16MnR钢表面裂纹的疲劳扩展

报告了在 P_x∶P_y=0,0.5和1三种双轴载荷作用下,对倾斜角等于0°、30°和45°的表面裂纹所作的疲劳扩展研究。讨论了表面裂纹扩展速率的计算方法,指出必须考虑不同的裂纹倾斜角和不同的双轴载荷比造成的裂纹扩展驱动力的变化对斜表面裂纹扩展速率的影响。因而采用裂纹投影法来处理斜表面裂纹的疲劳扩展问题并提出了修正的 Paris 方程。按照修正的 Paris 方程,根据不同的双轴载荷比和裂纹倾斜角分组整理了试验数据,并作了回归分析、假设检验,给出了含表面裂纹的16MnR 板材在三种不同的双轴载荷比情况下的裂纹扩展速率方程。     

双向载荷条件下Ⅰ型裂纹的疲劳扩展

研究了双轴向应力状态下Ⅰ型穿透裂纹的疲劳扩展规律，采用构形合理且经精确标定应力强度因子值的双向十字形试样，在电液伺服双轴向疲劳试验机上对低合金钢（１６ＭｎＲ）进行了多种载荷比的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验，得到了双轴向应力状态下的Ｐａｒｉｓ方程，为目前按缺陷评定规范依据单轴向疲劳试验所得数据对工程构件进行疲劳评定提供参考数据，并就当前研究者们对于双向应力场中横向载荷对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响的不同看法进行分析探讨。     

电工陶瓷材料裂纹扩展规律的研究

本文应用双扭法研究了四种电瓷材料静态疲劳裂纹扩展规律。试验结果表明:在空气介质中,所有试验电瓷材料均存在明显的裂纹亚临界扩展现象,且随裂纹尖端应力强度因子(K_1)增大呈现三个阶段关系。在不同介质中,裂纹扩展的敏感性按下列顺序变小:水、空气和煤油。试验还表明电瓷材料静态疲劳裂纹扩展规律与材料的配方、环境和受力等因素有关。     

模拟压力容器接管的新型十字试板的角裂纹疲劳扩展性能

用新型十字试板进行了双轴载荷下的角裂纹疲劳扩展性能的研究,以模拟压力容器接管处角裂纹的疲劳扩展行为。试板角裂纹尖端的应力强度因子采用三维边界元法计算,裂纹疲劳扩展的形貌变化采用降载勾线法记录。试验结果表明,裂纹疲劳扩展规律与双向载荷比及裂纹初始形状有关,裂纹沿长度方向的扩展速率可以用 Paris 公式表示,但在深度方向则不然。     

变幅载荷谱中加载顺序对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

根据某高温高压换热器实际工况载荷波动所编制的载荷谱,用材料为2 1/4Cr-1Mo钢的CT试件,不同的载荷谱加载顺序,进行变幅载荷谱下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究。根据试验数据和超载迟滞效应理论,讨论了不同载荷谱加载顺序对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。     

橡胶材料疲劳试验机的设计和疲劳寿命模型的建立

进行橡胶材料疲劳试验机的设计和疲劳寿命模型的建立。基于疲劳裂纹扩展和撕裂能理论以及依据GB/T1688—2008研制的橡胶材料疲劳试验机由执行机构、数据采集系统和控制系统构成,用于橡胶材料疲劳试验和破坏试验,可以分别测得橡胶材料裂纹扩展速度及撕裂能、破坏撕裂能。采用Yeoh模型作为本构模型,以有限元仿真分析计算不同应变下的撕裂能,得到裂纹扩展速度与撕裂能关系,而建立的橡胶材料疲劳寿命模型可以用于预测组成复杂的橡胶材料的疲劳寿命。     

最大荷载对硬质聚氯乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

为研究相同应力比下最大疲劳荷载对硬质聚氯乙烯（UPVC）疲劳裂纹扩展的影响，开展了单边缺口三点弯曲SE(B)试件Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展试验，基于Paris公式绘制了疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线，对试件断口微观形貌进行对比分析。结果表明：在不同荷载条件下，随着最大荷载降低，UPVC疲劳寿命增加；UPVC疲劳断裂过程符合次级断裂模式，最大荷载越大，断口微孔洞、纤维拉丝越明显。     

