New nonionic detergents based on epoxidized oils. II

The physical and surface-active properties of alkylolamides prepared from methyl-9,10-epoxystearate are discussed. These materials are prepared by reacting methyl-9,10-epoxystearate with a polyoxyethylene alcohol to produce the methyl ester of the hydroxyalkoxypolyoxyether substituted carboxylic acid which is subsequently subjected to aminolysis with diethanolamine. The properties of the derivatives as a function of the molecular weight of the polyoxyethylene alcohol are explored and appear to exhibit critical changes at a value of about 500. All the materials thus prepared exhibit higher water solubility than corresponding N,N-di(2-hydroxyethyl) amides and foam somewhat less. Possible applications for materials such as these include formulation of low-foam, heavyduty cleaning compounds, both of a liquid and dry type. This would, of course, be especially important in the growing field of automatic liquid dishwater formulations. A need for such materials also exists in heavy-duty metal cleaning, floor washing, and other heavy-duty cleaning applications. Presented at AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1964.     

Hydrotropic properties of a novel alkylnaphthalene sulfonate

Alkylbenzenesulfonates based on toluene, xylene, as well as cumene, and alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. A novel sodium diisopropyl-naphthalene sulfonate (SDIPNS) has been devepoped that contains about 92% diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate, compared to other diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate preparations that contain less than 50% diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate. This material is both a hydrotrope and a surfactant. The color of a 35% solution is light yellow, Gardner 3, significantly lighter than comparable materials. Draves wetting time for a 0.5% solution is about 30 s. The Ross-Miles foam test (1% solution) indicates a significant level of initial foam, but the foam is unstable. The solubilites of toluene and limonene in SDIPNS are much higher than in other hydrotropes tested. Hydrotropes raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactants; SDIPNS is the most efficient hydrotrope found for this application. Another measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; this hydrotrope is quite effective. Another measure is the modification of surfactant formulation viscosity; SDIPNS is quite effective. Additionally, SDIPNS changes the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water. SDIPNS is a surfactant as well as a hydrotrope, demonstrating a critical micelle concentration at about 1%. Presented as a poster session at the American Oil Chemists' Society Annual Meeting & Expo, May 11–13, 1998, Chicago, IL.     

液体洗涤剂组分对青霉脂肪酶活性的影响

研究了液体洗涤剂中常用的表面活性剂如LAS、SAS、AES、AOS、MES、烷基醇酰胺、APG、OB2 以及常用助剂如增溶剂、增稠剂、防腐剂等对青霉脂肪酶活性的影响 ,还研究了阳离子表面活性剂以及淀粉酶对青霉脂肪酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,AES、MES、AOS对酶活的影响比LAS小 ,且AES与LAS复配有利于减低LAS对酶活的影响 ;烷基醇酰胺和AEO9、TX -10一样 ,对酶活的影响较小 ;APG和OB2 则有较大影响 ;阳离子表面活性剂在较低的浓度下对酶无影响 ,有的甚至还有激活作用。液体洗涤剂中的增溶剂、增稠剂、防腐剂等在配方浓度范围内对酶活影响不大 ;淀粉酶对青霉脂肪酶的活性几乎没有影响     

Extraction of Piperine from Piper Nigrum (Black Pepper) by Aqueous Solutions of Surfactant and Surfactant + Hydrotrope Mixtures

Abstract

The effect of combining butyl benzene sulfonate as hydrotrope with a surfactant in aqueous solutions is investigated for isolation of piperine, an alkaloid, from black pepper. The standard free energy change associated with piperine solubilization in the aqueous solutions of surfactant and hydrotrope individually and in their mixtures is determined from the solubility of piperine in these solutions. A combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the hydrotrope gives increased percentage extraction of piperine as compared to the hydrotrope alone. The piperine purity recovered from aqueous solutions was higher as compared to the purity of piperine recovered using organic solvents. The piperine crystallized from aqueous solutions of surfactants and hydrotrope also showed cleaner surfaces and uniform structures with sharp edges, unlike the particles crystallized from organic solvents.     

Hydrotropic properties of some short-chain alkylbenzene- and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates

Alkylbenzene sulfonates based on toluene, xylene and cumene, and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. One measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; some hydrotropes are more effective than others, depending on the surfactant formulation. Another measure is the modification of the viscosity of surfactant formulations; the change in the viscosity depends on the amount and type of hydrotrope used and on the specific formulation involved. Additionally, alkylnaphthalene sulfonate hydrotropes change the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water, and both types of hydrotrope raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactant solutions; however, the naphthalene-based hydrotropes are more efficient. Ross-Miles foam test data are used to compare the foam characteristics of different alkylnaphthalene sulfonates. A critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined for the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, but although alkylbenzene sulfonates do show some surface activity, a CMC could not be found for these materials. Presented as a poster session at the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, May 1997, Seattle, Washington, and at Soaps, Detergents, and Oleochemicals: An AOCS International Conference, October 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.     

