萌芽对花生品质及烘烤萌芽花生风味的影响

为探究萌芽程度及花生品种对萌芽花生品质及烘烤萌芽花生风味的影响,对豫花37、豫花65、远杂9102和豫花9326进行不同程度的萌芽处理,分析其萌芽过程中主要营养成分含量变化及萌芽花生烘烤后挥发性风味成分的差异。结果表明：不同品种萌芽花生中营养成分含量各不相同。随着萌芽程度的加深,萌芽花生中灰分含量变化较小,粗脂肪含量总体呈降低趋势,粗蛋白含量先减少后增加。烘烤萌芽花生中共鉴定出吡嗪类、醛类、酮类、呋喃类、吡咯类、吡啶类、烃类和其它类共79种挥发性化合物,吡嗪类化合物相对含量最高（57.91%～62.42%,豫花9326＞豫花37＞豫花 65＞远杂 9102）,醛类次之（19.48%～23.87%,远杂 9102＞豫花 65＞豫花 9326＞豫花 37）。烘烤萌芽花生中吡嗪类相对含量随萌芽程度的加深呈波动增加趋势,醛类相对含量随萌芽程度的加深先逐渐增加后明显减少。     

硒的生理保健功能及富硒花生研究

综述了微量元素硒的生理保健功能,对部分花生品种进行了硒含量分析。结果表明,远杂9102、豫花黑一号和远杂0005硒含量较高,并在富硒食品硒含量分类标准（DB6124．01-2010）中坚果硒含量（0．01-1．00mg／kg）的范围之内,属于富硒花生。     

不同花生品种高产生理参数研究

以远杂9102和国内生产上种植面积较大的两个小果型品种白沙1016、鲁花12号及两个大果型品种海花1号、豫花15号为材料,考查叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、叶片可溶性糖含量、经济系数等重要生理参数。结果表明,远杂9102功能叶叶绿素含量在小果品种中最高,叶片叶绿素含量在生长后期减少的速度慢于同类型其它品种;叶面积指数位于最适叶面积范围之内;叶片可溶性糖含量在成熟期还保持增长趋势;是参试品种中经济系数最高的品种。由此说明,远杂9102具有高产的生理基础。     

黄曲霉菌感染花生的不同检测方法的应用

通过黄曲霉菌对不同品种花生感染后的检测技术的应用,不仅比较方法的适用性,更能从研究品种中发现对黄曲霉菌抵抗能力强的品种。从辽宁省风沙所和葫芦岛市选用18种花生品种,用黄曲霉NRRL3357菌株接种花生仁培养7 d,根据传统分级标准得到的感染指数,分析花生的抗黄曲霉感染的能力;利用半定量薄层层析法和精确定量高效液相色谱法检测到的黄曲霉毒素质量浓度,确定花生的抗黄曲霉毒素合成的能力。同一品种表观评估法观测的黄曲霉感染指数与薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法测定的黄曲霉毒素的质量浓度基本一致,鉴定出2个高抗黄曲霉感染和黄曲霉毒素质量浓度低的花生品种,分别是阜花11和白沙1016。     

含水量对玉米粉贮藏期黄曲霉生长及黄曲霉毒素B1积累的影响

目的 研究含水量对玉米粉贮藏过程中黄曲霉生长及黄曲霉毒素B1积累的影响。方法 将初始水分含量10.42%、13.26%、16.35%、19.88%的玉米粉在28 ℃, 相对湿度75%的模拟环境中储藏30 d; 测定贮藏期间玉米粉含水量、黄曲霉生长量及黄曲霉毒素B1的积累量。结果 贮藏期间玉米粉中含水量呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势, 黄曲霉生长量及黄曲霉毒素B1的积累量随贮藏时间的延迟先快速升高, 后趋于平稳。初始含水量较高的玉米粉贮藏期间含水量、黄曲霉生长量及黄曲霉毒素B1含量始终处于较高的水平。相关性分析表明, 玉米粉含水量、黄曲霉生长量和毒素积累量之间均呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01)。结论 含水量是影响玉米粉贮藏过程中霉菌生长和毒素积累的关键因素, 降低玉米粉初始含水量可以有效减轻贮藏期间真菌危害。     

花生覆膜贮藏工艺的研究

以花生为原料,通过时涂膜花生贮藏过程中黄曲霉毒素的含量测定,研究涂膜对花生中黄曲霉毒素的抑制作用.正交实验结果表明:选择cps150的壳聚糖,制膜液浓度1.5%,贮藏温度为10℃为最佳条件,可以有效地抑制黄曲霉毒素的生长.在180d的贮藏过程中,可以将黄曲霉毒素的含量控制在欧盟要求的范围内.     

