多元耦合场CVI法快速致密化炭/炭复合材料研究

以液化石油气为碳源气体,采用多元耦合场CVI工艺方法快速制备了炭/炭复合材料.在自制冷壁CVI炉中,使用普通炭毡作为炭纤维预制体,设置特殊的导电发热层,沉积温度为650～1050℃,系统的气氛压力为0.1～30kPa,流量为0.1～0.5m3/h,沉积时间12h的条件下可将预制体一次性快速增密至1.75g/cm3.XRD分析表明:该材料经过2300℃,2h高温石墨化处理,其石墨化度(g)可达到61.3%,晶粒尺寸达到16.1nm.PLM分析表明所得材料偏光形貌表现为光滑层(SL)结构,SEM形貌照片测算可知热解炭沉积速率在6.6μm/h以上.分析了炭/炭致密化的过程和热解炭的沉积机理,说明多元耦合场加速了热解炭的沉积,缩短了致密化时间,降低了成本.     

三维织造预制体微观结构及致密化

碳纤维预制体是碳/碳材料的骨架,致密化过程中,基体碳填充预制体孔隙形成碳/碳复合材料。为探索碳纤维预制体微观结构与致密化的关系,以3种三维织造预制体为研究对象,通过金相显微镜观察预制体微观结构,建立预制体理论结构数字化模型,计算对比孔隙率情况后获得预制体中不同类型孔隙的体积含量,研究孔隙结构对化学气相沉积致密化效率的影响。研究结果表明:三维织造预制体中孔隙呈周期性重复排列,XY向纤维层间距、Z向纤维间距越小,预制体中纤维体积含量越高;预制体中孔隙主要由纤维束内孔隙和X,Y,Z向纤维束包围的束间孔隙构成;预制体中的孔隙大小和分布影响致密化效率,孔隙率高的预制体在致密化前期增密速率快,孔隙结构均匀的预制体在致密化后期增密速率快。     

Optimization of the process variables of roller compaction,on the basis of granules characteristics (flow,mechanical strength,and disintegration behavior): an application of SeDeM-ODT expert system

The objective of the study was application of SeDeM-ODT expert system for optimization of process variables for roller compaction and for the preparation of granules with better flow, compressibility, and disintegration behavior. In the present study, granules were prepared at pre-determined (on the basis of factorial design) process variables and characterized using SeDeM-ODT expert system. Compatibility of ribavirin with excipients (microcrystalline cellulose, tablettose-80, cross carmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate) was evaluated by binary mixture approach, using FTIR. According to the SeDeM-ODT expert system, granules were characterized for various parameters related to flow, compressibility and disintegration behavior and Index of Good Compressibility and Buccodispersibility (IGCB) was calculated. The process variables resulting in highest IGCB value were considered as optimum. Ribavirin was found compatible with all the excipients used in the study and characteristics peaks were present in FTIR spectra after subjecting to stress conditions (75% relative humidity at 45?±?5?°C) for 30?days. Both Ribavirin powder and Ribavirin containing powder blend had poor flow and compressibility while disintegration behavior was good due to higher water solubility. Screw speed of 35?rpm and roller speed at 12?rpm resulted in granules with acceptable characteristics. The IGCB value (5.63) of the granules was highest of all, indicating its better characteristics. SeDeM-ODT expert system presents a more practical picture of the granules and also predicts the mechanical strength and disintegration behavior of the tablets prepared from the granules. By proper optimization of screw and roller speed, efficiency of the process can be improved.     

Tablet formulation of an active pharmaceutical ingredient with a sticking and filming problem: direct compression and dry granulation evaluations

Objective: To develop a tablet formulation for an active pharmaceutical ingredient for which sticking and filming problems occurred during tablet punching.

Methods: Direct compression and dry granulation tableting techniques were evaluated using factorial experimental design. The effects of chrome-coated punch tips, filler types and active percent in the tablet formulation by direct compression were evaluated. Similarly, for dry granulation using the roller compaction technique, three formulation factors – roller compaction pressure, intragranular filler percent and filler type – were studied. Tablets prepared by both techniques were characterized in regard to their compressibility index, tablet hardness, disintegration time, friability index and stickiness-filming index (an arbitrary index). Ten formulations were prepared by each technique. Using multiple response optimizations and estimated response surface plots, the data were analyzed to identify optimum levels for the formulation factors.

Results: Compressibility index values for all the formulations prepared by direct compression exceeded 25%, unlike the blends prepared by dry granulation. Both tablet hardness and disintegration time for direct compression formulations were significantly lower than for dry granulation formulations. The friability index values were significantly higher for direct compression formulations than for dry granulation formulations. All the direct compression formulations, unlike the dry granulation formulations, had a high stickiness-filming index.

