Understanding discharges initiated by water droplet on epoxy nanocomposites under DC voltages adopting UHF technique

Corona inception voltage due to a water droplet on epoxy resin in an electrode gap is high under DC voltage compared to AC voltage. It is observed that, as the contact angle of the epoxy nanocomposite material becomes higher, the corona discharge inception voltage increases. The droplet movement is observed, using a high‐speed camera, on application of the voltage. It is seen that a droplet moves toward the ground electrode under an AC or a negative DC voltage, whereas it moves toward the high‐voltage electrode under a positive DC voltage. It is also observed that carbonization occurs near the ground electrode under AC and negative DC voltages, and near the high‐voltage electrode under a positive DC voltage. During the evaporation of the water droplet (during arcing) on the surface of the insulating material under AC and DC voltages, carbonization of material occurs and is high both in pure epoxy resin and in nanocomposites with 5 wt% epoxy clay. The magnitude of the arcing current is nearly the same irrespective of the percentage of clay in the epoxy nanocomposites. The magnitude of discharge current flow is high under negative DC voltage compared to positive DC/AC voltages. The rise time of injected current pulses, at the time of corona inception and during arcing, under AC/DC voltages, is a few nanoseconds. Ultrahigh‐frequency signals were emitted as a result of the corona discharge from the water droplet on epoxy nanocomposites and at the time of arcing between the droplets and the electrodes, both under AC and DC voltages, with its dominant frequency in the range 1–2 GHz. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

AC particle-triggered corona discharge in low pressure SF/sub 6/ gas

This paper deals with AC particle-triggered corona discharge as a follow-up to our previous research with DC voltage to clarify the particle-triggered corona discharge process in SF₆ gas. Corona current pulses, charges associated with a corona current pulse, and corona light pulses were observed with an aluminum ellipsoidal particle suspended in a parallel plane electrode system under a SF₆ gas pressure range of 30 kPalesPles50 kPa by changing the particle position. Corona mode, phase (Phi)-charge (q) characteristics as well as corona discharge processes were discussed and the following results were obtained. AC corona mode depended on the instantaneous applied voltage, voltage gradient as well as the particle position and then, the Phi-q characteristics were also affected by those parameters. Charges flow into the floating particle due to coronas on the both tips of particle and excite field fluctuations around the opposite side of particle in addition to the applied AC field. The field fluctuation in SF₆ gas by the corona charges was about 4% of the applied field and much lower than that in air gap which was about 70%. That is, the corona development was suppressed effectively by high electron affinity of SF₆ gas even in the case of floating particle. The less effective interference between coronas on the both side of particle in SF₆ gas results in an obscure local minimum in the breakdown voltage characteristics as the particle is in the vicinity of electrode as contrasted with a drastic fall in the breakdown voltage by the particle in air     

DC corona discharge from a wire particle floated with a microgap in parallel plate electrodes

Conductive particles existing in a high-voltage system could deteriorate the system performance owing to an electric discharge via the particles. In case when the particles exist in a dc high-voltage electrode system, the location of the particle would inevitably affect the discharge aspect. A corona-onset and breakdown voltage from a metallic wire particle were measured in detail. The wire particle has a length ranging from 6 to 12 mm, and a diameter of 0.25 mm. It was fixed between a parallel plate electrode with a spacing of 20 or 30 mm. When the particle was close to the negative electrode, a corona discharge occurred stably, and the corona-onset voltage was increased as the gap length between the negative electrode, and the positive end of the particle increased up to 0.8 mm. In contrast, when the particle was close to the positive electrode, the breakdown always occurred without preceding the corona discharge. At the middle region between the electrodes, the corona onset occurred at almost constant voltage.     

Gaseous electrical discharge characteristics in air and nitrogen at cryogenic temperature

In designing superconducting electrical power apparatus, the knowledge of cryogenic gas and liquid insulation characteristics is essential. The authors have studied the discharge characteristics of relatively long-gap configurations in air and nitrogen at a cryogenic temperature. A sphere-to-sphere electrode with a gap length of 20 to 150 mm is used for measurements in uniform electric field. The breakdown voltage characteristics basically obey Paschen's law at cryogenic temperature for 50 Hz, AC, DC and lightning impulse voltage applications. A rod-to-plane electrode with a gap length of 20 to 330 mm is used for measurements in nonuniform electric field. In air at cryogenic temperature and nitrogen gas at both room and cryogenic temperature, streamer-like corona discharge appears near the tip of the rod electrode before the breakdown, and the breakdown voltage increases linearly with gap length. In air at room temperature thin film-like corona discharge, however, appears near the tip of the rod electrode before breakdown, and the breakdown voltage becomes higher than the other case. In order to examine the variation of corona discharge characteristics, some additional experiments are conducted. As a result, it becomes clear that thin film-like glow corona discharge appears when electronegative gas is contained and sufficient electrons are supplied from the cathode.     

