膨胀型阻燃剂APP/MPR/PEPA的制备及其在ABS中的应用

用氧代-4-羟甲基-2,6,7-三氧杂-1-磷杂双环[2,2,2]辛烷(PEPA)作为成炭剂,用三聚氰胺酚醛树脂(MPR)作为气源和聚磷酸铵(APP)按一定比例复配成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR),用于丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)的阻燃研究。研究IFR的比例和含量对ABS燃烧性能的影响。阻燃实验结果表明,APP/MPR/PEPA质量比按2/1/2和3/3/4比例复配阻燃效果最佳,添加量为30%时,阻燃复合材料燃烧等级达到V-0,氧指数分别为29.4%和29%;热重分析和扫描电镜结果表明,阻燃复合材料热稳定性能较纯ABS有所降低,微观炭层更加致密无孔洞。     

凹凸棒对聚丙烯/聚磷酸铵/季戊四醇复合材料阻燃性能及力学性能的影响

以聚丙烯为基体,多聚磷酸铵(APP)/季戊四醇(PER)/凹凸棒(ATP)为复配阻燃剂(其中APP/PER质量比为3:1),通过熔融共混的方法制备聚丙烯复合材料.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)考察原土ATP的微观形貌和PP/APP/PER/ATP复合材料的阻燃性能及力学性能.实验结果表明:ATP与APP/PER对PP有协同阻燃作用.当ATP质量含量为2%,复配阻燃剂APP/PER/ATP总量为26%时,PP/APP/PER/ATP复合材料的氧指数为32%,拉伸强度比纯PP提高4.3%,冲击强度比纯PP也提高15.2%.     

阻燃成炭剂trimer和微胶囊红磷复配阻燃聚甲醛的研究

采用兼具阻燃和成炭作用的笼状磷酸酯三（1-氧代-1-磷杂-2,6,7-三氧杂双环［2.2.2］辛烷-4-亚甲基磷酸酯）（trimer）和微胶囊红磷（MRP）复配阻燃聚甲醛（POM）。采用垂直燃烧试验、极限氧指数和热重分析研究复配阻燃体系对POM的阻燃性能,并对阻燃POM的力学性能进行分析。结果表明,trimer和MRP有很好的协同阻燃性能;trimer/MRP/ME的添加量为23 %时,阻燃聚甲醛达到UL 94 V-0,极限氧指数最高达29.4 %。     

膨胀型阻燃剂/二乙基次磷酸铝阻燃改性不饱和树脂基复合材料

采用密胺包覆聚磷酸铵（APP）、季戊四醇（PER）和三聚氰胺（MEL）作为膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）对不饱和树脂（UP）进行改性,研究了APP、PER和MEL不同复配比例及用量对不饱和树脂基复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。基于IFR最佳用量,以二乙基次磷酸铝（ADP）为协效剂,研究了ADP用量对IFR/UP阻燃复合材料阻燃性能、力学性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明,当APP∶PER∶MEL复配比例为4∶1∶1,IFR添加量为15 %（质量分数,下同）时,复合材料综合性能最佳,其极限氧指数为27.4 %,UL 94垂直燃烧达到V?1等级,弯曲强度和冲击韧性分别为100.3 MPa和6.3 kJ/m²;ADP的引入能够进一步提高IFR/UP复合材料阻燃性能,且随着ADP质量分数的增加而增强;当ADP质量分数为2 %时,IFR?ADP/UP复合材料极限氧指数为28.5 %并达到V?0阻燃等级,弯曲强度和冲击韧性分别为110 MPa和7.8 kJ/m²,与IFR/UP复合材料相比,分别提高了9.7 %和23.8 %;ADP能够促进IFR/UP复合材料表面成炭,缓解基体的热降解。     

多功能磷酸酯共聚物阻燃HDPE木塑复合材料的性能

以1-氧基磷杂-4-羟甲基-2,6,7-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷、多聚磷酸、1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚、双酚A型环氧树脂和三聚氰胺为原料合成磷酸酯共聚物，以其为阻燃剂对高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）/木粉（WF）木塑复合材料进行阻燃改性，并评价了阻燃剂含量对复合材料阻燃性能、力学性能和热性能的影响。结果表明：集酸源、气源和碳源为一体的磷酸酯共聚物的热稳定性明显高于常规磷系阻燃剂，阻燃剂含量为20%(w)时，HDPE/WF复合材料的垂直燃烧等级达到UL 94 V-0级，极限氧指数高达31.5%，残炭量提高了21.5%(w)；随阻燃剂含量增加，复合材料的拉伸强度呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

