从分子质量的变化分析臭氧活性炭工艺

为了解臭氧活性炭工艺的机理并优化运行条件,采用臭氧活性炭处理黄浦江原水,分析了原水及经不同工艺单元处理后溶解性有机物 (DOM)分子质量 (MW)的变化。结果表明:黄浦江原水中的DOM主要为小分子有机物;臭氧对大分子有机物的氧化分解作用明显强于对小分子有机物的氧化作用;MW<1ku的有机物经臭氧氧化后则表现出不同程度的增加;混凝、沉淀、过滤对MW>3ku的大分子有机物去除效果较好,而对MW<3ku的小分子有机物去除效果较差;生物活性炭单元能有效去除MW为 3~1ku和MW<1ku的小分子有机物;臭氧氧化与活性炭吸附在去除不同MW有机物的过程中有很好的互补性,从而使该工艺能有效去除原水中的DOM。     

珠江水中有机物分子量分布及其去除研究

采用超滤膜分级方法考察了常规混凝、高锰酸钾和粉末活性炭预处理等工艺对珠江水中各级分子量有机物的去除效果。结果表明,珠江水中有机物以分子量小于1kDa的小分子有机物为主,各级分子量有机物TOC和UV254具有良好的相关性。常规混凝工艺主要去除大分子有机物,且去除率随分子量的减小而降低。高锰酸钾预处理能够全面提高各级分子量有机物的去除效果;粉末活性炭主要吸附中小分子有机物,对各级分子量有机物的去除效果与常规混凝成互补。     

太湖源水中蓝藻腐败产物的去除工艺研究

采用超滤膜法对太湖源水中的蓝藻腐败产物进行了分子质量分级,研究了混凝、超滤、臭氧氧化及活性炭吸附等工艺对腐败产物的去除效果.结果表明,以CODMn表征的有机物主要分布在分子质量>40 ku和<10 ku的区间,致嗅物质主要集中在10-40 ku的区间,以UV254表征的有机物主要分布在分子质量<40 ku的区间.混凝、超滤特别适于去除分子质量较大的有机物,对致嗅有机物的去除效果不明显;臭氧氧化能显著去除致嗅有机物,同时还将大分子有机物氧化为小分子有机物;活性炭对小分子有机物的吸附效果明显,能够有效去除分子质量<10 ku的有机物.将这四种工艺进行组合能充分发挥各自的作用,保障饮用水的安全性.     

自来水厂有机物去除规律的研究

某水厂通过混凝沉淀、臭氧氧化和生物降解去除有机物,对耗氧量的总去除率在50%～75%,其中混凝沉淀工艺为25%～50%,臭氧活性炭工艺为10%～30%。混凝沉淀去除了水中大部分分子量 10 kDa的有机物,臭氧活性炭工艺对分子量3 k Da的有机物的去除效果明显,能有效去除三卤甲烷前驱物。氯气消毒后产生三卤甲烷的有机物分子量大都小于1 k Da,但分子量在1～3 kDa之间的有机物具有最强的三卤甲烷生成能力。     

去除D江异嗅的饮用水处理工艺选择研究

为去除C市D江饮用水中的异嗅,研究了强化混凝/KMnO4预氧化、强化混凝/粉末活性炭吸附和臭氧/活性炭工艺对水中异嗅和CODMn的去除特性.结果表明,臭氧氧化是去除异嗅的关键工艺.强化混凝/高锰酸钾预氧化及强化混凝/活性炭吸附工艺对异嗅和CODMn均有一定的去除作用,需要根据水中致嗅物质的组成和有机物特性进行选择.但当硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质与土嗅素和2-MIB并存时,强化混凝组合工艺无法完全去除水中的嗅味.当进水嗅阈值<35、CODMn<8 mg/L时,臭氧/活性炭深度处理工艺可以完全去除D江水中的嗅味,并且对CODMn也有很好的去除效果,但在水质再恶化时需联合使用强化预处理等工艺方能达标.     

原水突发性铅污染应急处理研究

探讨了采用活性炭吸附、活性炭吸附+聚合氯化铝混凝沉淀联用、聚合氯化铝强化混凝沉淀3种方法对水中铅的去除效果.结果表明,单独采用活性炭吸附对水中铅的去除效果不明显;采用活性炭吸附+聚合氯化铝混凝沉淀联用与单独采用聚合氯化铝混凝沉淀对水中铅的去除效果差别不大;混凝沉淀可有效去除单纯水源水、水源水与运河水等体积配水条件下的铅,最高去除率达到90％,最大去除能力为5倍标准限值.     

