半固态锻造Ti14合金的拉伸性能和组织演变特征(英文)

通过室温和高温拉伸性能测试,对比研究了Ti14合金经常规锻造(950℃)和半固态锻造(1000℃和1050℃)后试样在不同温度区间的宏观力学行为,分析了微观组织演变规律、断口微观形貌及断裂特征。结果表明:合金经半固态锻造后表现出高强度、低塑性的力学特征,随着半固态锻造温度的升高,合金力学性能下降。半固态锻造过程中组织的变化是引起力学性能差异的主要原因,而组织演变的主要特征是Ti2Cu析出相形态和分布的变化。随着半固态温度的升高,更多的液相在晶界析出,并在凝固过程中析出大量板条状Ti2Cu相,最终在晶界上形成偏析带组织。这种带状组织在拉伸过程中引发了解离断裂,导致了低塑性。此外,通过再结晶退火可以有效地细化半固态组织,改善强度性能。     

典型热处理工艺对Ti40合金力学性能匹配关系的影响

研究了2种典型的热处理工艺(1#, 600 ℃, 4 h AC;2#, 850 ℃, 1 h WQ + 550 ℃, 6 h AC)条件下Ti40合金的组织、室温拉伸性能、热稳定性能和蠕变性能.结果表明,2种工艺热处理后微观组织的差异主要在于晶界的影响,1#工艺热处理后合金保留锻造后的弯曲晶界,2#工艺热处理后微观组织的晶界清晰平直.对力学性能的测试结果表明,2种组织对室温拉伸性能影响不大.相对于平直晶界,弯曲晶界有较好的热稳定性能和较低温度的蠕变性能,而平直晶界高温蠕变性能好.     

Ti14合金半固态变形的晶界偏析行为

以新型阻燃钛合金Ti14(α+Ti2Cu)为对象,研究了合金在半固态条件下的晶界偏析行为.结果表明,Ti14半固态变形使得Cu元素在晶界偏聚,冷却后以Ti2Cu相偏析于晶界,偏聚和偏析过程与半固态变形温度具有较大的相关性;同时,提出了Ti2Cu相形核和析出长大动力学模式,并用非经典形核长大理论进行了解释.     

激光立体成形Ti60合金组织性能

研究激光立体成形(Laser Solid Formed,LSF)Ti60合金热处理(双重退火980℃,2hAC+650℃,3hAC)前后的组织形成规律,分析其在室温和高温(600℃)下的拉伸性能。研究发现:Ti60合金在激光立体成形过程中由于熔池顶部形成的等轴晶层占有一定的比例,在熔覆新层时未被完全覆盖,在整个熔覆层中呈现出等轴晶的宏观形貌,并出现了层带组织。Ti60合金激光沉积态显微组织为魏氏组织,由大量沿原始等轴β晶界向晶内生长的α板条束和少量板条间β相组成,成形件室温和高温强度分别高于锻造件,室温塑性比锻造件低,而高温塑性超过锻态;经过双重退火后,成形件中的层带组织消失,晶界α相被打断,不连续分布在原始的β晶界处,晶内α板条粗化,并部分球化,这使得室温和高温强度略有下降,但塑性增高,综合力学性能提高。     