拉压循环荷载作用下预裂纹混凝土疲劳性能研究

利用电液伺服材料试验机,对带有预裂纹的粗骨料混凝土进行疲劳试验,分析混凝土在拉压循环试验荷载作用下的疲劳寿命、疲劳强度以及预裂纹对混凝土拉压疲劳性能的影响。根据试验数据,进行回归处理,得出混凝土的疲劳寿命S-N曲线以及S-lgN曲线,并利用有限元仿真技术,对混凝土在疲劳荷载作用下的疲劳寿命的结果做详细的研究。结果表明,带预裂纹的混凝土疲劳极限值远低于无损伤的混凝土的疲劳极限值,预裂纹使混凝土的疲劳寿命大大地降低,使其疲劳寿命缩短了75%~80%左右。     

横向载荷对含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的研究

研究了双向载荷作用下对焊接头表面裂纹的疲劳扩展规律。采用经精确标定应力强度因子幅值的双向十字形试样,在电液伺服双轴向疲劳试验机上对母材分别为16MnR 和 Q235-B 这两种钢的对焊试板进行了疲劳裂纹扩展试验。同时,将其结果分别与单向应力下对焊接头及母材的疲劳扩展速率进行了比较,为制定我国在役压力容器缺陷评定规范提供了参考数据。     

表面裂纹疲劳扩展形貌变化规律的研究

首先进行了１６Ｍｎ板材半椭圆表面裂纹疲劳扩展试验。试验结果表明，采用Ｎｅｗｍａｎ－ｒａｊｕ应力强度因子时，表面裂纹深度方向和表面方向的扩展速率均符合Ｐａｒｉｓ公式。在此基础上，从Ｎｅｗｍａｎ－Ｒａｊｕ应力强度因子计算式和Ｐａｒｉｓ疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式出发，通过理论和数值分析，建立了３类表面裂纹在受拉伸、弯曲、和拉弯组合加载下的疲劳扩展形貌统一表达式，并通过疲劳试验结果对其进行了考核。结果表明，采用统一表达式预测裂纹形貌的各项统计指标均优于其他两种表达式     

非恒幅载荷下含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳寿命的估算

通过几种非恒幅载荷疲劳寿命的计算,得出基于Ｐａｒｉｓ公式的等效载荷的ＣｙｃｌｅｂｙＣｙｃｌｅ方法计算疲劳寿命是一种有效的工程方法,它具有精度高、理论严密、易于实现等特点,同时非恒幅载荷下含表面裂纹对焊接头疲劳试验也证实了这个结论。     

玻璃在平面双向和单向应力状态下慢裂纹扩展特性

采用热弹性力学方法对含裂纹的玻璃薄片在双向和单向平面拉和下的亚临界裂纹扩展进行了观测和研究。该实验方法使得玻璃、陶瓷等危性材料的双向拉伸,直通裂纹预制和裂纹扩展过程记录这３个难度大的实验得以完成。对６０多个玻璃试件的断裂阻力随载荷速度的变化进行了观测和分析,从而较精确地了解了玻璃在平面和状态下的阻力曲线和断裂特性。     

双轴载荷下失效评定图的研究

本文通过双轴载荷下的断裂试验和理论分析研完了16MnR钢所制成的含中心穿透裂纹的十字形板试样的断裂性能,并分别对英国中央电力局的CEGB R_6法和美国电力研究所EPRI工程估算方法的失效评定进行了双轴载荷效应的修正,作出了双轴载荷下估算含缺陷结构安全裕度的失效评定图(FAD)。试验结果表明,在不同的双轴载荷比下启裂的J积分J_i比较接近,而J控制裂纹扩展条件的J_R曲线受不同的双轴载荷比影响较显著。在几种评定方法的比较中,认为经双轴载荷修正的EPRI失效评定图与实验结果吻合得较好。     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of polyether ether ketone under biaxial loading

