons on binary reproduction or health responses than can be achieved at a smaller research herd. Because quantitative geneticists have been analyzing commercial dairy data for decades, they have developed useful data analysis techniques that should be harnessed to facilitate even greater statistical scope and power for on-farm studies.     

Toward evidence-based Internet interventions: A Spanish/English Web site for international smoking cessation trials.

The Internet provides a medium to administer and evaluate evidence-based interventions for highly prevalent public health problems worldwide. The authors report a series of four Internet smoking cessation studies conducted in English and Spanish. These studies examined both outcome (self-reported 7-day abstinence) and mechanisms related to outcome (the impact of major depressive episodes [MDEs] on the likelihood of quitting). Over 4,000 smokers from 74 countries entered the studies. Studies 1 and 2 evaluated a standard smoking cessation guide (the "Guía"). Studies 3 and 4 were randomized trials comparing the Guía+ITEMs (individually timed educational messages) to the Guía+ITEMs+a mood management course. ITEMs were E-mails inviting participants back to the site at specific times. Online follow-up assessments resulted in completion rates of 44%-54% at 1 month and 26%-30% at 6 months in studies 1 and 2. Incentives and follow-up phone calls increased these rates to 70%, 66%, 65%, and 62% at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months in study 4. At 6 months, self-reported 7-day abstinence rates using missing = smoking data were 6% in studies 1 and 2, 10%-14% in study 3, and 20%-26% in study 4. The Guía+ITEMs condition tended to have higher quit rates, which reached significance at the 12-month follow-up in study 3 and at the 3-month follow-up in study 4. Smokers with past (but not current) MDEs tended to be the most likely to abstain and those with current MDEs the least likely. This trend reached significance in studies 1 and 4.     

Meta-analysis of stray voltage on dairy cattle

A quantitative assessment of dairy cow responses to contact current (stray voltage) at 50 or 60 Hz was conducted using meta-analysis and pooled analysis methodology. The objective was to more accurately quantify the minimum exposure level (threshold) at which dairy cows respond and to identify sources of heterogeneity among studies. Several medical and agricultural databases were used to locate individual studies for the systematic literature review, from which 22 published studies of stray voltage and behavioral response or milk yield met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis models were constructed to assess the percentage of cows with a behavioral response at documented exposure levels, and the summary relative risk estimate for all exposure pathways combined was calculated for each 1-mA increment from 1.0 through 5.0 mA. The meta-analysis of percentage response showed that cows exhibited statistically significant first behavioral responses at 3.0 mA, response probability increased with exposure levels, and exposure pathways contributed to heterogeneity in the model. The pooled analysis of mean behavioral response threshold was based on experimental studies of ascending series of current exposures on 355 cows. The overall weighted mean for first behavioral response to current was 4.0 mA. Ten of the studies that met the inclusion criteria addressed milk production, but heterogeneity in exposure pathways, patterns, and duration precluded meta-analysis or data pooling. The milk production studies ranged in size from 4 to 48 cows and used switchback or paired design to increase power. A qualitative narrative review of these studies indicated that production was not affected by exposure to contact current at levels of 3 mA or lower for exposures of up to 21 d or 4 wk.     

Nutritional factors and colon cancer

During the last 2 decades, substantial progress has been made in understanding the relationship between dietary constituents and the development of colon cancer in man. Unlike studies of cancer among smokers and nonsmokers, nutritional epidemiologic studies are confronted with the inherent difficulty of assessing reasonably precise exposures. The lack of consistency between international correlation studies and case‐control studies does not necessarily negate a dietary etiology of colon cancer because these inconsistencies may have arisen, at least in part, from methodological limitations. Some of these deficiencies in epidemiological studies of diet and cancer have been corrected; recent case‐control studies demonstrated that high dietary fat is a risk factor for colon cancer development and that an overall increase in intake of foods high in fiber might decrease the risk for colon cancer. The results of epidemiologic studies may be assumed to present conservative estimates of the true risk for cancer associated with diet. The populations with high incidences of colon cancer are characterized by high consumption of dietary fat, which may be a risk factor in the absence of factors that are protective, such as whole‐grain cereals and of other high fiber. Laboratory‐animal model studies have shown that certain dietary lipids and fibers influence tumorigenesis in the colon. The data of metabolic epidemiological and laboratory‐animal model studies are sufficiently convincing with respect to the enhancement of colon cancer by type of fat and protection by certain dietary fibers.     