DC corona discharge of a metal filament particle withinparallel-plate electrodes

For the prevention of a particle-initiated breakdown within gas-insulated switchgear, fundamental characteristics of particle motion were investigated. It was found that the particle motion depends not only on Coulombic force, but on the corona discharge from the tip of a particle. Thus, the corona current from a fixed particle on the lower electrode was measured, for either positive or negative corona case. The measured current showed different characteristics of current depending on the polarity. The corona onset voltage of negative corona is somewhat lower than positive, but the breakdown voltage of negative corona is much higher. Although the current characteristics follow the square law, the applicable region of this law for positive corona is very small. Positive corona depends on the tip configuration contrary to negative corona     

Effect of Discharge Electrode Parameters on the Flow Velocity Profile of the Wire?rod Type Electrohydrodynamic Gas Pump Exit

Experimental investigation has been conducted to study the effects of corona wire diameter, pipe length, and corona polarity on outlet flow velocity distribution profile of a wire-rod type electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pump. Upon applying negative or positive dc high voltage between a wire electrode (outer diameter (o.d.) 60 μm, 200 μm, or 300 μm) and a rod electrode (o.d. 3 mm) in atmospheric air, corona discharge occurs and EHD gas flow is generated in the direction from the wire electrode to the rod electrode through a cylindrical pipe (inner diameter (i.d.) 20 mm). For both polarities, the discharge current and average flow velocity increase monotonically on increasing the applied voltage before the onset of spark discharge. Using wire electrodes with a smaller diameter, stable corona discharge between corona onset and spark onset is generated in a wider voltage range, and the discharge current becomes larger, resulting in a higher flow velocity. The maximum average flow velocity of 2.0 m/s, corresponding to a flow rate of 38 l/min, was achieved with a wire of diameter 60 μm by applying a voltage of ?16 kV.     

Corona inception in typical electrode configurations forelectrostatic processes applications

The corona inception electric field at the surface of a wire electrode is usually evaluated by an empirical formula established by Peek. That formula was found to be valid in several simple electrode configurations (wire cylinder, wire plate), which are typical to electrostatic precipitators. The aim of this paper is to extend the study to other situations encountered in electrostatic applications. The experimental setup specifically modeled the several electrode arrangements which are commonly used with roll-type electrostatic separators. It consisted of wire-type corona electrodes, connected to a regulated DC high-voltage supply, and a rotating roll electrode, connected to the ground. The effect of associating the corona wire to one or several tubular electrodes of various shapes and sizes was investigated. The experimentally determined corona inception voltage was used as input data of a boundary-element-method program for the electric field computation. The computed values of the electric field were compared with those given by Peek's formula for wire electrodes of the same radius. The derived conclusions can be of help in the custom design of the corona electrode arrangements for various electrostatic applications     

超临界CO2流体中直流电晕放电特性研究

实验研究了使用针-板电极的超临界CO2流体中直流电晕的放电特性.实验结果揭示了一个奇特的现象:在CO2超临界流体中,接近超临界点附近的直流击穿电压比通常高压气体状态下的击穿电压低得多.对于这一奇特现象的一个可能的解释是超临界点附近的CO2分子强烈的团族(clusters)形成,这样即使以较低的应用电压,在超临界CO2流体中也可以形成直流电晕放电.     

气液混合体正极性电晕放电的实验研究

通过实验研究了正棒-板电极间隙中气液混合体直流电晕放电的形态及其伏安特性,结果表明,不仅在棒电极头部有电晕放电现象发生,而且棒电极上的水滴表面也会产生较强的电晕放电。在相同电压作用下,自来水-空气混合体的放电电流最大,纯净水-空气混合体的次之,单纯空气的最小。电流的增大主要与液滴的电导率、运动液滴对局部电场的畸变及对空间电荷的破坏等作用有关。     

Understanding the partial discharge activity generated due to particle movement in a composite insulation under AC voltages

The UHF signals are generated due to partial discharges formed by particle movement in Gas Insulated Switchgears (GISs). It is observed that the bandwidth of UHF signals generated due to partial discharges formed by particle movement in GIS is independent of operating pressure and the applied voltage. The levitation voltage of the particle sitting on the dielectric barrier is high compared to that of it on the ground electrode. When a particle is present in between the barrier and an electrode, at certain voltage level the movement of particle will be in pseudo resonance with the applied voltage frequency. When the particle is on the barrier, on application of voltage the particle moves to the center of the electrode axis causes discharges thereby radiating UHF signals, with its dominant frequency in the range of 3–4 GHz, which is much different from that of the UHF signal generated due to partial discharges formed by particle movement. When the particle moving between the high voltage electrode and the barrier, at some time its motion get collapses and the particle settles in the low field region away from the axis of the electrode and generates UHF signals having characteristics of UHF signals generated due to corona discharge.     