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has become a promising material in total joint replacement. However, it still faces the risk of fatigue fracture during service. In this paper, the effects of biaxial stress ratio λ, cyclic stress ratio R, and load phase difference θ on fatigue crack propagation (FCG) behavior of PEEK are investigated. In the case of vertical cracks, results show that the FCG rate of PEEK increases with the R value, while decreases with the increase of λ value. Furthermore, the effective stress intensity factor range ΔK_eff can uniformly describe the biaxial FCG behavior at different cyclic stress ratios. In the case of 45° slant cracks, compared with mode-I intensity factor range ΔK_I, the energy release rate range ΔG is more accurate for describing the FCG behavior under various load phase differences. In addition, the investigation on the 45° crack propagation path shows that a bifurcated Y-shaped crack appears under 180° load phase difference, while no bifurcated crack appears under 90° load phase difference and uniaxial loading. Three different methods are used to predict the crack propagation path. The comparison results show that the maximum circumferential stress (MTS) criterion can well predict the crack propagation path under out-of-phase biaxial loading and uniaxial loading.     

拉弯复合应力下焊接头表面裂纹疲劳扩展规律的研究

通过对16MnR钢对焊的弓形试极疲劳裂纹扩展试验，研究了在拉弯复合应力下对焊接头表面裂纹疲劳扩展规律。采用Newman－Raju公式分析了有限宽板在拉弯复合应力下表面裂纹的应力强度因子的计算。试验研究表明在拉弯复合应力下当a／t≤0．8时表面裂纹疲劳扩展规律仍可用Paris公式来描述，并且c向和a向的Paris系数之间仍存在着C_c＝0．9~nC_a的关系。     

Equibiaxial Stress Effect on Fracture Strength of Indented Soda-Lime Glass in Water Environment: An Examination for Dependence on Crack-Tip Blunting

Equibiaxial stress effects were observed in constant stressing rate tests of indented soda-lime glass in a water environment. To discuss whether the equibiaxial stress effects on fracture strenght in a water environment were caused by the blunting of crack tips by chemical reaction between the glass and moisture, the specimens with controlled surface flaws soaked in hot water to make the crack tip blunt were fractured under both uniaxial and equibiaxial tensile stresses under both vacuum and air environments. The biaxial strengthening observed under restricted subcritical crack growth indicates that equibiaxial stress effects in a water environment are caused by the rounding of the initial crack tip.     

Prediction of ring crack initiation in ceramics and glasses using a stress–energy fracture criterion

Crack initiation in brittle materials upon spherical indentation is associated with the tensile radial stresses during loading. However, location of crack onset often differs (offset) from the site of maximal stress. In addition, experiments reveal a strong dependency of crack initiation forces on geometrical parameters as well as the surface condition of the sample. In this work, a coupled stress–energy fracture criterion is introduced to describe the initiation of ring cracks in brittle materials, which takes into account the geometry of the contact and the inherent strength and fracture toughness of the material. Several experiments reported in literature are evaluated and compared. The criterion can explain the location offset of the ring crack upon loading, as observed in various ceramics and glasses. It also predicts the ring crack initiation force upon contact loading, provided that surface compressive stresses, introduced during grinding or polishing processes, are taken into account. Furthermore, the stress–energy criterion may be employed to estimate the surface residual stress of ceramic parts, based on simple contact damage experiments.     

A fractal analysis of crack branching in borosilicate glass

Many fractography techniques involve precise measurements of features on the fracture surface and can be difficult to perform in the field, or rapidly. Macroscopic crack branching observations offer a more robust and forgiving method of analysis, but often are not strongly correlated with standard fractography techniques. In this study, the crack branching patterns of annealed borosilicate glass disks previously fractured in biaxial tension were analyzed using fractal methods and compared with more typical fracture surface measurement techniques. The results confirm that the fractal dimension of macroscopic crack branching (called the Crack Branching Coefficient) increases with increasing failure stress, as has been shown with other brittle materials. In addition, the existence of a threshold stress previously reported was confirmed using new techniques. The findings herein can be used to further increase the fidelity of fractography-based failure analysis of brittle materials.