Conclusion: Statistical analysis helped in identifying the optimum levels of formulation factors, as well as the method for eliminating sticking and filming. Unlike the direct compression technique, dry granulation yielded tablets for which sticking and filming were completely eliminated.     

C/C刹车盘快速致密化工艺及其性能

为了缩短C/C刹车盘制备周期并提高其性能,介绍了一种制备C/C飞机刹车盘的快速致密化工艺,即采用天然气与丙烷气的混合气体为炭源气体的等温压差CVI法。与常规致密化工艺（丙烯气为炭源气体的等温压差CVI法）相比,C/C刹车盘的CVI(Chemical vapor infiltration) 时间缩短了一半,其导热性能提高5%以上,拉伸、压缩、弯曲与剪切性能提高10%以上,摩擦磨损性能提高20%以上。      

ICVI工艺参数对碳/碳复合材料快速均匀致密化的影响

为了研究碳/碳(C/C)复合材料的快速均匀致密化工艺,参考工业天然气的成分,以92％甲烷(CH4)、5％乙烷(C2H6)、3％丙烷(C3H6)组成的混合气作为前驱体,在沉积温度为1075℃时,采用等温化学气相渗透(ICVI)工艺,在不同系统压力和滞留时间下对16和26 mm两种厚度的碳纤维针刺预制体进行120 h致密化...     

非圆齿轮的应用与动力学分析

目的为了验证某自动包装机传动系统的动态特性,结合某自动包装机的特定需求,文中设计一种新型的非圆齿轮系统,并对其进行动力学特性研究。方法首先介绍非圆齿轮的特点,建立非圆齿轮的数学模型,并进行推导和分析,得到其动力学方程;然后利用UG软件建立非圆齿轮的三维模型,运用Adams开展动力学仿真研究,并对比在相同中心距下非圆齿轮和圆形齿轮的动力学特性。结果新设计的这种非圆齿轮比圆形齿轮的啮合力大500 N左右,主动齿轮的加速度是其10倍左右。结论通过对比非圆齿轮和传统齿轮发现,非圆齿轮具有变传动比、传动装置空间布局灵活等优点,由于非圆齿轮无法制成斜齿,故传动性能要略低于圆形齿轮。     

中厚板轧机支承辊中心疏松压实过程的有限元模拟研究

基于 Gleeble 热模拟压缩实验和 Arrhenius 方程建立了 70 Cr3Mo 的本构模型,运用 Deform-3 D 软件对支承辊的多工步锻造过程进行了有限元模拟,得到了镦粗和拔长过程中压下量和中心疏松密度的关系,对比研究了平板镦粗和锥板镦粗对中心压实的影响。     

Analysis of grinding aid performance effects on dry fine milling of calcite

The control mechanism in the production of fine particles is important in dry grinding processes, which are popular in the grinding of some minerals. The behavior of the fine particles with each other and with the mill environment is complex and needs to be investigated in detail (on a micro-scale) in every application. One of the parameters controlling the fine particles in a mill is the use of the correct amount and type of grinding aid. Mechanisms of action must be understood well to develop grinding aids and fully utilize their positive effects. As a general explanation, with the use of grinding aids, the production tonnage can be increased at the desired product fineness, as well as achieving a finer product at the same production tonnage. However, it is necessary to know other mechanisms and effects to increase efficiency and correct use. The influence of grinding aids on the dry fine grinding of calcite using several analysis methods was revealed in the present study. Within the context, the results were assessed considering grinding performance (particle size distribution and size reduction ratio), product quality (color properties), flowability, adsorption properties (FTIR), and agglomeration behavior (SEM). Moreover, the tested effect of each grinding aid was discussed for each analysis, and the collected results were combined around a summary core diagram.     

Mathematical modeling of coating time in dry particulate coating using mild vibration field with bead media described by DEM simulation

To theoretically understand the previously reported dry particulate coating process using a mild vibration field with a bead media, a mathematical analysis model of the dry coating system was developed. In this coating process, an ordered mixture with coarse host particles (drug-loaded ion exchange resin, diameter approximately 100 µm) and fine guest particles (acrylic polymer particle, primary particle size of approximately 100 nm) is formed using a vibrating a vessel. Second, the guest particles on the host particulate surface are firmly fixed using the collision of coated particles zirconia beads (diameter 1.5 mm). Our model assumes that the unfixed guest particles are fixed by particle-to-particle collisions (C_c) provided by the apparatus, thereby increasing the coating ratio. C_c was estimated using the discrete element method and some experimental results. The model includes parameters such as the number of C_c, host particles and unfixed guest particles. The coating time simulated by the established model equation in this study fits well with the experimental results of the dry process. It depends on the ratio of the number of collisions contributing to the increased coating ratio to the number of unfixed guest particles on the surface of host particles.     