离子风对静电除尘器中颗粒物脱除的影响机制研究

静电除尘器中电晕放电产生的离子风是影响颗粒迁移和沉积的重要因素,通过建立多过程耦合的静电除尘器数值模型,研究了不同极配型式静电除尘器的电场分布特性及离子风对空间流场和颗粒物脱除的影响规律。结果表明,针刺电极电场强度和离子电荷密度的最高值均略高于芒刺电极,但是芒刺电极的静电场分布更加均匀。在外加电压为60k V时,针刺电极和芒刺电极的离子风最高流速分别可达7.91m/s和4.62m/s,离子风会促进荷电颗粒向收尘极板运动,同时也会形成近壁高速区造成堆积颗粒的不均匀分布并导致二次扬尘。由此,针对不同形式静电除尘器提出了合理调整放电电极结构方法,进行离子风调控以强化颗粒物脱除。     

邻近直流导线时交流电晕电流脉冲特性试验

本文搭建交直流并行线路电晕放电试验平台,研究邻近直流电压时交流单点电晕放电下的电晕电流脉冲特性。并对交流电晕电流脉冲的分布模式、重复频率以及波形等特征参数进行统计分析。试验结果表明,邻近的正极性直流电压会促进交流负半周电晕放电而抑制交流正半周电晕放电,邻近的负极性直流电压作用正好相反。直流电压对交流负半周电晕电流脉冲波形参数无明显影响,而正半周电晕电流脉冲的幅值会随负极性直流电压的增加有所升高。同时发现,随着交流电压幅值的升高,促使其正半周发生电晕放电所需要的负极性直流电压幅值也相应地升高,并基于电晕放电的发展过程中电离强度的计算提出种子电子的缺失是造成该现象的原因。最后,在电晕放电离子云模型基础上,提出脉冲序列发展的过程中电离区域电场强度恒定不变的假设,从而对邻近直流电压影响下的交流电晕电流脉冲波形参数特性给出了合理的解释。     

交直流复合电压下棒-板电极起晕电压实验分析

为了获得复合电压作用下电极的起晕特性,在室内搭建了复合电压下无锈棒-板电极起晕特性实验平台,采用串联的复合加压方式,即一个电极上施加直流电压,另一个电极上施加交流电压,以紫外光子计数的突变作为电晕起始判据,获得了直流和交流复合电压下的电极起晕特性。同时对比了不同直流电压极性、电极加压方式和不同复合电压升压方式下电极起晕电压的特点,探究复合电压下棒电极半径和棒板间隙对电极起晕电压的影响。实验结果表明:在相同的大气条件及电极布置下,由于空间电荷影响,棒电极正直流、板电极交流加压方式下的起晕电压比棒电极交流、板电极正直流加压方式下的起晕电压高;在棒-板气隙间距0~5cm范围内,定直变交复合升压方式下,交直流分量有效值叠加后的起晕电压随着直流分量的增加而升高,定交变直方式下,该值随着交流分量的增加而下降,且交直流分量间互为线性关系。本文的研究成果可以为进一步研究复合电压作用下电极的电晕机理及起晕电压的准确预测奠定坚实基础。     

直流电晕对硅橡胶材料憎水性的影响

采用针-板电极研究了直流电晕对硅橡胶材料憎水性的影响。发现直流电晕对硅橡胶表面憎水性的影响较小。湿度、迁移时间、电压等因素对硅橡胶材料憎水性影响较小，特别是对憎水性充分迁移的染污硅橡胶试片的影响更小。这与交流电晕作用硅橡胶材料时有明显差异。通过分析直流电晕下硅橡胶表面放电过程、表面电荷积聚和表面结构的变化，认为在直流电晕下，硅橡胶材料表面化学反应较弱是直流电晕对硅橡胶表面憎水性影响甚微的原因。     

直流电压下冰棱尖端放电实验研究(英文)

由于冰凌尖端和覆冰绝缘子表面之间的放电情况与覆冰绝缘子闪络电压紧密相关而引起了高度的关注,在冰凌和冰板模型基础上,通过实验研究了直流情况下冰凌尖端电晕放电现象。研究结果发现:冰凌到覆冰绝缘子表面间距、环境温度、冰水电导率对起晕电压有一定的影响,其影响原因也被逐一分析;揭示了电晕放电发展过程,在不同电压极性下,电晕放电对冰凌尖端的影响不同;当环境温度为?5℃,不同电压极性下冰凌尖端起晕电压与普通电极情况不一致,这种情况希望得到更多的证实。研究结果将会提升对覆冰绝缘子放电的理解,并有助于防止闪络情况的发生。     

纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电的电气和光学特性

为了研究纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电特性,本文采用一种新型三电极结构的激励器,通过纳秒脉冲叠加负直流的混合激励模式产生表面滑闪放电。实验研究了电压脉冲分量、电压直流分量及两者的差值对纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电特性的影响。实验结果表明,当脉冲电压幅值固定时,直流电压幅值的改变对脉冲侧电流的影响较小,但对直流源侧电流却影响显著,直流源侧电流随直流电压幅值的增加而增加,发生表面滑闪放电后峰值和速度均增加。直流电压幅值越大,直流源侧电流出现时刻越早。当直流电压幅值固定时,脉冲侧电流和直流源侧电流均随着脉冲电压幅值的增加而增加。实验中存在一个电压阈值(脉冲分量和直流分量电压差值)使纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电发生,该阈值为22k V。此时发生表面滑闪放电,瞬时功率峰值、单脉冲能量峰值和稳态能量均迅速增加。脉冲直流电压差值相同时,脉冲分量主导脉冲侧电流的大小,直流分量主导直流源侧电流的大小,脉冲分量所占比例的大小对功率和能量损耗的影响较大。此外,利用数码相机拍摄放电图像研究了纳秒脉冲表面滑闪放电的光学特性,放电图像表明,在电极间施加合理的脉冲电压和负直流电压均可产生表面滑闪放电,实现等离子体的拉伸效果,在阻挡介质表面获得大面积的等离子体。     

典型绝缘缺陷的直流局部放电信号波形分析

直流局部放电测试是高压直流设备绝缘性能状态评估的主要手段之一。为掌握直流下局部放电波形的特性,对内部、表面、电晕3种典型缺陷的直流局部放电波形进行测试与分析。内部缺陷受放电电荷的反电场影响,在直流平稳区不能持续发生,断电后会出现反极性放电;表面放电与电晕放电均能在直流电压下稳定产生,却不能在断电后出现。分析直流电压下局部放电信号,3种放电脉冲的持续时间均有不同,且放电波形易叠加振荡。比较缺陷放电信号的频谱分析结果,3种放电的能量分别位于不同的区间,为直流下缺陷类型的识别奠定了基础。     

低气压下直流正极性冰电极电晕特性研究

覆冰将改变绝缘介质的放电过程，导致电力系统绝缘性能下降，为深入研究覆冰绝缘子串中空气间隙的电晕放电特性，基于冰棱-冰板电极系统，通过脉冲电流传感器和紫外线成像仪CoroCAM IV+揭示了气压对起晕电压、放电模式、放电波形及其幅值等的影响。通过数学分析提出表征不同大气压下不同间隙长度时起晕电压的修正公式，分析和讨论气压对放电脉冲及其幅值的影响。理论分析表明，随着气压的降低，覆冰空气间隙起晕电压呈幂函数或指数函数降低，特征指数同间隙长度相关。试验结果与理论分析一致，进一步揭示了覆冰环境下电晕放电的特性。     

Particle-triggered pre-breakdown phenomena in atmospheric air gap under AC voltage

Corona discharge mechanism and breakdown voltage characteristics of air gaps in the presence of metallic particles were investigated including the relationship between the corona discharge mechanism and the phase resolved partial discharge patterns. These results are of interest for detection of foreign particles in gas insulated systems (GIS). The results with different shaped particles show that the corona mechanism depends on the particle shape and applied voltage. Moreover the corona discharges on both sides of the particle interfere with each other by inflow of charge carriers into the particle. The breakdown voltage is a minimum when the particle is in the vicinity of the electrode due to active interference of coronas. The phase-charge characteristics as the phase resolved partial discharge patterns vary with the particle shape. This suggests that the corona discharge mechanisms for all types of particles should be considered in the particle-detection method for GIS based on the phase resolved partial discharge patterns.     

Two-dimensional distribution of ground-state NO density by LIFtechnique in DC needle-to-plate positive streamer coronas during NOremoval processing

Two-dimensional distribution of the ground-state NO molecules density was investigated using a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique in a DC positive streamer corona reactor (needle-to-plate electrode geometry) during NO removal from a flue gas simulator (NO/air). NO density in the corona discharge reactor was monitored under the steady-state DC corona discharge condition. It was found that NO molecules density decreased due to the corona discharge processing not only in the discharging region but also in the upstream vicinity of the discharge