Reactive thermal spray by high velocity ceramic jet and characterization of the coatings

A ceramic jet composed of molten particles in an electrothermally exploded powder spray was identified by the flash, soft x-ray radiography technique. The velocity of the leading edge of the jet was estimated to be 900 m/s. The coating obtained by a ceramic jet of titanium diboride consisted of a mixing layer of the substrate material and sprayed ceramics. A coating, which exhibited no pores or cracks, was formed through the dense deposition and solidification of spray droplets. The successive impacts of the droplets caused melting and stirring of the substrate surface to form a mixing layer. Some of these layers were formed due to capillary movement of the molten substrate material into the fractures of coarse ceramic particles. Thermal spray by chemical reaction between titanium and boron nitride particles resulted in a composite coating of TiN and TiB₂. The character of the mixing layer indicated that the depth profiles depended on the substrate material.     

Base-metal saturation of refractory carbide coatings produced by enhanced ceramic jets in electrothermally exploded powder spray

Tungsten carbide and tantalum carbide were sprayed onto substrates of mild steel by the electrothermally exploded powder spray (ELTEPS) process. High-speed x-ray radiography revealed that tungsten-carbide jets of molten particles guided inside a nozzle exhibited denser flow than unguided jets at the substrate. The velocity of the jet was approximately 800 m/s at the early stage of jetting. The ceramic coatings obtained from the guided spray consisted of carbides of a few to tens of micrometers in size, which were saturated by the base metal up to the top of the coating. The coatings exhibited diffusion of the sprayed ceramics and base metal at the interface of the deposit and substrate. The enhancement of the jet flow formed a microstructure of the ceramic coating, which was saturated by the base metal even without post heat treatment.     

Ti-B-C composite coating produced by electrothermally exploded powder-spray technique

Composite coatings of a Ti-B-C system were reactively produced by the electrothermally exploded powderspray (ELTEPS) technique. First, the electrical characteristics of the ELTEPS system were determined. The starting powder of the coatings was titanium powder mixed with boron carbide powder. This powder was prepared for production of Ti-B-C composite coatings on substrates using the ELTEPS technique. The coatings obtained were composed of titanium carbide and titanium diboride. The thickness of the coating obtained by onefold spray was not uniform. The coating obtained by the twofold spray covered the substrate. The coating obtained by threefold spray was still more precise. The thickness of the coating obtained by threefold spray was about 50 μm and its hardness value was about 30.7±4.5 GPa.     

反应等离子喷涂TiC/Fe-Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层的显微组织

采用前驱体碳化复合技术制备Ti-Fe-Ni-C系粉末,并通过反应等离子喷涂技术（RPS）原位合成并沉积了TiC/Fe-Ni基金属陶瓷复合涂层。利用XRD、SEM和EDS研究复合粉末和涂层的成分、组织结构,考察复合粉末的TiC含量及复合粉末粒度对涂层组织结构的影响。结果表明：采用前驱体碳化复合技术制备的反应喷涂复合粉末粒度均匀、无有害相生成;TiC/Fe-Ni复合涂层由不同含量TiC颗粒分布于晶粒内部而形成的晶内型复合强化片层叠加而成,基体主要为（Fe、Ni）固溶体,TiC颗粒呈纳米级;涂层TiC含量较高时,纳米级TiC颗粒弥散分布更均匀;喷涂粉末粒度较大时,片层厚度较大,孔隙率较高。     

Zirconium boride and tantalum carbide coatings sprayed by electrothermal explosion of powders

Refractory zirconium diboride and tantalum monocarbide ceramic powders were sprayed using an electrothermal explosion caused by a high-voltage electric breakdown and large-current discharge heating. This spray technique was improved using a purpose-designed powder container, which made it possible to melt the powder completely and accelerate it to impinge on substrates. The electrical energy applied to the powder was estimated to be about twice the energy theoretically needed to melt just the powder. Although the ceramics used in this work are hard-sintered materials by nature, they could be sprayed and deposited to form coatings on metal substrates without additives and sintering agents. The coatings formed exhibited no chemical decomposition in the boride, and only small amounts of decarburization in the carbide due to its nonstoichiometry. The tantalum carbide coating mixed with iron and aluminum substrates in the range of 10 μm to several tens of micrometers.     