Cu 含量对Ti-Cu合金半固态可锻性及锻造后力学性能的影响

通过镦锻试验和模锻实验研究了Ti-Cu系合金半固态锻造行为,并对锻材进行了拉伸试验,讨论了Cu含量对半固态可锻性及力学性能的影响。结果表明：1000 °C至1150°C半固态锻造较常规锻造具有较小的顶锻压力;其中,1000 °C至1050°C间半固态锻造的Ti-Cu系合金均表现出较好的可锻性,在75%的锻造变形量下无明显缺陷。分析认为,Ti-Cu系列合金中含有较多的低熔点Ti2Cu相,随着半固态温度升高或Cu含量的增加,材料中的液相含量增加,增加的液相含量对变形起到润滑作用,减少了固相变形引起的应力集中,有效的降低了变形抗力,改善了成形性。力学性能研究表明：半固态锻造Ti-Cu系合金较常规锻造合金强度升高,塑性降低。随着Cu含量的升高,合金的强度明显提升,塑性降低。分析认为：力学性能的变化主要是由于Ti2Cu相析出含量、形态和分布相关,随着Cu含量和半固态温度的升高,更多Ti2Cu相在晶内和晶界析出,引起析出强化作用,同时,晶界析出的针状Ti2Cu相形成了偏析带,降低了合金塑形。     

Ti14合金半固态变形的组织演变特征

以新型阻燃合金Ti14合金(α+Ti2Cu)为对象,研究了Ti合金在固态和半固态变形的组织演变过程,分析了温度和变形量对合金晶粒形态和晶界特征的影响,结果表明:半固态条件下未发生动态再结晶,使得晶粒粗大,温度影响了液相的析出,随着温度的升高,液相析出量增加,并集中在晶界处,使得晶界宽化,由不连续转变为连续分布;变形量改变了晶界的界面能,促使晶界发生迁移和转动,导致弯曲的晶界向其曲率中心方向移动,三叉晶的交角向120°趋近。     

300热暴露后Ti14合金的组织和性能

研究了新型阻燃钛合金Ti14锻态、热处理态、300 ℃热暴露不同时间的组织和室温拉伸性能.结果表明,随热暴露时间的延长,合金强度出现较大起伏,而塑性明显下降.微观组织分析表明,在热暴露过程中,Ti2cu相发生融合、长大,条状Ti2cu相沿晶界析出,在晶界形成连续析出物带,导致合金塑性下降.在本试验条件下,热暴露过程中微观组织的变化是影响Ti14合金热稳定性的主要因素.     

Ti14合金半固态变形后热稳定性的研究

以新型阻燃钛合金Ti14(α+Ti2Cu)为对象,对比研究常规和半固态加工后合金的热稳定性.结果表明:热暴露时间不超过150 h时,半固态加工试样的强度明显优于常规加工试样,且塑性相差不大.而热暴露200 h后两种状态加工的合金热稳定性相近.常规加工态,Ti2Cu相以颗粒状弥散分布于晶内;半固态加工,Ti2Cu相熔化并在冷却过程中以条状偏析于晶界,使得断口韧窝粗化并出现少量解理条纹,这是导致合金热稳定性能改变的重要因素.     

Ti14钛合金半固态氧化和变形行为研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了Ti14阻燃钛合金在990℃以上半固态条件下的氧化和变形行为，利用金相显微镜观察变形前后及氧化的微观组织形貌，采用X射线衍射(XRD)仪分析氧化层的组成，利用线扫描分析氧化层中元素分布。结果表明，半固态氧化温度升高，氧化增重急剧增加，表面氧化层中只存在Ti的氧化物，不存在Cu的氧化物，表面形成5层氧化层结构，熔融的晶界是氧向基体内扩散的优先通道；Ti14合金半固态变形中，晶界、晶内的Ti2Cu相熔融长大，形成宽化的晶界和网格状结构。     

Microscopic Characterization of Semi-Solid Ti14 Alloy

采用热模拟系统研究半固态变形参数对合金微观组织演变和元素分布的影响,并讨论变形过程中的Ti2Cu析出行为。结果表明:微观组织,特别是Ti2Cu析出过程受变形参数影响较大;温度的增加,应变速率和变形量的降低将促进Ti2Cu在晶界的偏析,最终形成了网状晶界结构。分析认为:半固态晶界的析出过程主要受控于包晶反应,升温或降低其他变形参数将有利于液相在晶界的析出,形成晶界Cu元素富集区。液相的偏析和Cu元素的富集增加了该区域的包晶反应,最终在冷却过程中形成了粗大的网状晶界结构。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.