粉末活性炭吸附去除松花江原水中有机物的研究

以松花江水为原水,通过小试和生产性试验研究了粉末活性炭吸附、混凝沉淀、过滤工艺对硝基苯及有机污染物的去除情况。结果表明：投加粉末活性炭很好地控制了有机物的总含量,混凝沉淀、过滤工艺主要使有机物的种类明显减少;投加粉末活性炭是去除环境优先控制有机物的关键措施;松花江水中的硝基苯投加量与检出量虽然存在一定的差异,但两者仍具有良好的线性关系;采用助凝措施强化粉末活性炭吸附去除水中硝基苯的效果不明显,说明硝基苯的去除主要是依靠粉末活性炭的吸附作用。     

超滤/臭氧/生物炭组合工艺预处理源水

采用超滤、臭氧、生物活性炭及砂滤等工艺并进行组合，对源水中可溶性有机物和THM前驱物进行预处理。结果表明，超滤／臭氧／生物活性炭工艺组合对水中THM前驱物、DOC、E260及浊度都有明显的去除效果，尤其臭氧氧化对改善THM前驱物和难生物降解有机物的可生化性有十分显著的作用。生物活性炭与臭氧组合能有效地去除饮用水中的有害、有毒物质，提高饮用水的安全性。     

水源水中乐果污染物应急处理工艺的试验研究

以乐果为目标化合物,探讨了活性炭吸附、活性炭吸附-混凝沉淀工艺以及石灰碱解-活性炭吸附-混凝沉淀三种工艺对乐果的去除效果.结果表明,乐果的去除效果随着活性炭投加量与吸附时间的增加而增加,采用活性炭吸附-常规混凝沉淀工艺对乐果的去除效果要略好于单独采用活性炭吸附,但这两种工艺都不能有效去除水中的乐果.采用石灰碱解-活性炭吸附-混凝沉淀工艺时,乐果的去除率随着石灰碱解的pH值升高而增加.当原水乐果含量为0.182 mg/L,用石灰调节原水pH值为9,投加30 mg/L活性炭吸附20 min后,去除率达89.9%,沉淀出水乐果浓度为0.018 4 mg/L,满足标准要求.     

胜利油田耿井水厂深度处理效果研究

胜利油田耿井水厂采用臭氧/活性炭工艺进行了深度处理改造,经过长时间的跟踪检测,检验了系统对有机物、嗅味物质及消毒副产物前体物的去除效果,研究了水中溴离子与溴酸盐的变化情况。结果表明,臭氧/活性炭工艺可以有效去除水中嗅味物质和微污染有机物,稳定消减消毒副产物的生成总量。在预臭氧与主臭氧投加量均为1 mg/L时,水中溴离子没有被氧化成溴酸盐。     

太湖原水净化过程中有机物分子量分布特性研究

采用超滤法考察了太湖原水、各净水单元工艺出水中有机物分子量分布的变化特性.结果表明,太湖原水经预臭氧+曝气生物预处理工艺、常规处理工艺和臭氧-生物活性炭+超滤深度处理工艺后,总DOC去除率可以达到71.6％;臭氧预氧化+曝气生物滤池预处理工艺出水DOC变化不大,但分子量的分布变化较明显;常规的混凝沉淀工艺对分子量为0....     

Mineralisation of coloured aqueous solutions by ozonation in the presence of activated carbon

The degradation of organic matter in coloured solutions of different classes of dyes by ozonation in the presence of activated carbon is investigated. The kinetics of the decolourisation and mineralisation of three different dyes solutions (CI Acid Blue 113, CI Reactive Red 241 and CI Basic Red 14) were studied in a laboratory scale reactor by three different processes: adsorption on activated carbon, oxidation with ozone and ozonation in the presence of activated carbon. The mineralisation of the solutions was followed by measuring the total organic carbon (TOC). Under the experimental conditions used in this work, activated carbon was not capable of completely removing the colour of the solutions in reasonable time. On the other hand, ozonation quickly decolourised all the solutions, but satisfactory removal of TOC was never achieved by this process. The combination of activated carbon with ozone enhanced the decolourisation of the solutions and especially the mineralisation of the organic matter. Activated carbon acts both as an adsorbent and as a catalyst in the reaction of ozonation. The surface chemistry of the activated carbon is an important parameter; it was observed that basic samples improve TOC removal. The main conclusions of this work were validated by treating a real textile effluent collected after the conventional biological treatment.     