'decanonised knowledge' and the radical project: towards an understanding of cultural studies in British universities

This article will critically explore the disciplinary pressures on cultural studies which are often claimed to be at the centre of cultural studies' loss of political radicalism and critique. First, I will argue that the disciplining of cultural studies needs to be examined in the context of its origins and its relationship with sociology. Through an assessment of the initial differences, tensions and hostilities with sociology, it will be possible to gain a fuller understanding of the contemporary position of cultural studies in the university. This will be explored through looking at the founding and initial development of the Institute of Community Studies and the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, whose focus on popular working class culture was undertaken in terms of an oppositional stance towards sociology. Secondly, I will argue that the apparent 'deradicalisation' of cultural studies cannot be accounted for solely in terms of pressures relating to institutionalisation, but should also be related to theoretical trends within cultural theory itself. This article suggests that the dominance of textuality directs students away from the social and political basis of cultural studies towards increased complexities inside closed texts. This has resulted in numerous cultural theorists calling for a return to more sociological approaches in cultural studies. The final part of the article focuses on the issue of teaching cultural studies.     

Ethanol's energy return on investment: a survey of the literature 1990-present

Various authors have reported conflicting values for the energy return on investment (rE) of ethanol manufacture. Energy policy analysts predisposed to or against ethanol frequently cite selections from these studies to supporttheir positions. This literature review takes an objective look at the disagreement by normalizing and comparing the data sets from ten such studies. Six of the reviewed studies treat starch ethanol from corn, and four treat cellulosic ethanol. Each normalized data set is also submitted to a uniform calculation of rEdefined as the total product energy divided by nonrenewable energy input to its manufacture. Defined this way rE > 1 indicates that the ethanol product has nominally captured at least some renewable energy, and rE > 0.76 indicates that it consumes less nonrenewable energy in its manufacture than gasoline. The reviewed corn ethanol studies imply 0.84 < or = rE < or = 1.65; three of the cellulosic ethanol studies imply 4.40 < or = rE < or = 6.61. The fourth cellulosic ethanol study reports rE= 0.69 and may reasonably be considered an outlier.     

Energy density of foods: effects on energy intake

This article examines the importance of dietary energy density (ED) as a major factor that may influence human appetite and energy intake (EI). The article examines whether the effects of diet composition on appetite and EI can be explained in terms of ED. There is clear evidence that dietary macronutrients exert differential effects on energy intake (EI), both in the laboratory and in real life. Under normal conditions where fat contributes disproportionately to ED, protein, carbohydrate, and fat exert hierarchical effects on satiety in the order protein >carbohydrate > fat. Alcohol appears to stimulate EI. In human appetite studies the main effect of controlling ED is to diminish the impact of differences in the satiating effects of fat and carbohydrate. ED exerts profound effects in constraining EI in short-to-medium term studies. Subjects behave differently in longer term interventions. In short-to-medium term laboratory studies, increases in ED are more effective at increasing EI than at decreasing food intake. In longer term and cross-sectional studies conducted in naturalistic environments, increased ED appears more effective at decreasing food intake and less effective at elevating EI. The available evidence suggests that we should be evolving more complex, multifactor models to account for the observations that both macronutrients and ED affect EI rather than substituting one simplistic model with another.     

Pressure effects on the stability of lipoxygenase: Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and enzyme activity studies

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) studies of lipoxygenase at pressures of up to 1.2 GPa have shown changes in the amide I' band which correlate to structural changes of the enzyme. The shift of the frequency maximum of the amide I' band at about 600 MPa suggests a cooperative change in the secondary structure of the protein. Studies of the changes in band width have shown the structural changes at 600 MPa to be irreversible. This has been confirmed by studies of enzyme activity after pressure treatment: exposure to 600 MPa for 30 min (40°C) clearly reduced the activity of lipoxygenase. Anodic gel electrophoresis under non-denaturating conditions revealed a decrease in native protein parallel to the activity loss. A pressure-temperaturephase diagram for soybean lipoxygenase was established.     

Frozen storage conditions and rancid flavour development in lamb

Frozen storage of lamb at temperatures of −5 or −10°C before ultimate storage at −35°C induced changes that led to rancidity development (as assessed by a taste panel) continuing at a more rapid rate at the lower temperature. Parallel storage regimes, but with storage at −35°C first, then ultimate storage at −5°C or −10°C, led to much less storage flavour development.

No significant flavour changes occurred even after 40 weeks storage at −15°C followed by 20 weeks storage at −35°C.

These studies emphasise the importance of order of time-temperature holding treatments in studies of rancid flavour development and indicate that time-temperature effects may not be truly additive.     

PINK DISCOLORATION IN CHEDDAR CHEESE

Pink material isolated from defective Cheddar cheeses consisted of norbixin associated with phospholipid and casein. UV spectra and polyacrylamide gel electro-phoretic studies indicated that the associated casein fraction was mainly Beta casein with at least three additional unidentified peptide components. The presence of norbixin was confirmed by chromatographic and spectral studies. Evidence for the phospholipid part of the complex is circumstantial and needs further confirmation. Model system studies indicated that a localized production of hydrogen sulfide can cause a micro-fine precipitation of norbixin due to a decrease in pH. Phospholipid may act to prevent the resolubilization of norbixin which appears as pink zones in the cheese