旱涝急转对不同花生品种生理生化指标的影响

为探讨旱涝急转对花生生理生化的影响,以不同旱涝耐性的3个花生品种中花8号（抗旱）、豫花15（耐涝）和湘花2008（旱涝兼耐）为材料,进行不同梯度的先旱、后涝连续处理,比较不同花生品种的叶片相对含水量,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果表明,在旱、涝急转的胁迫过程中,干旱对叶片相对含水量的影响甚于湿涝。一定强度的旱或涝胁迫总体上均可使花生叶片的4种抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT、GR活性提高,随着胁迫的加深活性降低,复水后活性回落至对照水平,且旱甚于涝。MDA含量总体变化趋势是干旱胁迫下各品种花生叶片中MDA含量有所升高,并于复水解除干旱胁迫后恢复至对照水平;而湿涝处理阶段,MDA含量呈直线上升趋势,在胁迫解除后有所降低。中花8号、豫花15、湘花2008等3个花生品种具有显著不同的水分适应性,中花8号抗旱性更强而耐涝性较弱,豫花15抗旱性较弱而耐涝性强,湘花2008抗旱性中等而耐涝性更强,为水分广适性品种。     

2014年山东临沂地区花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的对山东临沂地区五个花生主产区2014年花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染情况进行调查。方法分别采集收获前1个月的花生和土壤样品和收获期、收获后贮藏1个月及3个月的花生样品,花生和土壤真菌菌相调查分别采用点种法和稀释法接种马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板,于28±1℃培养5 d后进行菌落计数并鉴定;黄曲霉毒素含量采用高效液相色谱法测定。结果临沂不同地区花生和土壤样品污染的真菌菌相不同,土壤样品真菌菌相较为丰富,但黄曲霉(7%)及黄曲霉毒素(1%)侵染水平均较低。结论山东临沂部分地区花生样品受黄曲霉及黄曲霉毒素侵染较轻,但仍需注意土壤中其他真菌污染。     

CO2密闭贮藏对花生脂肪氧化及黄曲霉生长的影响

以尼龙膜袋、PA/PE五层共挤膜袋、PA/PE复合膜袋、避光铝膜袋作为包装袋,对新鲜花生仁进行抽真空充二氧化碳气体常温密闭度夏贮藏研究。通过测定过氧化值、酸价、过氧化氢酶、黄曲霉毒素B_1含量,结果表明:采用避光铝膜作为包装材料充CO_2气体密闭贮藏对抑制花生氧化及黄曲霉毒素产生具有一定的效果。     

山东临沂部分地区2014年产花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染调查

中文：目的 对山东临沂地区五个花生主产区2014年产花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染情况进行调查。方法 分别采集收获前1个月的花生和土壤样品、收获期、收获后贮藏1个月及3个月的花生样品,花生和土壤真菌菌相调查分别采用点种法和稀释法接种马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板,于28±1℃培养5后进行菌落计数并鉴定;黄曲霉毒素含量采用高效液相色谱法测定。结果 临沂不同地区花生和土壤样品污染的真菌菌相不同,土壤样品真菌菌相更为丰富,但黄曲霉(7%)及黄曲霉毒素(1%)污染水平均较低。结论 山东临沂部分地区花生样品受黄曲霉及黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,但仍需注意土壤中其它真菌污染,可以有效预防花生中真菌及其毒素污染和减少人类膳食暴露。     

Degradation of aflatoxins in peanut kernels/flour by gaseous ozonation and mild heat treatment