反应火焰喷涂TiC/Fe复合涂层组织及形成机理

以TiFe粉和碳的前驱体（石油沥青）为原料通过前驱体碳化复合技术制备了Ti-Fe-C系反应喷涂复合粉末,并用普通火焰喷涂技术制备了TiC/Fe陶瓷金属复合涂层.观测了喷涂粉末、淬熄实验获取的飞行粒子以及涂层的形态、相和组织结构.结果表明：前驱体碳化复合Ti-Fe-C系喷涂粉末有非常紧密的结构;可有效的解决反应喷涂过程中原料粉末分离的问题.在反应火焰喷涂过程中,每一个喷涂粉末颗粒构成独立的微小反应单元,原料之间反应充分.在整个喷涂过程中喷涂粉末经历了熔化扩散、物相形成、碰撞后快速凝固三个阶段.所得涂层由TiC和Ti2O3共生聚集片层和细小TiC颗粒弥散分布于金属基体所形成的内晶型复合强化片层交替叠加而成.     

纳米SiCw晶须/ZrO2复合热障涂层的制备与性能

运用微弧等离子喷涂制备了碳化硅晶须(SiCw)掺杂部分稳定ZrO2(YPSZ)复合热障涂层(CTBCs),对涂层进行了显微组织观察、EDS分析、XRD分析和抗热震性能试验.喷涂过程中,复合粉末里的部分SiCw在高温下分解产生的气体夹杂在熔融的颗粒内形成气孔,另一部分沉积在涂层中起到降低热应力和钉扎、桥联作用.结果表明,随着粉末中SiCw含量的增加,复合陶瓷层的孔隙率呈增大趋势;复合涂层的抗热震性能优于单纯氧化锆涂层,SiCw含量为20%的复合涂层的抗热震性能最优.     

The microstructure of composite cermet coatings produced by carbo-vibroarc surfacing

The results of investigation of the microstructure of composite coatings produced by carbo-vibroarc surfacing using cermet pastes are presented. It is shown that the composite cermet coating consists of two zones – the main and transition. The main zone of the coating contains the Fe₂B hardening phase with nickel and chromium atoms implanted in the crystal lattice of the phase. The zone is situated in the matrix of the solid solution of iron and nickel Ni₃Fe. The transition zone of the coating is formed by the mutual diffusion of the coating and the substrate and consists of the (Fe, Ni)₂B hardening phase and the Ni₃Fe matrix. It is also shown that the hardening phases form plate-shaped grains with thicknesses of 1–4 μm and more than 100 μm long, distributed in the form of colonies throughout the entire volume of the coating zone. In the direction to the transition zone, the shape of the structural components changes to circular with the diameter of up to 5 μm.     

Analysis of tantalum coatings produced by the kinetic spray process

Tantalum (Ta) coatings have been produced using a relatively new process, kinetic spray. Ta starting powders having particle diameters greater than 65 μm are injected into a de Laval-type nozzle, entrained in a supersonic gas stream, and accelerated to high velocities due to drag effects. The particles’ kinetic energy is transformed via plastic deformation into strain and heat on impact with the substrate surface. Particles are not thermally softened or melted, producing relatively low oxide, reduced residual stress, high adhesion and low porosity coatings. Analysis of the mechanical and physical properties of these Ta coatings demonstrated increasing hardness, cohesive adhesion, and decreasing porosity as a function of particle velocity. Comparison between kinetically sprayed coatings and coatings produced using conventional coating methods will be discussed.     

反应火焰喷涂的TiC/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层

以TiFe粉和碳的前驱体(石油沥青)为原料,通过碳化制备Ti-Fe-C系反应喷涂复合粉末,并通过普通火焰喷涂技术成功制备了TiC/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层;采用XRD、SEM和EDS对喷涂粉末和涂层的成分、组织结构进行了分析,同时对涂层耐磨性能进行了对比研究.结果表明:采用前驱体碳化复合技术制备的Ti-Fe-C系复合喷涂粉末粒度均匀、无有害相生成;喷涂所得到的TiC/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层由片状的铁基体和弥散分布的TiC颗粒组成;TiC颗粒大致呈球形,粒度一般在0.5 μm以下;相同条件下所获涂层的磨损体积大约是常规火焰喷涂Ni60涂层的1/5.     

