水冷温度对轧制X80管线钢组织和性能的影响

通过蔡司显微镜及硬度计、拉伸、冲击试验机研究了轧后630℃和570℃的水冷温度对X80管线钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:630℃和570℃水冷后X80管线钢均获得(B+F)双相组织,其中贝氏体包括粒状和板条状两种形态;水冷温度为570℃时,X80管线钢的铁素体及粒状贝氏体含量由630℃时的31%增加至35%,贝氏体板条结构更加明显。相比水冷温度为630℃,在570℃的水冷温度下,规定塑性延伸强度与抗拉强度分别为794 MPa和981 MPa,分别降低142 MPa和94 MPa,伸长率与冲击吸收能量较高,塑韧性均有所提高。     

控轧控冷工艺对X70级抗大变形管线钢组织与性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及力学性能实验等研究了控轧控冷工艺对X70级管线钢的组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同终轧温度下X70管线钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体、贝氏体和少量的珠光体组成,且随着终轧温度的升高,抗拉强度与屈服强度降低,硬度下降,冲击韧性提高,但屈强比变化不大,并且落锤性能较差;随着终轧温度的升高,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,铁素体体积含量增多。在不同的终冷温度下,X70管线钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体和贝氏体组成,并且随着终冷温度的升高,抗拉强度大幅度降低,屈服强度则呈M形波动,硬度呈线性降低,冲击吸收能量大幅度升高且落锤性能较好,屈强比缓慢升高;随着终冷温度的升高,晶粒度等级基本保持稳定,铁素体含量呈线性增加。该大变形管线钢最优的轧制工艺为控制终轧温度为840℃,终冷温度为450℃。     

冷却工艺对X80级抗大变形管线钢组织性能的影响

采用两种冷却路径控制工艺试制了X80级抗大变形管线钢,并利用扫描电镜和透射电镜进行了显微组织观察,研究了轧后冷却工艺对X80级抗大变形管线钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,轧后采用前段空冷＋后段快冷的＂两段式冷却＂工艺所得显微组织为先共析铁素体、针状铁素体、少量贝氏体和M/A岛,组织中软硬相匹配良好,屈强比为0.76;而超快冷＋空冷＋快冷的＂三段式冷却＂工艺获得针状铁素体、贝氏体和M/A岛混合组织,屈强比为0.8。两种冷却工艺均可获得抗大变形管线钢,差别在于应用三段式冷却工艺得到实验钢的强度较高,可用于开发更高级别抗大变形管线钢,并且空冷时间缩短。     

X100管线钢双丝埋弧焊接头微观组织与力学性能

利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、拉伸及冲击材料试验机等对X100钢级管线钢组织与力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,X100钢级管线钢焊缝区组织主要为针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体,热影响区组织有多边形铁素体存在,且晶粒粗大,发生了软化和脆化.焊接接头最高抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别达805 MPa,10.7%.接头的冲击吸收功(-10℃)大于110 J;剪切面积百分比(-10℃)平均值达到85%,呈现为韧性断裂.硬度测试结果显示,热影响区硬度外焊高于内焊.     

轧后冷却工艺对Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo低合金超高强钢组织和性能的影响

设计了一种以无碳化物贝氏体为主要组织的1500 MPa级Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo系超高强度钢,对比研究了实验钢轧后经空冷、先水冷至550℃后空冷和先水冷至450℃后空冷3种冷却工艺的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:实验钢轧后直接空冷获得无碳化物贝氏体+少量M/A组织,先水冷后空冷得到无碳化物贝氏体+少量马氏体组织。组织中对性能尤其是韧性性能有显著影响的残留奥氏体薄膜的形貌和分布随冷却工艺的变化而变化,空冷冷却残留奥氏体薄膜分布在贝氏体铁素体板条间,先水冷再空冷冷却残留奥氏体薄膜不仅存在于贝氏体铁素体板条间,在板条内部也可以观察到少量细小的膜状残留奥氏体,分割贝氏体铁素体板条,起到了细化晶粒的作用,有益于实验钢力学性能的提升。先水冷至550℃后空冷,实验钢的抗拉强度可达1600 MPa,-20℃冲击吸收功为28 J,具有最优的综合力学性能。     

