不同温度下空气-聚醚多元醇的搅拌特性

在直径为0.28 m椭圆底搅拌釜内,以空气-聚醚多元醇为实验物系,对20～120℃范围内不同温度下两种三层组合桨的搅拌功率及气含率特性进行了实验研究,并获得了不同组合桨的相对功率消耗及气含率关联式。结果表明：随着通气流量和搅拌转速的增大,两种组合桨的气含率均升高,相对功率消耗均减少;随着温度的升高,两种组合桨的气含率和相对功率消耗均减小。但组合桨Ⅰ（底HEDT＋中WHu＋上WHu）的综合性能要优于组合桨Ⅱ（底6XYK＋中6XDT＋上HEDT）,有利于获得较高的气含率和通气搅拌功率,更适合用于聚合体系气-液两相混合操作过程中。     

上浮颗粒特性对三相搅拌槽内固-液悬浮及气-液分散的影响

在直径为0.476m(T)的椭圆底有机玻璃搅拌槽中,采用作者此前研究优选的多层组合桨(HEDT WHD WHU),分别选用粒径在0.5至4mm、密度范围在900至955kg(m(3的聚丙烯(PP)颗粒及粉料、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)颗粒、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)颗粒作为上浮固体,操作液位为1.5～1.8T,研究了颗粒特性及操作液位对空气-水-上浮固体三相体系的固-液悬浮及气-液分散性能的影响.结果表明:对于同种颗粒,其表面状态对悬浮特性有较大的影响,颗粒表面因含有少量残余溶剂而呈现部分憎水特性时,达到液面处颗粒停留时间不大于1～2秒的临界悬浮状态所需搅拌转速及输入功率显著增加;此时减少上层桨与液面的距离对降低临界悬浮转速及功率有较大贡献.当颗粒种类不同,表面状态及粒径相近时,液固密度差越大,所需悬浮转速越高;但相同输入功率及表观气速时的气含率相差不大.液固密度差相近时,颗粒越小越易被悬浮,但颗粒越小浓度增加使三相体系的气含率降低的幅度越大.对于不同颗粒所得气含率关联式及悬浮特性研究结果可为工业气液固搅拌槽/反应器的优化设计提供参考.     

不同叶片形状盘式涡轮搅拌桨的气-液分散特性

在直径为0.48 m的椭圆底搅拌槽中,采用包括半椭圆(HEDT)及抛物线(PDT)形叶片的4种盘式涡轮桨,研究了叶片形状对气液两相体系中临界分散、通气功率和气含率的影响. 结果表明,由载气到气泛测得的泛点比气泛到载气测得的泛点明显滞后;比较相同条件下PDT桨与HEDT桨的通气功率和气含率,相同通气准数时,PDT桨的相对功率消耗(Pg/P0)较高,通常大于0.75,且受通气量影响较小;功率消耗相同时,在较宽气量范围内PDT的气含率较HEDT高约5%. PDT桨在相同气量时达到气液分散所需的功率略低,推荐用于工业气液搅拌反应器中.     

多层组合桨搅拌槽内气-液分散特性的研究

在直径为0,476m的椭圆底搅拌槽中,采用由六叶半椭圆管叶盘式涡轮桨(HEDT)及四叶宽叶翼型桨的上提(WHU)及下压(WHD)操作组合的六种不同的三层桨,研究了气-液两相体系中的通气功率变化及气含率特性,获得不同桨型的通气搅拌功率及气含率的关联式;结果表明,底桨为HEDT的组合桨通气功率下降幅度最小,相同输入功率时气含率最高,其次为WHD,WHU为底桨时气液分散性能最差。因此,适用于气液两相操作的优化组合桨应以HEDT为底桨。此研究结果可为工业用多层组合桨气液搅拌反应器的设计提供参考。     

空气-水/PPG体系的搅拌功率与气含率实验测定

在直径为0.28 m三层组合桨椭圆底圆柱形搅拌釜内,研究了搅拌转速、通气流量及温度对不同体系(空气-水、空气-聚醚多元醇)通气功率特性及气含率特性的影响.结果表明,在相同的条件下,随着通气流量和搅拌转速的增大,两种体系的气含率均升高,相对功率消耗(Pg/P0)均减小;随着温度的升高两种体系的气含率均减小,空气-水体系中相对功率消耗增加,但空气-聚醚多元醇体系中相对功率消耗却减小.并通过多元线性回归得到气含率和相对功率消耗经验关联式,为高温条件下不同气-液体系搅拌釜的设计和放大提供理论参考.     