FeAl系电热爆炸喷涂层抗高温氧化腐蚀性能对比

利用金属导体FeAl系合金箔,电热爆炸产生的瞬间高能量冲击波效应,制备FeAI、FeCrAl、FeCrAlRE三种等离子体喷涂层.通过涂层SEM等检测手段,可以看出涂层具有致密的组织结构,同时涂层与基体之间存在较为明显的过渡层.经高温氧化耐蚀性测试等综合分析,结果表明,FeCrAlRE喷涂层耐高温氧化腐蚀能力较FeCrAl平均提高2.20倍,较FeAl喷涂层增加3.83倍,同时还研究了三种等离子体喷涂层的高温氧化过程变化规律.     

Performance of thermal barrier coatings on γ‐TiAl

The current development of new generation gamma titanium aluminides is expected to result in alloy chemistries and microstructures capable of operating at temperatures in excess of 850 °C. Under these conditions, environmental and thermal protection becomes a concern since oxidation might eventually limit the maximum service temperatures achievable. Therefore protective coatings are necessary to exploit the full potential of gamma titanium aluminides at moderately elevated temperatures; however, as yet no coating system tested has proven sufficient performance for long‐term use in automotive and aerospace applications. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), typically applied to nickel‐based alloys, offer the potential to increase the service temperature of components by lowering the metal surface temperature in combination with cooling systems. The paper is focussed on development of thermal barrier coatings for gamma titanium aluminides. Different coatings were used for oxidation protection and bond coat application. Substrate specimens were either pre‐oxidized or coated with PVD‐Al₂O₃, TiAlCrYN, or diffusion aluminides. Yttria‐stabilized zirconia TBCs were deposited applying electron‐beam physical vapour deposition. Cyclic and quasi‐isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at 900 °C in air. Post‐oxidation analysis of the coating systems was performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Zirconia top coats offer a promising thermal protection concept to be applied on γ‐TiAl components. However, high oxidation resistance has to be supplied by protective coatings. Diffusion layers of the TiAl₃ aluminide provided excellent environmental protection because of the formation of a continuous alumina scale. No spallation of the thermal barrier coatings was observed on aluminized specimens during 1000 1‐h cycles and 3000 h of cyclic and isothermal oxidation testing, respectively.     

Sealing of thermal spray coatings by impregnation

Results from the sealing of porosity by impregnation show that below a certain wetting angle of the sealant, high penetration depths are achieved. However, only sealants with very low curing shrinkages can prevent the transport of electrolyte through the coating. Various sealant types and impregnation methods are discussed, and factors influencing impregnation and sealing ability of sealants are reviewed. Experimental results from the sealing of plasma-sprayed aluminum-oxide coatings are presented.     

电热线爆定向喷涂制备stellite/WC复合涂层的特性

利用电热线爆定向喷涂方法在45钢基体上制备了stellite/WC复合涂层,运用扫描电镜及能谱分析对复合涂层的形貌、微观结构以及涂层的基体结合机理进行了分析,利用纳米硬度计测量了复合涂层的硬度和弹性模量.结果表明:涂层致密,无层状结构出现;喷涂过程中涂层颗粒在基体上的快速凝固使得涂层晶粒细小均匀,晶粒为200～500 nm;涂层与基体界面发生了元素扩散现象,为扩散-冶金结合;涂层硬度的最大值为18.6 GPa,模量的最大值为310 GPa,硬度和模量沿横截面都呈现先增加而后减小的变化趋势.     

钛合金表面反应电火花沉积TiN/Ti复合涂层

利用自制的电火花沉积充气密闭式保护装置和DZ-1400型电火花沉积/堆焊机,以工业纯钛TA2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气和反应气,在TC4钛合金表面上反应电火花沉积制备了TiN/Ti复合涂层.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子仪(XPS)分析了涂层的组织、物相和元素组成,利用显微硬度计测定了涂层的显微硬度,利用自制磨损试验装置对比涂层与淬火W18Cr4V高速钢的磨损性能.结果表明,涂层与基体形成良好的冶金结合,涂层主要由钛和反应合成的TiN组成,涂层的平均显微硬度可达1 388 HV0.1,是基体硬度的6倍以上,涂层具有较好的耐磨性.