Particle-phase dry deposition and air-soil gas exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Izmir, Turkey

Ambient air and dry deposition samples were collected at suburban and urban sites in Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric total (particle+gas) ∑(14)PAHs concentrations were 36±39 and 144±163 ng m(-3) for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Phenanthrene was the most abundant compound at all sites, and all samples were dominated by low molecular weight PAHs. Average particulate ∑(14)PAH dry deposition fluxes were 8160±5024 and 4286±2782 ng m(-2) day(-1) and overall average particulate dry deposition velocities were 1.5±2.4 and 1.0±2.3 cm s(-1) for suburban and urban sites, respectively. Soil samples were collected at suburban site. Average soil concentration for ∑(14)PAH was 55.9±14.4 ng g(-1) dry weight. Calculated gas-phase air-soil exchange fluxes indicated that fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and carbazole were deposited to soil in winter while they were volatilized in summer. Other compounds (fluoranthene-benzo[g,h,i]perylene) were deposited to soil in both periods. Annual average fluxes of PAHs representing soil to air (i.e., gas volatilization) and air to soil transfer (i.e., gas absorption, dry deposition, and wet deposition) processes were also compared. All processes were comparable for Σ(14)PAHs however their input was dominated by gas absorption. Gas absorption dominated for lower molecular weight PAHs, however dry deposition dominated for higher molecular weight PAHs. The results have suggested that for fluorene, soil and air may be approaching a steady state condition. For the remaining compounds, there was a net accumulation into the soil.     

Comparative binder efficiency modeling of dry granulation binders using roller compaction

Roller compaction parameters’ impact on granules and tableting properties of coprocessed Avicel^® DG [ADG], a physical mixture of the two components at the same composition present in ADG [PADCP], and microcrystalline cellulose and Kollidon^® VA-64 Fine physical mixture [KVA64] was quantified by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate methods. Roller force, roller gap, and roller speed levels were selected for evaluation. A 3³ full-factorial experimental design with three center points for roller force, roller gap, and roller speed was used. The response parameters studied were granule-to-fines (GF) ratio, compressibility index (CI), tablet thickness (TT), tablet friability (TF), tablet breaking force (TBF) and disintegration time (DT). A model acetaminophen tablet formulation was roller granulated and tableted at 10?kg scale. Principal component analysis of ADG and PADCP formulations were separated from KVA64 formulations, indicating different granule and tableting properties were binder dependent. This difference in binder performance was also confirmed by ANOVA. The ANOVA also showed that there were no statistical performance differences between coprocessed ADG and its comparable physical blend with the exception of TT. Principal component regression (PCR) analyses of ADG and PADCP revealed that these excipients exhibited a statistically significant negative effect on granules-to-fine (GF) ratio, TT, TBF, and DT. KVA64 demonstrated a positive effect on these parameters. The KVA64 physical mixture demonstrated an overall better performance and binding capability. This study strongly suggests that there is no performance advantage of coprocessed Avicel^® DG when compared to a physical mixture of the two components at the same composition.     

Microstructure evolution and densification behavior of TiC/316L composite powders during cold/warm die compaction and solid-state sintering: 3D particulate scale numerical modelling and experimental validation

To identify the microstructure evolution and densification behavior of TiC/316L composites in powder metallurgy (PM) process, 3D particulate scale numerical simulations were conducted to reproduce the cold/warm compaction and solid-state sintering of TiC/316L composite powders with corresponding physical experiments being carried out for model validation. The effects of compaction parameters and sintering temperature on the densification behavior of TiC/316L composite powders were systemically investigated. The particle deformation and morphology, stress/strain and microstructure evolutions, and grain size distribution in the whole process were characterized and compared to further illustrate the densification behavior and the underlying dynamics/mechanisms. The results show that compared with the cold compaction, the warm compaction can not only achieve higher relative density, smaller and more uniform equivalent stress, and weaker spring back effect, but also improve the friction condition among powder particles. The plastic deformation of 316L particles is the main densification mechanism during compaction. In the solid-state sintering of TiC/316L compacts, the densification is mainly indicated by shrinkage and vanishing of large residual pores along with the growth of the sintering necks, accompanied by the particle movement and growth along the boundary regions. Meanwhile, the particle displacement and grain size distribution are more uniform in the warm compacted TiC/316L component. Moreover, the equivalent (von Mises) stress in 316L particles is smaller than that in TiC particles.     

Analysis of fracture mechanisms and surface quality in drilling of composite materials

The aim of this work is to clarify the interaction mechanisms between the drilling tool and material. Drilling tests were carried out on glass/polyester and carbon/epoxy composites using different twist drills. The cutting tools and machined surfaces were examined by optical microscopy, scanning microscopy and surface profilometry to study composite damage and tool wear. Among the defects caused by drilling, delamination appears to be the most critical and may occurs at both the entrance and exit planes. A prediction model of thrust force for drilling without delamination is proposed. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 1, pp. 48–51, January–February, 2008.     