半椭圆管盘式涡轮搅拌桨气-液分散特性

在直径为0.476 m的椭圆底搅拌槽中,采用半椭圆管盘式涡轮桨,研究桨径与槽径比D/T变化(分别为0.28, 0.33, 0.4及0.5)对气液两相体系中临界分散、通气功率和气含率的影响. 结果表明,对于D/T较小的搅拌桨,采用由载气到气泛测得的泛点比气泛到载气测得的泛点明显滞后,但随D/T增大泛点滞后现象消失;在相同通气量下,D/T对相对功率需求(Pg/P0)的影响不大;功率消耗相同时,低通气量时气含率随D/T增大略有增大,但高通气量时恰好相反. 研究结果及泛点、通气功率、气含率关联式对工业气液搅拌反应器设计操作具有参考价值.     

多层桨搅拌槽内气-液两相局部气含率研究

在直径0.48 m的椭圆底搅拌槽中,研究了以半椭圆管盘式涡轮(HEDT)为底桨、上两层为四叶翼型轴流桨下压操作(WHD)的组合桨(HEDT+2WHD)在搅拌槽内沿径向和轴向的局部气含率分布及不同表观气速对局部气含率的影响.局部气含率沿轴向分布比较均匀,仅在底桨附近有一个极大值,其它位置局部气含率差异较小.随着表观气速增...     

电解质对搅拌反应器中气-液分散特性的影响

在直径为0.48 m的椭圆底搅拌槽中,采用以半椭圆管盘式涡轮桨为底桨、上提操作的宽叶翼形桨为中、上层桨的三层组合桨,研究了硫酸钠溶液浓度对搅拌功率和气含率等气液分散特性的影响. 结果表明,相对功率需求(Pg/P0)随硫酸钠溶液浓度升高而下降,但当其浓度大于0.2 mol/L时,Pg/P0几乎不再随浓度变化而变化. 随体系温度升高,Pg/P0上升,但上升幅度略小于去离子水体系. 气含率随硫酸钠溶液浓度增加而提高,但增幅逐渐减缓,硫酸钠浓度为0.5 mol/L时气含率比去离子水体系增大约47%. 随温度升高,气含率有所下降,温度由24℃升至68℃,非凝并体系中整体气含率平均减小11%,而在凝并体系中减小约40%.     

多层新型桨搅拌槽内气-液两相流动的实验与数值模拟

对三层新型组合桨气-液两相搅拌槽内的流体流动进行了实验研究,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法对气-液两相搅拌槽的通气搅拌功率、流场、局部气含率及总体气含率进行了数值模拟,数值模拟采用了欧拉-欧拉方法,数值模拟结果与实验值吻合良好,同时考察了通气流量和搅拌转速对通气搅拌功率和气含率的影响规律. 研究结果表明,欧拉-欧拉方法能较好地模拟搅拌槽内气-液两相流的流动状况.     

无挡板搅拌槽中液－固体系的分散特性

在内径0.3 m、高0.45 m的无挡板搅拌槽内,采用直径0.15 m的三叶70o下推斜叶透平桨(PBTD, Pitched Blade Turbine Downflow)进行水-二氧化硅两相体系液固分散特性的研究. 应用PC-6A粉体浓度测量仪对体系中颗粒局部浓度进行测定. 考察了颗粒平均相含率为0.005的条件下,不同搅拌转速、搅拌桨离底高度对颗粒局部浓度分布的影响. 结果表明,采用较高搅拌转速、较低的搅拌桨离底高度有利于固体颗粒的悬浮. 本实验中,在搅拌转速为173 r/min、搅拌桨离底高度为0.08 m的操作条件下,颗粒悬浮效果最好.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。