Aflatoxins occur naturally in many agricultural crops causing health hazards and economic losses. Despite improved handling, processing and storage, they remain a problem in the peanut industry. Therefore, new ways to detoxify contaminated products are needed to limit economic/health impacts and add value to the peanut industry. The study was conducted (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of ozonation and mild heat in breaking down aflatoxins in peanut kernels and flour, and (2) to quantify aflatoxin destruction compared with untreated samples. Peanut samples were inoculated with known concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Samples were subjected to gaseous ozonation and under various temperatures (25, 50, 75°C) and exposure times (5, 10, 15 min). Ozonated and non-ozonated samples were extracted in acetonitrile/water, derivatized in a Kobra cell and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ozonation efficiency increased with higher temperatures and longer treatment times. Regardless of treatment combinations, aflatoxins B1 and G1 exhibited the highest degradation levels. Higher levels of toxin degradation were achieved in peanut kernels than in flour. The temperature effect lessened as the exposure time increased, suggesting that ozonation at room temperature for 10-15 min could yield degradation levels similar to those achieved at higher temperatures while being more economical.     

花生重组近交系黄曲霉产毒抗性的变异与相关分析

以不同遗传背景的亲本远杂9102与中花5号杂交构建重组近交系（RIL）群体,进行人工接种和黄曲霉毒素含量测定。结果表明,RIL群体对黄曲霉的产毒抗性存在较大变异,产毒抗性为受亲本加性基因控制的数量性状,而且存在超亲优势,因此利用微效加性基因的累加和互补提高产毒抗性的潜力较大。相关性分析表明,RIL群体中黄曲霉产毒抗性与百果重、含油量、青枯病抗性之间相关性不显著,不存在紧密连锁关系。初步筛选到大果、高油、兼抗青枯病与黄曲霉产毒的优异材料,可以作为进一步育种研究的核心亲本。     

花生壳/仁的吸附等温线与热力学特性

为了解花生壳与花生仁的含水率、水分活度(a_w)与温度的关系,提高花生的贮藏稳定性。研究花生壳与花生仁在10、20、30℃时的吸附等温线;探讨花生壳与花生仁的净等量吸附热(q_(st))、微分熵(S_d)、扩张压力、积分熵、积分焓、熵-焓互补、玻璃化转变温度(T_g)等热力学特性。结果表明,花生壳与花生仁的水分吸附呈Ⅲ型等温线。温度一定时,花生壳与花生仁的干基含水率随a_w增加而增加。描述花生壳与花生仁吸附特性的最适模型为GAB模型。花生壳与花生仁的q_(st)与S_d均随含水率增加而降低。扩张压力随a_w增加而升高,但随温度升高而降低。积分焓随含水率增加而降低,而积分熵随含水率增加而升高。花生壳的q_(st)和S_d均高于花生仁,而同一温度条件下花生仁的扩张压力高于花生壳。含水率相同时,花生仁积分焓低于花生壳,而花生仁的积分熵则高于花生壳。花生壳与花生仁水分吸附过程均为焓驱动、自发过程。花生壳与花生仁的T_g随含水率增加而降低,相同含水率时,花生壳的T_g值高于花生仁。根据状态图得到温度为10℃时,花生壳与花生仁的临界水分活度与临界含水率分别为0.80、0.175 4 g/g与0.68、0.095 5 g/g。研究结果可为花生干制工艺及其干制品贮藏稳定性提供理论依据。     

The preparation, validation and certification of the aflatoxin content of two peanut butter reference materials.

The preparation of two peanut butter reference materials and the certification of their aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and total aflatoxin contents is described. The materials were prepared and certified within the BCR Programme of the Commission of the European Community as part of a broad activity to improve accuracy and agreement of measurements of importance in food and agriculture (Wagstaffe and Belliardo 1990). Reference material RM 385 was prepared from naturally contaminated peanuts, roasted and ground into a paste and then blended with uncontaminated peanut butter to achieve the desired aflatoxin concentrations. Details are given of the blending and canning procedure, and the checks to ensure homogeneity and stability of the material. Reference material RM 401 was similarly prepared but from an uncontaminated peanut butter. The certification exercise was carried out by nine laboratories using a variety of extraction and clean-up procedures, but all using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the determinative stage although operating under a variety of chromatographic conditions. RM 385 was certified as containing aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 at levels of 7.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/kg, 1.1 +/- 0.2 micrograms/kg, 1.7 +/- 0.3 micrograms/kg and 0.3 +/- 0.2 micrograms/kg respectively (total aflatoxin content of 10.1 +/- 1.5 micrograms/kg) and RM 401 as containing aflatoxin B1, B2 and G2 at less than 0.2 micrograms/kg and aflatoxin G1 at less than 0.3 micrograms/kg (total aflatoxin content less than 0.9 micrograms/kg). The materials are intended for the verification of methods used to determine aflatoxins in nuts and nut products.     

