The Effect of Deformation Substructure on the High-Temperature Oxidation of Inconel 625

The high-temperature, isothermal-oxidation behavior of a superalloy was studied in the as-rolled and deformed conditions. The microstructural changes occurring during the oxidation of samples were examined using optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fine-probe EDS microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The topography of the oxide layers formed in the as-rolled and cold-deformed specimens exposed at various temperatures and time intervals is also examined. The kinetics and microstructural results are presented for the comparative study of the structural changes occurring during high-temperature oxidation. It was found that a Cr₂O₃ external layer was adherent and uniform on the rolled specimens in comparison to the scattered and preferential oxide developed on the deformed specimens. The latter can be attributed to the concurrent dynamic changes occurring in the deformed substructure that subsequently lead to breaking and spallation of the oxide.     

Inconel 625合金在熔融碳酸盐中的腐蚀行为

研究了Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3和(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中的腐蚀行为,采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了腐蚀产物的形貌和相组成。结果表明,与Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3中的腐蚀速率相比,其在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中的腐蚀速率较小。这是由于Inconel625合金在650℃熔融(Li,K)_2CO_3+Y_2O_3中形成了具有保护性的氧化膜,其组成是NiCr_2O_4、Y_2O_3、NiO、Cr_2O_3。     

Inconel625合金堆焊层组织和性能的研究

采用钨极氩弧焊,在2.25Cr1Mo基体上堆焊Inconel625合金,并对堆焊层进行了金相观察和性能测试。结果表明:堆焊层的显微组织为树枝状奥氏体,堆焊层与基体熔合良好,无分离现象及裂纹、气孔等缺陷;堆焊层的硬度高于基体;在50℃的10%FeCl3溶液中,Inconel625表现出良好的抗腐蚀性能。     

Inconel 625合金高温高速热变形行为

通过等温热压缩实验研究Inconel 625合金的高温高速热变形行为,获得了合金在温度为1000～1200℃、应变速率为1～80 s-1的条件下的真应力-应变曲线,并在考虑变形热效应的基础上对真应力-应变曲线进行了修正。对修正后的峰值应力进行线性回归,得到材料的材料常数:Q=442.97 kJ/mol,n=4.49,α=0.0029 MPa-1。通过非线性回归建立了Inconel 625合金在高温高速条件下的本构模型。     

热丝脉冲TIG堆焊Inconel 625的组织及性能

采用热丝脉冲TIG工艺在AISI 4130基体表面堆焊Inconel 625合金,获得了平坦、连续、无缺陷的堆焊层。借助光学显微镜、XRD、SEM、EDS对堆焊层的微观组织、相组成、成分进行了分析。堆焊层主要由γ-Ni基体、分布在晶间不规则的Laves以及颗粒状的MC组成;晶体形态对Laves相的分布特征有着重要的影响,不同的晶体形态对应着Laves相的不同分布特征。堆焊层与基体、层间融合界面附近合金元素含量变化显著,层内部元素分布比较均匀,堆焊层表面Fe元素质量分数为1.81%。同时,采用动态极化曲线法对堆焊层与基体的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明:其耐腐蚀性能与铸态Inconel 625基本相当,能够满足耐腐蚀要求。     

Formation mechanism and wear behavior of gradient nanostructured Inconel 625 alloy

The formation mechanism and wear behavior of a gradient nanostructured (GNS) Inconel 625 alloy were investigated using SEM, TEM and ball-on-disc sliding wear tester. The results show that surface mechanical grinding treatment (SMGT) induced an approximately 800 μm-deep gradient microstructure, consisting of surface nano-grained, nano-laminated, nano-twined, and severely deformed layers, which resulted in a reduced gradient in micro-hardness from 6.95 GPa (topmost surface) to 2.77 GPa (coarse-grained matrix). The nano-grained layer resulted from the formation of high-density nano-twins and subsequent interaction between nano-twins and dislocations. The width and depth of the wear scar, wear loss volume, and wear rate of the SMGT-treated sample were smaller than those of untreated coarse-grained sample. Moreover, the wear mechanisms for both samples were mainly abrasive wear and adhesive wear, accompanied with mild oxidation wear. The notable wear resistance enhancement of the GNS Inconel 625 alloy was attributed to the high micro-hardness, high residual compressive stress, and high strain capacity of the GNS surface layer.     