典型国产管线钢的组织和力学性能

选取国内钢厂生产的X60、X70、X80和X100管线钢,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了上述管线钢的显微组织,采用拉伸、冲击、落锤试验方法检测和统计了其力学性能。结果表明:X60管线钢为多边形铁素体和珠光体的混合组织,X70、X80、X100为粒状贝氏体和多边形铁素体为主的混合组织,部分还含有少量珠光体;X70、X80和X100管线钢的综合力学性能明显优于X60管线钢,X70、X80和X100管线钢的强度依次增加而各级管线钢在-20℃冲击韧性的分布范围并未发生大幅变化;粒状贝氏体比珠光体-铁素体具有更优越的强韧化机制是促使X70、X80和X100管线钢获得更佳综合力学性能的重要原因。     

终冷温度对X100管线钢组织与性能的影响

通过光镜、透射电镜、背散射电子衍射技术（EBSD）、拉伸与（-20℃）冲击试验,研究了不同终冷温度对X100管线钢组织、性能的影响规律。结果表明,随终冷温度降低,针状铁素体（AF）、粒状贝氏体（GB）组织逐渐减少,板条贝氏体含量逐渐增加,钢板强度增高,塑韧性降低,当终冷温度在380℃左右时,少量AF、GB组织分割原奥氏体晶粒,板条贝氏体束的有效晶粒尺寸得到细化,钢板具有最优的综合力学性能,屈服强度为775 MPa,抗拉强度为855 MPa,伸长率为16.6%,-20℃冲击功为218 J,各项性能指标均满足X100管线钢的要求。     

控制冷却工艺对12Cr1MoV锅炉钢组织与性能的影响

用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机、金相显微镜、扫描电镜、冲击试验机对12Cr1MoV锅炉钢在不同冷却速度下控冷正火后高温回火后的组织性能进行了分析。结果表明,随着热模拟控冷速度的升高,720℃回火保温70 min后的显微组织中铁素体含量减少,少量珠光体逐渐消失,贝氏体含量逐渐增多。在10℃/s的速度控冷下,12Cr1Mo V钢的显微组织为铁素体+贝氏体,且球化级别为1.5级,综合性能较好。     

980 MPa级冷轧复相钢力学性能的多元调控

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机、拉伸试验机和光学显微镜研究了连续退火工艺中均热温度、缓冷温度和过时效温度对980 MPa级复相钢力学性能及组织的影响规律。结果表明,经连续退火处理后980 MPa级复相钢组织为典型的铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体组织,随均热温度的提高,贝氏体和马氏体含量逐渐增加,从而提高抗拉强度和规定塑性延伸强度;缓冷温度则能改变新生铁素体晶粒大小及马氏体含量,从而调控复相钢力学性能;随着过时效温度的升高,部分颗粒状碳化物开始析出,能够降低马氏体的强度即改善复相钢塑性。从多元调控的角度逐步优化980 MPa级复相钢的综合力学性能,最终确定均热温度800 ℃、缓冷温度700 ℃和过时效温度340 ℃为最优工艺参数。     

热处理工艺对低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢力学性能的影响

采用X射线衍射仪、拉伸试验机、冲击试验机等分析了热处理工艺对低碳Si-Mn系TRIP钢的力学性能的影响.结果表明,通过790℃加热保温50min,380℃等温20min,冷却到室温后可以得到铁素体+贝氏体+残余奥氏体的三相组织,得到最好的强塑积为27225MPa×％,其中抗拉强度为825MPa,伸长率为33％,其冲击韧性和硬度分别为47J/cm2和219HB,此时残余奥氏体含量为15.76％.在此工艺条件下,TRIP效应最明显.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.