水溶助长剂的效果研究

介绍了碱性洗涤剂配方的助溶剂计算与选择，以及一种特殊的磷酸酯两性表而活性剂，该表面活性剂可以提供助溶性、增强清洗能力，同时还能保护铝表面等材质免受腐蚀，与聚碳酸酯和聚乙烯材质亦相容性很好。     

Study of adsorption of nonionic surfactants at the liquid–solid interface by FTIR/CIR

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), using the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method, can be used to characterize the interface of a system. We investigated the adsorption at the liquid–solid interface of nonionic surfactant aqueous solutions with or without a hydrotropic agent. We studied monofunctional diblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide‐propylene oxide) (PEO–PPO) as nonionic surfactants and sodium p‐toluenesulfonate (NaPTS) as hydrotropic agent. The samples were analyzed by FTIR technique using the circular internal reflectance (CIR) accessory, which confirmed that the hydrotrope shifts the surfactant from the liquid–solid interface. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1668–1676, 2001     

非离子型表面活性剂与ACS复配在无磷洗涤剂中的应用

通过多项去污力的对比实验,确定了烷基羧基磺酸钠(ACS)与非离子表面活性剂(AEO—10)复配的最佳配比,经实验证实了ACS具有强的抗硬水能力,并研制出了无助剂液体洗涤剂配方。     

Analysis of surfactants using pyrolysis-gas chromatography

A pyrolysis-gas chromatographic method has been devised for the rapid analysis of surfactants and surfactant mixtures. The method involves pyrolysis of the surfactant in a unit directly attached to a gas chromatograph. The resulting pyrolysis products give characteristic gas chromatographic patterns which are useful for analysis of the original surfactant. This method is useful for the qualitative identification of surfactants either alone, in synthetic mixtures, or in commercial products. In many cases, the technique can also be used for semiquantitative estimation of (1) relative amounts of the individual components in mixtures and (2) structural distribution of the surfactants. The method is amenable to both solid and liquid and both light-duty and heavy-duty detergent formulations. Presented at the AOCS meeting, Houston, 1965. Company name formerly “California Research Corporation.”     

运用质量管理（QC）手段提高修船中化学清洗废液的处理质量

化学清洗废液是属于高难度处理的一种废水，其特点是废液中含有表面活性剂，使废液的化学耗氧量ＣＯＤＣｒ值非常高，即使采用专用机来处理，往往也要超标。为此，重点介绍了如何运用质量管理手段，即ＱＣ手段，来提高修船中化学清洗废液的处理质量。     

Formation kinetics and stability of surfactant vesicles

A three-component phase diagram of a system containing water, dimethyl isosorbide and Laureth 4 (Brij^® 30), a commercial surfactant, was determined, and the kinetics of vesicle formation from dilution with water of the hydrotrope solution was studied using a stop-flow process in conjunction with light-scattering determinations. The phase diagram consisted of a large microemulsion phase and a lamellar liquid crystalline region. Results from the stop-flow/light-scattering determinations were tentatively interpreted using the Aniansson-Kahlweit-Zana theory of micellar relaxation for a system close to equilibrium. The interpretation indicated the vesicles to be formed by monomolecular buildup for surfactant concentrations less than 5%, while for vesicles formed at greater concentrations an agglomeration of vesicle fractions appeared more reasonable.     

Cleaning UF membranes with simple and formulated solutions

The ultrafiltration membranes fouled by proteins are typically cleaned by consecutive soaking in alkali, surfactant and oxidizing solutions. We combined all three chemicals into a formulated cleaning agent and examined its efficiency to restore the water flux without damaging the membrane or enhancing protein fouling. Lower concentrations of ingredients in the composite were required to restore the water flux to the initial level. The membrane after the cleaning remained intact and subsequent filtration left trace protein amount on the membrane surface. We propose a mechanism of cleaning based on a fast penetration of alkali and oxidizing ingredients through a fouling layer and efficient micellation of detached foulants with surfactant.     

添加剂的浓度对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响

各类添加剂都能对非离子表面活性剂的浊点产生影响.今研究了离子型表面活性剂、增溶物和电解质类添加剂在不同浓度下对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响.其中离子型表面活性剂和增溶物类添加剂可在极低的浓度上改变AEO9的浊点,且随着添加剂加入浓度的增加,AEO9的浊点也逐渐增加,当添加剂浓度达到离子型表面活性剂或增溶物的临界胶束浓度时,AEO9的浊点将出现急剧上升.而电解质类添加剂对AEO9浊点的影响表现出具有临界浓度现象,只有当添加剂的浓度达到相应的临界浓度之后,具有盐析效应的电解质将使AEO9浊点线性下降,而具有盐溶效应的电解质则使AEO9浊点线性升高,且不同电解质相应的临界浓度随着其阴离子的感胶离子数的增大而线性增加,同时其对AEO9浊点的改变程度则随着阴离子的感胶离子数的增大而线性下降.     