多元耦合场 CVI法炭/炭复合材料制备及结构分析

为了降低成本,以液化石油气作碳源气体,炭毡作增强体,利用多元耦合场CVI方法快速制备了炭/炭复合材料．研究表明,炭纤维预制体在650℃较低温度条件下沉积15h,密度达到了1．71g·cm~(-3)；采用偏光显微镜研究了热解炭的显微结构．结果表明,在同一试样中存在粗糙层、光滑层和带状结构的热解炭,并且材料密度均匀性较好．同时分析了致密化的工艺过程并讨论了热解炭沉积机理．     

Failure analysis of quasi‐brittle materials involving multiple mechanisms on fractured surfaces

We present a variational formulation for the quasi‐static boundary value problem of a structure with quasi‐brittle materials, involving (i) unknown states of contact, (ii) deformation‐dependent frictional forces, (iii) crack opening and closing with cohesive traction, and (iv) configuration change due to the initiation and the evolution of cracks, and propose a new finite cover method (FCM) capable of reflecting those multiple mechanisms in the failure analysis. The cover‐division strategy is also introduced to judge the generation of cracks, and to locate and orient them within the framework of the FCM. A relevant numerical algorithm is designed to be consistent with the mathematical representation of the multiple mechanisms. Several numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed method and to demonstrate its promise and potential for evaluating the ultimate strength of quasi‐brittle materials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of the absorptive behavior of photopolymer materials. Part I. Theoretical modeling

Photopolymers have received a great deal of attention due to their broad range of applications. The variation of their absorptive behavior during exposure is pivotal to the study of such materials. A model combining the associated electromagnetics and photochemical kinetics is presented to describe these absorptive processes. Such a model is critical in describing both self-modulations during holographic recording and also self-focusing effects. To describe the photophysical and photochemical changes taking place, a modulated equivalent electrical conductivity is introduced. Temporal variations of the concentrations of dye, monomer, and polymer are then predicted using the modified nonlocal photopolymerization driven diffusion model. The numerical convergence of the model is examined. Comparisons between the predictions of the model and experimental results, for both acrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol and Phenanthrenequinone doped poly(methyl methacrylate) photopolymer materials, are presented and analyzed in Part II of this paper.     

2D-C/C复合材料氧化动力学模型及其氧化机理

用热重法研究了二维炭/炭(2D-C/C)复合材料的等温氧化, 提出了氧化动力学模型, 用SEM观察了样品不同氧化程度的微观形貌, 并探讨了材料的等温氧化机理。氧化分2个阶段: 线性氧化阶段, 氧化失重率小于约65%, 氧化速率处于稳定状态; 非线性氧化阶段, 氧化失重率约大于65%, 氧化速率急剧减小。Arrhenius曲线由折点在800~850℃之间的2条直线组成。线性氧化阶段, 活化能分别为217.2kJ/mol和157.0kJ/mol; 非线性氧化阶段, 反应级数分别为0.55和0.65, 活化能分别为219.3kJ/mol和182.0kJ/mol。通过实验验证, 氧化动力学模型可以较好地预测材料的恒温氧化。氧化从炭纤维与基体炭的界面开始, 基体氧化快于纤维, 氧化后期主要是纤维的氧化。在750~800℃, 氧化为化学反应控制; 在850~905℃, 氧化由化学反应和气体扩散共同控制, 但非线性氧化阶段气体扩散对氧化的贡献小于线性氧化阶段。      

The role of electronic energy loss in ion beam modification of materials

The interaction of energetic ions with solids results in energy loss to both atomic nuclei and electrons in the solid. In this article, recent advances in understanding and modeling the additive and competitive effects of nuclear and electronic energy loss on the response of materials to ion irradiation are reviewed. Experimental methods and large-scale atomistic simulations are used to study the separate and combined effects of nuclear and electronic energy loss on ion beam modification of materials. The results demonstrate that nuclear and electronic energy loss can lead to additive effects on irradiation damage production in some materials; while in other materials, the competitive effects of electronic energy loss leads to recovery of damage induced by elastic collision cascades. These results have significant implications for ion beam modification of materials, non-thermal recovery of ion implantation damage, and the response of materials to extreme radiation environments.     

刚柔耦合稳定杆模型对悬架侧倾刚度影响分析

为了准确分析车辆的侧倾稳定性能,通过HyperMesh和ADAMS/Car联合仿真,建立非线性梁稳定杆子系统模型和柔性体稳定杆子系统模型.对搭建两种不同子系统模型的悬架系统,进行双轮反向激振试验.结果表明:装配有刚柔耦合的柔性体稳定杆子模型的悬架系统,在ADAMS仿真分析中,仿真数据更接近实车性能,说明刚柔耦合稳定杆模...