烧结温度对多孔Inconel625合金性能的影响

Inconel625有着优异的耐蚀性与高温力学性能,被广泛用于航空航天、石油化工、核工业等领域。多孔材料有着轻质化与优良的透过性能常被用于过滤材料。本文旨在制备出耐蚀性良好的过滤材料,利用粉末冶金技术制备出兼具Inconel625合金本身特性与功能特性的多孔Inconel625合金。实验采用100~200μm粒度的合金粉末,通过模压-气氛烧结的工艺制备了多孔Inconel625合金,并对不同烧结温度下的合金做了形貌表征与性能评价。结果表明,在1240℃烧结温度下合金烧结颈发育良好,孔隙球化率高,此时透气度满足服役性能需求,可作为高温气液过滤材料使用,该温度下合金剪切性能达到最优,最大剪切力为51.0KN,也为后续进一步的研究提供了参考依据。     

激光成形修复Inconel 625合金的工艺特性和组织研究

对激光成形修复Inconel 625合金的工艺特性以及不同区域的组织进行了研究。结果表明:激光成形修复Inconed625合金的工艺范围较宽;激光功率主要影响单道修复层的宽度;扫描速度对单道修复层的尺寸影响较为显著,而送粉率的影响较小。基材的相组成包括γ(Ni-Cr)基体相、大尺寸(约10μm)块状MC型碳化物(M为Nb和Ti)、沿晶界析出的小尺寸(约0.5μm)块状MC型碳化物以及不规则形状的Laves相。修复区组织为呈外延生长的柱状枝晶,相组成为γ基体相、沿枝晶界析出的Laves相以及少量MC型碳化物。层与层界面处Laves相析出急剧增加形成层间过渡区。     

基于Elman网络算法的Inconel625合金堆焊稀释率的控制

文中建立了5-8-3结构的反馈Elman神经网络模型,以电弧长度、焊接电流、焊接速度、送丝速度和保护气流量为输入量,堆焊焊缝的熔宽、熔高和稀释率为输出量进行堆焊仿真计算分析.计算结果表明,Elman模型的预测结果比BP和GRNN神经网络更精确.建立了以电弧长度（X）、堆焊电流（Y）和送丝速度（Z）为空间坐标,堆焊稀释率δ等于f（X,Y,Z）为目标函数的四维图像来确定δ≤5%的堆焊工艺窗口.分别进行Elman模型仿真计算和堆焊工艺试验,得到的稀释率δ分别为2.55%和3.32%,仿真计算的稀释率的相对误差约0.8%,证实了Elman模型预测的Inconel625合金堆焊工艺窗口的可行性与可靠性.     

等温退火处理对Inconel 625合金箔材组织和性能的影响

采用OM、SEM和力学性能测试等方法,研究了不同温度和时间的等温退火处理对50 μm厚的Inconel 625合金箔材组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在650 ℃和700 ℃等温退火过程中,箔材发生再结晶,晶粒尺寸显著减小,同时在晶界处析出大量的富Ti和Nb的碳化物。由于再结晶导致的细晶强化和碳化物诱发的析出强化的共同作用,箔材的强度和塑性显著提升,特别是在650 ℃等温退火48 h后,抗拉强度达到了1513 MPa,相比于未退火前增加了近90%,伸长率也增加了105%。但是试验箔材经700 ℃等温退火48 h后,再结晶晶粒长大,使得力学性能显著下降。箔材的拉伸伸长率与晶粒尺寸密切相关。     

基于响应面法的Inconel625镍基合金GTAW堆焊工艺优化

堆焊层稀释率和厚度是影响电弧堆焊质量的重要因素,它们是由各焊接参数相互影响综合作用决定的。文中通过中心复合设计试验方案,基于响应面法建立了Inconel625镍基合金GTAW堆焊参数（焊接电流、焊接速度、送丝速度）与响应值稀释率、堆焊层厚度之间的数学模型,分析了各焊接参数对稀释率和堆焊层厚度的影响,并对堆焊参数进行了优化。结果表明,文中试验条件下送丝速度对堆焊层的厚度有着显著的影响,焊接速度和焊接电流对堆焊层厚度的影响较小;焊接电流对稀释率的影响最大,而焊接速度的影响最小;焊接电流和送丝速度的交互作用对稀释率有着重要的影响。     