季戊四醇基成炭剂对PP阻燃效果的分析

用3种不同的成炭剂:季戊四醇(PER)、1-氧代-4-羟甲基-2,6,7-三氧杂-1-磷杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(PEPA)、二(1-氧代-4-亚甲氧基-2,6,7-三氧杂-1-磷杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷)苯基膦酸酯(BCPPO)复配酸源和气源,阻燃PP通过红外(IR),热重(TG),锥形量热分析和扫描电镜等,考察了3种不同成炭剂的吸水性、相容性、热性能、阻燃效率的异同及互相之间的关系,并探讨了其阻燃PP的机理,结果表明:在阻燃性、成炭性、相容性等方面PER经过改性的PEPA和BCPPO比PER有了明显提高,并且经二次改性后的BCPPO,在对PP的阻燃性能上比一次改性的PEPA有了较大幅度的提高,原因是由成炭剂含炭量引起,3种成炭剂的炭含量排序是BCPPO>PEPA>PER.     

膨胀阻燃剂APP对ABS树脂阻燃性能和力学性能的影响

研究了多聚磷酸铵(APP)、APP/PER(季戊四醇)复配比及其用量对丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)的阻燃性能及力学性能的影响。同时也研究了增韧剂聚硅氧烷、甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(MBS)的用量对阻燃ABS的阻燃性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明,APP与PER复配质量比为3∶1时协同阻燃效果较好,其填加量为30份以上时阻燃料ABS可达到UL94V-0级,阻燃剂的加入对其力学性能影响并不明显。聚硅氧烷和MBS加入后,冲击强度有一定程度的提高,但阻燃性能有了很大程度的下降。     

阻燃处理对聚乳酸/竹粉复合材料吸水性能的影响

利用氢氧化铝(ATH)、硅烷改性聚磷酸铵(APP)及APP/ATH复配阻燃剂与聚乳酸(PLA)、竹粉(BF)共混,制备阻燃型PLA/BF复合材料,并对其进行不同时间的浸水处理,测定阻燃型PLA/BF复合材料的吸水率和浸水处理前后的力学性能。结果表明,浸水处理后复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度均有不同幅度的降低,其中,APP/ATH复配阻燃剂阻燃型复合材料力学性能下降最显著,浸水4d后,其拉伸强度下降了近90%;APP和ATH单独阻燃的复合材料在浸水过程中的吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率均较低,而APP/ATH复配阻燃剂阻燃型PLA/BF复合材料的吸水率最高,尺寸稳定性最差。     

膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯-木粉复合材料阻燃及性能的影响

主要以聚磷酸铵(APP)、季戊四醇(PER)、以及自制的成炭发泡剂(CFA)复配成的膨胀型阻燃剂对聚丙烯-木粉复合材料进行阻燃.并通过一系列的性能实验研究了不同的阻燃剂配方及阻燃剂含量对聚丙烯-木粉复合材料的力学性能、阻燃性能、流变行为以及热降解行为的影响.结果表明,膨胀型阻燃体系可以提高聚丙烯-木粉复合材料的LOI与成炭性,当添加量为25%时,APP与PER复配阻燃的复合材料的LOI可达27.5,800℃时残余炭含量为19.24%.而且该阻燃剂的加入对提高材料的拉伸和弯曲强度有一定作用.     

超支化三嗪成炭剂阻燃聚丙烯

将自制的超支化三嗪成炭剂（CFA）与聚磷酸铵（APP）以1∶1的比例复配成膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）,用于聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃。采用冲击实验、拉伸实验、极限氧指数仪、垂直燃烧（UL 94）和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)等方法表征了PP阻燃复合材料的力学性能、阻燃性能,分析了断面形貌。结果表明,添加阻燃剂后,冲击强度呈先增加后降低的趋势,拉伸强度则随着阻燃剂含量的增加不断下降,但降幅不明显;含有15 % IFR的阻燃复合材料,其垂直燃烧等级即可通过UL 94 V-0级测试,显示出复合IFR具有优秀的阻燃效果。     