两种碳基材料对二级出水中有机物的去除特性

针对活性炭与活性焦两种碳基吸附材料,分别开展静态吸附与动态过滤实验,考察了两者对城镇再生水厂二级出水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明:活性焦介孔及大孔丰富,对应孔体积为0.436 cm³/g,为活性炭的1.6倍;准二级动力学模型更适用于两种材料对COD的吸附动力学拟合,活性焦动力学吸附速率常数k₂为活性炭的2倍;水温为22℃时,活性焦与活性炭对COD的Langmuir饱和吸附量分别为230.38、94.14 mg/g。在近4个月的连续运行中,活性焦滤柱对有机物的去除效果全程优于活性炭滤柱,尽管两滤柱在由单纯吸附向生物吸附降解转化的过程中对有机物的去除率有所降低,但对COD的去除率仍可分别稳定在28.43%和22.26%。活性焦颗粒与活性炭颗粒表面ATP含量最高分别为7032.94、5753.52 ng/g。此外,活性焦滤柱对1~10 ku有机物组分,以及腐殖酸类物质、溶解性微生物代谢产物等不同荧光特性有机物均有较好的去除效果。与活性炭相比,活性焦对再生水厂二级出水中有机物的去除效果更优。     

不同填料对曝气生物滤池除污效果的影响

采用臭氧/BAF组合工艺处理制革园区污水处理厂的二级生化出水,考察了不同填料BAF挂膜启动的运行情况,探讨了臭氧投加量为25 mg/L时不同填料BAF稳定运行的除污效果及机理。平行运行3个BAF,其填料分别为活性炭、陶粒、活性炭/陶粒(体积比为1∶1)。在挂膜启动期间,活性炭和混合填料BAF对COD的去除率表现为先下降再上升最后趋于稳定,32 d后出水COD<60 mg/L,而陶粒BAF对COD的去除效果不明显。稳定运行期间,进水COD、色度平均值分别为117 mg/L和112.5倍,活性炭BAF的出水值则降至50 mg/L和6倍,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)中的一级B标准。在此期间活性炭、混合填料和陶粒BAF中的生物量分别为30.69、25.87、15.18 nmol/g。     

臭氧—固定化生物活性炭工艺深度处理饮用水

考察了以臭氧-固定化生物活性炭(O3-IBAC)工艺为核心的SY-1直饮水系统对微污染饮用水的净化效能.结果表明,在进水CODMn、DOC和浊度分别为3.0-5.8mg/L、3.54～6.35 mg/L和1.10-4.70NTU时,出水CODMn、DOC和浊度基本保持在1.5mg/L、1.3 mg/L和0.5 NTU以下;进水中检出38种有机物,而出水中仅检出15种.     

Study of catalyzed ozonation for advanced treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents

Ozonation and catalytic ozonation (TOCCATA process) were used as tertiary treatments of wastewaters from three different pulp and paper mills. Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of each oxidation system for removal of organic matter. The investigations measured ozone consumption rate, variations in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids (SS) and molecular weight distribution with contact time. For conventional ozonation, ozone consumption rate was dependent on the nature of the effluent. Organic matter elimination occurred both by oxidation and precipitation. Precipitation played a major role on TOC removal varying with the effluent, and was responsible for production of high final SS concentrations. However, the effluent type did not affect the ozone consumption rate for TOCCATA-catalyzed reactions. Using TOCCATA, it was shown that organic matter was removed through steady conversion of organic carbon to carbon dioxide. Finally the two oxidation systems were compared with respect to their impact on molecular weight distribution. A total removal of the two initial fractions of compounds (high and low molecular weights) was observed with two effluents. With the third effluent, only the initial fraction of low molecular weight compounds was removed by the two oxidizing systems. The results showed that ozonation and TOCCATA-catalyzed ozonation could achieve removals of COD of 36-76%. Depending on the effluent type, the amount of ozone consumed per gram of COD removed was lower for conventional or for catalytic ozonation.     