应变波形对Inconel 625合金低周疲劳性能的影响

在650℃以及拉压对称三角波(TR)、慢拉快压锯齿波(ST)和快拉慢压锯齿波(FT)3种应变波形下对Inconel625合金进行了低周疲劳实验,研究了合金在不同应变波形下的低周疲劳变形与断裂行为。结果表明:3种应变波形加载条件下,合金在0.3%～0.7%的外加总应变幅下均呈现循环硬化,其中在ST下的循环应力幅最高;采用锯齿波形时,由于拉伸蠕变分量和压缩蠕变分量的引入造成合金的疲劳寿命缩短;此外,合金的循环应力和应变之间呈现单斜率线性关系,且其塑性应变幅与弹性应变幅和疲劳寿命之间亦呈线性关系。利用扫描电子显微镜对Inconel625合金在3种加载波形下的低周疲劳断口形貌进行观察,结果表明,Inconel 625合金的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展均是以穿晶方式进行的。     

Inconel625等离子弧焊接头组织与接头性能研究

对4 mm镍基高温合金Inconel625薄板进行等离子弧焊实验,对比研究了3种不同焊接热输入下焊接接头各部分的微观组织、接头力学性能、断口形貌以及母材和焊缝的高温腐蚀行为。结果表明Inconel625等离子焊接接头组织是由母材的奥氏体等轴晶、焊缝融合线附近的胞状晶以及焊缝中心的树枝晶组成;在焊缝处有大量的碳化物和少量Laves相析出,使得焊接接头力学性能降低,韧性下降,焊缝成为接头薄弱环节;在焊接热输入为10.175 kJ/cm时接头力学性能最优,抗拉强度为765.3MPa,与母材的785.4MPa相当,延伸率为31.9%,相较于母材的42.8%有所下降,试样断裂方式为发生在焊缝处的韧性断裂;母材和焊缝金属在750℃下24 h熔盐腐蚀后腐蚀产物基本相同,主要为外层颗粒状NiO和Cr₂O₃以及NiCr₂O₄腐蚀层。     

The effects of microstructural features on the performance gap in corrosion resistance between bulk and HVOF sprayed Inconel 625

It is commonly observed that there is a performance gap between the corrosion resistance of thermally sprayed coatings and the equivalent bulk material. This is attributed to the significantly modified microstructure of the sprayed coatings. However, currently there is no detailed understanding of which aspects of microstructural modification are primarily responsible for this performance gap. In this work several deliberately microstructurally modified versions of the Ni-based superalloy Inconel 625 were produced. These were subjected to potentiodynamic electrochemical testing in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ to investigate the links between specific microstructural features and electrochemical behaviour. Samples were prepared by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, laser surface remelting using a high power diode laser and conventional powder sintering. Microstructural features were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Potentiodynamic testing was carried out on the following forms of Inconel 625: wrought sheet; HVOF sprayed coatings; sintered powder compacts; laser melted wrought sheet and HVOF sprayed coatings. Using the corrosion behaviour, i.e. passive current density, of the wrought sheet as a baseline, the performance of different forms of Inconel 625 was compared. It is found that a fine dendritic structure (with associated microsegregation) produced by laser remelting wrought sheet has no significant effect on corrosion performance. Up to 12% porosity in sintered powder samples increases the passive current density by a factor of only around 2. As observed previously, the passive current density of HVOF sprayed coatings is 20-40 times greater. However, HVOF coatings subjected to laser surface remelting are found to have a passive current density close to that of wrought material. It is concluded that, whilst porosity in coatings produces some decrease in corrosion resistance, the main contributing factor is the galvanic corrosion of localised Cr-depleted regions which are associated with oxide inclusions within HVOF sprayed samples.     