Abstract：

TiN/Ti composite coating was deposited on TC4 titanium alloy substrate with the self-made special gas-filled-closed electric-spark deposition device and electric-spark deposition machine modeled DZ-1400, the industry pure titanium (TA2) was used as electrode and the industry pure nitrogen gas as shielding and reacting atmosphere. The microstructures, interfacial behavior, phase and element in the coatings were investigated by scanning electronic microscope, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photo spectrum. The microhardness of coatings was tested and its wear-resistance property was tested by the self-made abrasion machine and compared with Wi8Cr4V rapid steel treated by quenching. The results show that an excellent bonding between the coating and substrate is ensured by the strong metallurgical interface. The coatings are mainly composed of Ti and synthesized TiN. The highest microhardness of coating reaches to 1 388 HV0. 1, which is six times higher than that of the substrates. Wear resistance of the coatings is excellent.     

电沉积Co-Cr3C2纳米复合涂层的热稳定性

研究了电沉积Co-Cr3C2纳米复合涂层的热稳定性.析出相Cr3C2颗粒均匀弥散地分布在涂层中,质量分数大约为30％.600℃以上退火导致涂层当中形成孔隙.400℃以下和600℃以上退火分别有利于Co纳米晶粒沿[002]和[220]方向生长.低于400℃退火可以同时获得优异的耐磨性和高硬度.经低于400℃退火,涂层的摩擦系数达到0.12,而经200℃退火后的涂层的摩擦系数低至0.04.     

Effects of TiB2+TiC content on microstructure and wear resistance of Ni55-based composite coatings produced by plasma cladding

TiB₂-TiC reinforced Ni55 matrix composite coatings were in-situ fabricated via plasma cladding on steels using Ti, B₄C, and Ni55 as precursor materials at different proportions. Effects of TiB₂+TiC content of ceramics phase on the microstructure and wear resistance were studied. The results showed that ceramic phases TiB₂ and TiC were in-situ synthesized by plasma cladding, and the ceramic phase content significantly affected tribological performance and the wear mechanism of coatings under different loads. The composite ceramics protected coatings from further delamination wear by crack-resistance under a load of 30 N. Severe abrasive wear and adhesive wear were prevented when the load increased to 60 N because of the high hardness and strength of ceramic phases. Moreover, a compacted layer appeared on the wear surface of coatings with high content of ceramic phases, which effectively decreased the friction coefficient and wear rate. The TiB₂-TiC composite ceramics significantly improved the wear performance of metal matrix composite coatings by different mechanisms under loads of 30 and 60 N.     

Composite coatings of Si3N4-soda lime silica produced by the thermal spray process

Silicate glass and glass-silicon nitride composite coatings were atmospheric plasma sprayed onto mild carbon steel substrates under varying process parameters such as torch power and H₂/Ar ratios. The x-ray analysis revealed that Si₃N₄ in the composite coatings could be preserved under the harsh environmental conditions of the plasma spray process. The presence of Si₃N₄ as the reinforcement phase to the glass matrix conferred higher hardness properties to the coatings.     

Behavior of porosity and copper oxidation in W/Cu composite produced by plasma spray

A spherical tungsten (W)/copper (Cu) composite powder was plasma-sprayed onto a boron-nitride-coated graphite substrate to produce heat sink material for the electronic packaging by atmospheric plasma spray using different input powers. At the surface of the deposited layer, Cu became oxidized to cuprite (Cu₂O). The degree of oxidation at the surface layer did not vary significantly with input power. Very little Cu₂O was detected at the inner layers after grinding off the 70 μm from the surface. The input powers had a strong effect on the porosity in the deposit layers. The porosity in the deposit layers at 25 kW was very small, about 3 vol%. The microstructures of W/Cu composite were discussed.     

Fabrication of advanced metal and intermetallic composite materials by the wire arc spray process —an extended abstract

Conclusion The wire arc spray process is a viable method for fabricating advanced MMCs and IMCs. A significant degree of maturity has been developed in fabricating refractory wire-reinforced MMCs and SiC-reinforced titanium-base composites, the properties of the latter being among the best reported for that material system. Approaches for using the process in fabricating Al₂O₃-reinforced composites have been demonstrated and warrant further development.