超声协助蒙脱土分散于聚磷酸铵阻燃聚丙烯的研究

阻燃剂能够增强聚丙烯（PP）的阻燃性能,但也会降低其力学性能,因此对阻燃剂进行改性以改善聚丙烯的力学性能显得至关重要。以传统的膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）[由聚磷酸铵（APP）、季戊四醇（PER）、三聚氰胺（MA）组成]为PP阻燃。在合成APP过程中引入有机蒙脱土（OMt）。APP围绕OMt形成,剥离OMt使其能够较好地分散在阻燃剂中。为使OMt更好地分散在阻燃剂中,在磷酸氢二铵（DAP）、尿素（UREA）溶液中加入OMt,之后对溶液进行超声处理,蒸干后形成DAP-UREA-OMt与五氧化二磷反应生成APP。在PP中添加改性阻燃剂,有助于PP材料阻燃性能的提升与减缓力学性能的下降。当阻燃剂添加量为30%（阻燃剂添加量占总质量的质量分数）时,PP/IFR_APP/OMt复合材料的氧指数达到29.8%,通过V-0测试,拉伸强度为22.0 MPa,高出传统方法0.7 MPa。     

Flame retardancy and mechanical properties of thermal plastic composite panels made from Tetra Pak waste and high‐density polyethylene

In this article, flame retardancy thermoplastic composites were developed by extrusion followed by injection molding using recycled Tetra Pak packaging material (TPP) waste and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) with addition of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine (MEL) as intumescent flame retardants (FRs). The influences of intumescent FRs on the properties of composites were investigated. FRs loading positively affected flame retardancy, but deteriorated mechanical properties as the loading rate was more than 30 wt%. Considering the fire retardancy and tensile strength (TS), the content of FR should not be more than 30 wt%. When the ratio of APP/MEL was less than 3/1, both combustion behavior and TS of the composites were improved with the increased FR loading, which was supported and verified by the analysis of FTIR spectra and SEM images. The thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the incorporation APP and/or APP and MEL into composites as FRs into composites promoted char formation and correspondingly improved the thermal stability. The synergistic effect of APP and MEL in the intumescent FR system further improved the flame retardancy of the composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1797–1804, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

无卤阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料的性能研究

以多元醇、二异氰酸酯、聚磷酸铵(APP)、三聚氰胺(MA)等为原料,采用一步法,制得阻燃聚氨酯泡沫塑料。研究了不同阻燃剂的用量对聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能、热性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,材料拉伸强度随阻燃剂添加量的增加而增加;材料的极限氧指数和在500℃时的分解残留量均随复合阻燃剂添加量的增加先增大后减小;APP/MA复合阻燃剂的效果好于单组分APP。     

不同天然大分子在膨胀型阻燃TPV复合材料中的作用

选择了纤维素、壳聚糖、淀粉三种天然大分子作为碳源,聚磷酸铵(APP)作为酸源和气源,按1∶2的质量比复配成三种不同的膨胀型阻燃剂。然后将三种膨胀阻燃剂添加到热塑性动态硫化橡胶(TPV)材料中,通过熔融共混的加工方法,制备得到阻燃TPV复合材料。力学性能测试实验显示,不同碳源的阻燃TPV复合材料的力学性能依次为:纤维素>壳聚糖>淀粉。极限氧指数和垂直燃烧实验结果表明:当阻燃剂质量分数达到30%时,以纤维素作为碳源的TPV复合材料的阻燃性能最好,其氧指数最高为25%,相对于纯TPV的19%,提高了6%,而且能达到V-1等级;壳聚糖和淀粉为碳源TPV复合材料的氧指数分别达到了23%和22%,且都能达到V-2等级。通过TGA和SEM研究了阻燃机理,结果表明,与其他两种碳源相比,纤维素为碳源的TPV复合材料的热稳定性最高,且在燃烧时能形成更加致密的炭层。     

三嗪膨胀阻燃剂/硅酸镁协效阻燃TPU的制备及性能研究

以三嗪成炭发泡剂（CFA）及聚磷酸铵（APP）复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),以硅酸镁(MgSiO3)为协效剂添加到热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(TPU)中制备阻燃TPU材料,研究了阻燃TPU材料的阻燃性能、力学性能、热降解行为和炭层的表面形貌。结果表明,纯TPU材料的极限氧指数仅为22.0 %,在空气中极易燃烧,当IFR添加量为28 %（质量分数,下同）,MgSiO3添加量5 %时,材料的极限氧指数提高到37.1 %,通过UL 94 V-0级,表现出很好的阻燃效果;但是IFR/MgSiO3的加入使材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率明显下降,也使得TPU材料的起始热分解温度提前,最大热降解速率峰值降低,同时材料的残炭量得到了很大程度的提高。     

Inorganic/organic phosphorus-based flame retardants synergistic flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam

The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composites are fabricated by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA), phenoxycycloposphazene (PCP), and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP), respectively, which are labeled as RPUF-1, RPUF-2, and RPUF-3. The influence of flame retardants on the apparent density and compressive strength of RPUF is studied. The results reveal that flame retardants not only improve the apparent density, but also improve the compressive strength of RPUF composites. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) results reveal that these inorganic/organic phosphorus-based flame retardants improve the LOI significantly, especially for RPUF-2 and RPUF-3 systems. The cone calorimeter test results suggest that the peak of heat release of RPUF-1, RPUF-2, and RPUF-3 systems decrease by 38%, 41%, and 52% likened to that of pure RPUF. And APP and ADP system performs best in declining the heat release. And APP and PEPA systems perform best in decreasing the smoke release. The flame retardancy mechanism of RPUF composites is analyzed in details.     

无卤膨胀复合阻燃低密度聚乙烯/乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共混物的研究

分别采用三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐(MCA)、微胶囊红磷(MCP)以及氢氧化镁[Mg(OH)2]等与膨胀型阻燃剂PNP进行复配,研究了不同阻燃剂及其配比对低密度聚乙烯/乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(PE-LD/EVA)共混物的阻燃和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在PE-LD/EVA为70/30的基体树脂中,当复合阻燃剂的含量为35%时,PNP/MCA的最佳配比为3/2,阻燃材料的极限氧指数为30.8%;PNP/MCA/MCP的最佳比例为24/16/4,阻燃材料极限氧指数为32.3%;PNP/MCA/MCP/Mg(OH)2的最佳比例为24/16/4/22,阻燃材料的极限氧指数为30.9%,垂直燃烧达到UL 94V-0级,拉伸强度为11.1MPa,断裂伸长率为80.6%。     

Effects of ammonium polyphosphate and triphenyl phosphate on the flame retardancy,thermal, and mechanical properties of glass fiber–reinforced PLA/PC composites

The purpose of this study is to increase of the flammability properties of the glass fiber (GF)–reinforced poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate (PLA/PC) composites. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were used as flame retardants that are including the organic phosphor to increase flame retardancy of GF‐reinforced composites. APP, TPP, and APP‐TPP mixture flame retardant including composites were prepared by using extrusion and injection molding methods. The properties of the composites were determined by the tensile test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and heat release rate (HRR) test. The minimum T_g value was observed for the TPP including PLA/PC composites in DSC analysis. The highest tensile strength was observed in GF‐reinforced PLA/PC composites. In the LOI test, GF including composite was burned with the lowest concentration of oxygen, and burning time was the longest of this composite. However, the shortest burning time was obtained by using the mixture flame retardant system. The flame retardancy properties of GF‐reinforced PLA/PC composite was improved by using mixture flame retardant. When analyzed the results of HRR, time to ignition (TTI), and mass loss rate together, the best value was obtained for the composite including APP.     

有机-金属杂化化合物阻燃聚丙烯的研究

将有机-金属杂化三嗪化合物（SCTCFA-ZnO）与聚磷酸铵（APP）复配制备了膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR）,通过极限氧指数测试、垂直燃烧测试、锥形量热分析、热失重分析和扫描电子显微镜分析等表征方法研究了SCTCFA-ZnO/APP的协同作用对PP复合材料阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,APP与SCTCFA-ZnO复配可以有提高PP材料的阻燃性能,当IFR的添加量为25 %（质量分数,下同）,且APP/SCTCFA-ZnO的质量比为2/1时,复合材料的极限氧指数最高,达到31.1 %,达到UL 94 V-0级;IFR可提高复合体系的温热稳定性,阻燃复合材料燃烧后会形成一层致密、连续的炭层,从而起到良好的阻燃效果。     

Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low-density polyethylene based on SiO2@MAPP and double pentaerythritol

To improve the flame-retardant property of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) covered by silicon dioxide and 3-(Methylacryloxyl) propyltrimethoxy silane (KH-570) (SiO₂@MAPP) and double pentaerythritol (DPER) was synthesized. Various methods were applied to structural characterization and property investigations of different samples. The results indicated that the solubility of APP decreased after coating with silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and KH-570. The flame retardancy of LDPE composites was improved with addition of IFR containing SiO₂@MAPP/DPER. With 30 wt% addition of IFR containing SiO₂@MAPP /DPER, the limiting oxygen index reached 26.8% and the tensile strength was 3.30 MPa. The tensile strength was 7.14% higher than that of 30 wt% IFR without SiO₂@MAPP. The smoke density test showed that the flue gas emission was obviously improved. The addition of SiO₂@MAPP effectively increased the residual carbon content of composites and thermal stability of the composites.