Inconel 625堆焊管板退火过程中的组织和耐蚀性变化

对Inconel 625堆焊管板试样在690 ℃进行不同时间的退火处理,采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微、能谱面扫描分析等方法考察退火过程中堆焊管板试样的组织结构和耐蚀性变化。结果表明,不同时间退火的堆焊管板基材12Cr2Mo1R均具有典型的回火粒状贝氏体组织;不同时间退火的堆焊层组织形态均为柱状树枝晶;随着退火时间的增加,堆焊层内在γ-Ni柱状树枝晶的晶界及其附近会不断析出MC型碳化物、Laves相和γˊ相,致使堆焊层腐蚀速率单调增加,耐蚀性随之降低。     

热处理温度对冷变形Inconel625合金管组织及性能的影响

通过金相分析、拉伸试验、硬度试验以及硝酸腐蚀试验,研究了热处理温度对Inconel625合金管组织、力学性能和腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:热处理后合金组织基本为等轴晶,随着温度的升高,晶粒长大速率呈先慢后快的趋势,且晶粒长大激活能为144.14 kJ/mol;Inconel625合金管的抗拉强度、硬度随着热处理温度的升高而减小,且在960~1160 ℃温度范围内,抗拉强度、硬度与晶粒尺寸关系满足Hall-Pecth关系式。随温度的升高,Inconel625合金管的断裂方式由解理断裂向韧性断裂转变,晶间腐蚀速率呈先下降后平稳的趋势。温度在1080 ℃附近时,硬度与伸长率曲线出现交点,腐蚀速率平稳,为最佳热处理温度。     

氧化物陶瓷封孔对热喷涂Inconel 625涂层热腐蚀行为的影响

目的 为了提高热喷涂涂层在苛刻环境下的耐蚀性,采用封孔剂对热喷涂涂层进行封孔,研究封孔对涂层抗热腐蚀性能的影响。方法 采用超音速火焰喷涂在20#钢表面制备Inconel 625涂层。采用正硅酸乙酯作为封孔剂基料,Cr2O3、Al2O3、ZrO2、CeO2等氧化物为填料,制备了封孔剂,采用封孔剂对制备的涂层进行封孔。研究了封孔剂对涂层耐蚀性能的影响,将封孔和未封孔的涂层涂覆75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl混合盐膜后,在650 ℃下进行腐蚀,间隔一定时间取出样品称量,获得腐蚀动力学曲线。采用XRD、SEM、EDS对高温腐蚀产物成分、结构、形貌进行分析。结果 未封孔的Inconel 625涂层腐蚀160 h后增重约4.4 mg/cm2。表面腐蚀产物有双层结构,外层富Ni较疏松、多孔,内层富Cr较为致密。同时涂层/腐蚀层界面一侧有S元素富集。封孔层在高温熔盐中轻微熔解,封孔样品腐蚀160 h后,失重仅约0.45 mg/cm2。在腐蚀过程中Ni通过封孔层向外扩散并被氧化,生成的氧化物可填补封孔层缺陷。涂层/封孔层界面形成富Cr2O3的氧化层,进一步提高了封孔涂层的抗热腐蚀性能。结论 封孔层提高了涂层致密性,能有效抑制腐蚀介质在热喷涂涂层中的扩散,封孔能明显提高Inconel625涂层的抗热腐蚀性能。     

Effect of Nb on oxidation behavior of NiTiNb alloys

The oxidation behavior of NiTi and NiTiNb alloys containing different amounts of Nb （7%, 9%, mole fraction） were studied at 800℃ in air. It is found that the oxidation resistance of NiTi alloy can be effectively increased by the Nb addition. Under the same oxidation condition, the mass gain of NiTi is about 7 mg/cm^2, while the inass gains are only 3 mg/cm^2 for Ni47Ti44Nb9 alloy and 2.4 mg/cm^2 for Ni52Ti41NbT. Moreover the oxidation resistance of single phase NiTiNb alloy is better than that of the dual-phase alloy with large amount of Nb precipitates. On the basis of thermodynamics and kinetics of oxidation, the effect of Nb alloying element on the oxidation behavior of NiTi-based alloys was discussed.