不同类型花生品种籽仁部位抗氧化能力及功能成分研究

以抗活性氧活力单位、抗超氧阴离子活力单位、总抗氧化活力单位、总黄酮含量、维生素C含量、蛋白质含量和色素含量等为指标,研究了白皮花生、红皮花生、黑皮花生、彩色花生、普通花生等14个不同类型花生品种籽仁各部位的抗氧化能力及抗氧化物质含量,并分析了相互间的关系.结果表明,花生品种的抗氧化性存在显著的品种差异,籽仁各部位的抗氧化能力各品种间有很大差异.黑色花生、彩色花生、红皮花生、白沙1016号和花育22号具有较强的抗氧化能力.不同花生品种籽仁中总黄酮、VC、游离氨基酸总量和色素含量,表现为基因型问差异;相同品种不同籽仁部位各抗氧化物质含量差别较大,种皮中总黄酮和VC含量较高,游离氨基酸总量以胚中较高,色素含量最低的并不是种皮颜色较浅的白色花生.样品的抗氧化活性与总氨基酸和总黄酮含量间呈显著正相关,蛋白质含量与抗氧化能力和总黄酮含量间呈极显著的负相关.据此可以认为,花生籽仁的抗氧化活性与总黄酮含量、蛋白质含量有关.     

花生油加工与贮藏过程中的主要安全问题研究

花生油因能提供独特的风味和多种营养而广受消费者喜爱,但其潜在的安全问题也引起人们的顾虑。本文主要评述花生原料和花生油在加工贮藏过程中产生的黄曲霉毒素、苯并芘和塑化剂等危害物质,并根据最新的研究报道针对花生油中存在的安全问题进行综述分析,提出相应的解决措施,为花生油健康发展提供参考。     

不同花生品种储藏期间霉菌活动差异性初探

研究了三种常见花生品种在25℃,RH 80%-85%条件下储藏期间的吸湿特性、所含霉菌数量、种群、代谢活性的差异及花生脂肪酸值含量的变化.结果表明:花生储藏期间霉菌带菌量变化、霉菌在花生中代谢活动强度的变化均与花生的吸湿特性有关,其中花育16品种吸湿性最强、带菌量增速最快、代谢活性最高.花生品种在这些特性上的差异与花生颗粒形状、大小等物理性状无关,而与花生品种的蛋白质、脂肪含量数据相一致.容易受到霉菌侵害的花生品种具有高蛋白质、低脂肪含量的特征.     

Seed coat and variety of peanut inhibits host preference and development of Oryzaephilus mercator

Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) is a postharvest pest of stored peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.). Although it is only a secondary pest, this insect causes extensive damage and reduces the quantity and quality of peanut kernels. The objective of this research was to study whether host preference and development of O. mercator differ depending on the variety of peanut and/or on whether the peanut retains its seed coat or is bare. We used three varieties of peanut (Kelinci, Bison and Takar1) separating out each variety into groups with or without a seed coat. In the laboratory, we conducted two separate studies examining host preference and development of O. mercator. Host preference was studied using a preference cage consisting of six chambers for all peanut varieties with and without seed coat and each cage contained 15 mating pairs of O. mercator. The development study was conducted by placing 15 mating pairs of O. mercator into a treatment jar and allowing them to feed on different peanut varieties with and without a seed coat. Results from the host preference study indicated that O. mercator preferred bare kernels of the Kelinci variety over other peanut varieties both as a food source and for oviposition. During the development experiment, we observed that O. mercator experienced faster development time when exposed to bare kernels of all three varieties tested as opposed to those with intact seed coat. Results show that peanuts with a seed coat and variety with high kernel hardness (Bison variety) deters predation and inhibits host preference and development of O. mercator.