RO浓水回用的处理技术研究

根据现有反渗透(RO)工艺的运行管理经验,确定一级RO浓水的回收工艺仍为RO工艺,即二级RO工艺再处理一级RO浓水。通过对一级RO浓水水质的分析,提出了O3/BAC和粉末活性炭/GAC两种预处理工艺去除浓水中的有机物,两种工艺均可保证系统的出水COD30mg/L,满足RO膜对进水COD的要求。以NaOH为软化剂进行RO浓水的软化中试,在NaOH的投加量为400～440 mg/L、聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量为5 mg/L(在软化反应后期投加)、曝气量为0.1 m3/(h.m2)的条件下,软化装置对总硬度、COD、NH3-N的去除率分别约为80%、(7%～12%)、30%。     

制革废水处理厂及下游综合污水厂升级改造探究

对某制革废水处理厂和下游综合污水处理厂的进出水水质和沿程工艺段进行采样分析,得出制革废水处理厂出水NH3-N和TN平均浓度分别为77. 32、160. 93 mg/L,综合污水处理厂出水COD平均浓度为106. 8 mg/L,其中大部分是难降解COD,出水TN平均浓度为89. 93 mg/L,出水COD和TN是影响污水处理厂出水达标排放的主要指标。在小试中投加500 mg/L葡萄糖(以COD浓度计)时脱氮效果明显增强,综合污水处理厂出水TN浓度可稳定在15 mg/L以下。利用臭氧、活性焦和四相催化氧化深度处理综合污水处理厂二级出水,发现臭氧对COD基本没有去除效果,活性焦和四相催化氧化都能使COD浓度降至50 mg/L以下,但四相催化氧化去除单位COD的成本约是活性焦的29%、再生活性焦的49%。     

Efficiency of activated carbon to transform ozone into *OH radicals: influence of operational parameters

Based on previous findings (Jans, U., Hoigné, J., 1998. Ozone Sci. Eng. 20, 67-87), the activity of activated carbon for the transformation of ozone into *OH radicals including the influence of operational parameters (carbon dose, ozone dose, carbon-type and carbon treatment time) was quantified. The ozone decomposition constant (k(D)) was increased by the presence of activated carbon in the system and depending on the type of activated carbon added, the ratio of the concentrations of *OH radicals and ozone, the R(ct) value ([*OH]/[O3]), was increased by a factor 3-5. The results obtained show that the surface chemical and textural characteristics of the activated carbon determines its activity for the transformation of ozone into *OH radicals. The most efficient carbons in this process are those with high basicity and large surface area. The obtained results show that the interaction between ozone and pyrrol groups present on the surface of activated carbon increase the concentration of O2*- radicals in the system, enhancing ozone transformation into *OH radicals. The activity of activated carbon decreases for extended ozone exposures. This may indicate that activated carbon does not really act as a catalyst but rather as a conventional initiator or promoter for the ozone transformation into *OH radicals. Ozonation of Lake Zurich water ([O3] = 1 mg/L) in presence of activated carbon (0.5 g/L) lead to an increase in the k(D) and R(ct) value by a factor of 10 and 39, respectively, thereby favouring the removal of ozone-resistant contaminants. Moreover, the presence of activated carbon during ozonation of Lake Zurich water led to a 40% reduction in the content of dissolved organic carbon during the first 60 min of treatment. The adsorption of low concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on activated carbon surfaces did not modify its capacity to initiate/promote ozone transformation into *OH radicals.     

活性炭吸附用于城市污水地下回灌技术的研究

通过静态吸附试验比较与Ｃｒｉｔｔｅｎｄｅｎ计算模型分析,选择ＧＨ－１６型粒状活性炭对北京高碑店污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理试验。结果表明：ＧＨ－１６型活性炭的净化效果存在阈值,约２５％的ＤＯＣ不能被吸附,不被吸附的主要是分子量〉３０００ｕ的有机物。对以ＵＶ２５４表征的有机物去除效果最好,分子量〈１０００ｕ的弱极性有机物易被微孔吸附且吸附容量,对以ＡＯＸ表征的极性有机物去除效果较差。二级出水经活性