Effect of Time in Chemical Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes

Chemical cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes is often considered successful when the flux through a cleaned membrane is much higher than through a pristine one. Here, a novel definition of cleaning intensity is proposed as the product of the concentration of the cleaning agent and the cleaning time (Ct), and it is shown that Ct values between 0.5 and 1.0 g h L^–1 are sufficient for effective cleaning. Experiments with PES‐30 and PVDF‐30 membranes fouled by bovine serum albumin and cleaned with surfactant, oxidant, and formulated cleaning agents demonstrate that a good cleaning should last for 10–20 min and restore the flux through a virgin membrane. More intensive cleaning increases the membrane hydrophilicity and the water flux, but soon causes more severe fouling and even membrane disintegration.     

液膜对不同酸度磷矿浸出液中稀土的提取

用浓盐酸溶解富含镧、铈等稀土离子的织金磷矿,得到含稀土离子的磷矿浸出液,以P204为载体、Span80或T154作表面活性剂、磺化煤油作溶剂、盐酸作内水相解析剂制成的乳状液膜对酸解液中镧、铈等稀土离子进行提取,考察了流动载体浓度、表面活性剂种类及浓度对稀土提取率的影响及磷矿浸出液中不同浓度稀土离子在不同酸度下的分离提取情况. 结果表明,液膜中最佳载体浓度为12%(j),最佳表面活性剂浓度为4%(j),随外水相pH值增大,液膜对稀土离子的提取率提高,外水相稀土离子浓度为100 mg/L,pH=1时,其提取率可达79.93%.     

Solubilizing and Hydrotropic Properties of Isosorbide Monoalkyl- and Dimethyl-Ethers

Isosorbide is a diol readily obtained from starch that can be used as a polar building block for the synthesis of derivatives ranging from solvents to surfactants: dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) is a “sustainable solvent” already on the market, used notably in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations; monoalkyl derivatives of isosorbide are non-ionic hydrotropes that could be potential substitutes to short-chain glycol ethers. The use of these isosorbide derivatives as bio-sourced alternatives to petroleum-derived products for applications such as compatibilizers in liquid detergent formulations or solubilizing agents in aqueous hard-surface cleaning is discussed in this paper. DMI reveals to have interesting coupling properties for the former applications, whereas the monopentyl ether of isosorbide (C₅Iso) is a particularly efficient hydrotrope for the latter.     

The importance of the emulsifying and dispersing capacity of alkyl polyglycosides for applications in detergent and cleaning agents

The cleaning and washing power of surfactants is based on physicochemical effects. Of special importance is the emulsifying and dispersing capacity. While the emulsifying capacity describes the behaviour of two immiscible liquid phases, the dispersing capacity is a measure of how a liquid phase influences a solid phase. The interfacial tension is the most important parameter which characterizes the interaction between an aqueous surfactant solution and an oil. A quantitative evaluation of the affinity of a surfactant solution to a solid substrate occurs through the measurement of the absorbed quantities. A comparative discussion of the surfactant effect on both types of interfaces using the example of alkyl polyglycosides provides information about the property profile during the washing and cleaning process.     

表面活性剂配方产品的分析方法及其进展(Ⅰ)——预试验及湿法分析

介绍了表面活性剂配方产品分析中的预试验和湿法分析。通过对样品的预调查和预试验，可以获得样品的基本信息；采用湿法分析：水分与挥发物的测定及表面活性剂萃取、液-液萃取法分离、两相滴定分析以及离子选择电极和电位滴定，从而可基本确定样品中的表面活性剂的类型。     

Alkyl polyglucosides as hydrotropes

The hydrotropic effect of different alkyl polyglucosides (APG) has been studied and compared with a model hydrotrope, toluol-4-sulfonic acid. The effect has been assessed by two different methods: (i) as the cloud point elevation of a solution containing different nonionic surfactants upon addition of the hydrotrope and (ii) the destabilization of liquid crystaline phases in a ternary system. The effect of the hydrophobic alkyl group length was found to be opposite in the two methods. APG with intermediate alkyl chain lengths (octyl and decyl) was shown to be very effective in elevating the cloud point, while APG with a short (butyl) group was the most efficient in destabilizing liquid crystalline phases in the system of water, sodium dodecyl sulfate and pentanol. Effects on phase behavior and cloud point elevation with addition of an APG are highly dependent on its structure. However, the correlation between structural effects, as observed in the two methods requires further study.     

Clearning performance and foaming properties of lauroylamidopropylbetaine/nonionics mixed systems

Lauroylamidopropylbetaine (LPB) has good cleaning and foaming performance with excellent low skin irritation. We have investigated the relationship between cleaning performance and foaming properties of aqueous solutions containing binary and ternary LPB/nonionic surfactant systems. Foaming properties were evaluated by observing dynamic surface tension and aqueous core thickness of a vertical foam film measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The LPB/lauroyldiethanolamide (LDE) system has a positive synergistic effect on cleaning performance and foam stability, estimated from the grease removal test and dishwashing test for a light-duty detergent. However, this system shows very poor initial foam performance in both the sponge test and Ross-Miles foam test. This disadvantage of the LPB/LDE system was improved using C12En (polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers). Addition of C12En promoted dynamic surface tension lowering, indicating an improvement in the initial foaming performance, while maintaining cleaning performance and foam durability. Thus, the LPB/LDE/C12En ternary system has an excellent cleaning and foam performance as a light-duty liquid detergent.