Volatile compounds in honey: a review on their involvement in aroma, botanical origin determination and potential biomedical activities

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in honey are obtained from diverse biosynthetic pathways and extracted by using various methods associated with varying degrees of selectivity and effectiveness. These compounds are grouped into chemical categories such as aldehyde, ketone, acid, alcohol, hydrocarbon, norisoprenoids, terpenes and benzene compounds and their derivatives, furan and pyran derivatives. They represent a fingerprint of a specific honey and therefore could be used to differentiate between monofloral honeys from different floral sources, thus providing valuable information concerning the honey's botanical and geographical origin. However, only plant derived compounds and their metabolites (terpenes, norisoprenoids and benzene compounds and their derivatives) must be employed to discriminate among floral origins of honey. Notwithstanding, many authors have reported different floral markers for honey of the same floral origin, consequently sensory analysis, in conjunction with analysis of VOCs could help to clear this ambiguity. Furthermore, VOCs influence honey's aroma described as sweet, citrus, floral, almond, rancid, etc. Clearly, the contribution of a volatile compound to honey aroma is determined by its odor activity value. Elucidation of the aroma compounds along with floral origins of a particular honey can help to standardize its quality and avoid fraudulent labeling of the product. Although only present in low concentrations, VOCS could contribute to biomedical activities of honey, especially the antioxidant effect due to their natural radical scavenging potential.     

Quality Assessment of Goldenrod,Milkweed and Multifloral Honeys Based on Botanical Origin,Antioxidant Capacity and Mineral Content

The goal of the study was to evaluate the pollen spectrum, antioxidant capacity and mineral content of four Hungarian honey types, using multivariate statistical analysis. The light colored honeys were represented by milkweed honey and a multifloral (MF) honey with dominant pollen frequency of linden (MF-Tilia); the darker ones were goldenrod honey and a multifloral honey with Lamiaceae pollen majority (MF-Lamiaceae). The pollen spectrum of the samples was established with melissopalynological analysis. The absorbance of the honeys positively correlated with the antioxidant capacity determined with three of the used methods (TRC, TEAC, DPPH), but not with ORAC. The latter method correlated negatively also with other antioxidant methods and with most of the mineral values. MF-Tilia had high ORAC value, K and Na content. The MF-Lamiaceae had the highest K, Mg, P, S, Cu and Zn content, the last five elements showing strict correlation with the TRC method. The darker goldenrod honey had higher SET values and total mineral content, than the milkweed honey. The above character-sets facilitate identification of each honey type and serve as indicators of variety. The antioxidant levels and mineral content of honeys allowed their clear separation by principal component analysis (PCA).     

Classification of Turkish Extra Virgin Olive Oils by a SAW Detector Electronic Nose

An electronic nose (e-nose), in combination with chemometrics, has been used to classify the cultivar, harvest year, and geographical origin of economically important Turkish extra virgin olive oils. The aroma fingerprints of the eight different olive oil samples [Memecik (M), Erkence (E), Gemlik (G), Ayvalık (A), Domat (D), Nizip (N), Gemlik–Edremit (GE), Ayvalık–Edremit (AE)] were obtained using an e-nose consisting a surface acoustic wave detector. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). Classification of cultivars using PCA revealed that A class model was correctly discriminated from N in two harvest years. The DFA classified 100 and 97% of the samples correctly according to the cultivar in the 1st and 2nd harvest years, respectively. Successful separation among the harvest years and geographical origins were obtained. Sensory analyses were performed for determining the differences in the geographical origin of the olive oils and the preferences of the panelists. The panelists could not detect the differences among olive oils from two different regions. The cultivar, harvest year, and geographical origin of extra virgin olive oils could be discriminated successfully by the e-nose.     

三面加热窄矩形通道内饱和沸腾起始点的实验研究

以去离子水为实验介质,对截面为3 mm×43 mm的三面加热窄矩形通道内饱和沸腾（FDB）起始点进行了实验研究。分析了部分热工参数对饱和沸腾起始点的影响,对三面加热窄矩形通道内饱和沸腾起始点的数据进行非线性回归分析,得到适用于三面加热窄矩形通道饱和沸腾起始点热通量的经验关系式。结果表明：新拟合得到的关系式能较准确地预测三面加热窄矩形通道内饱和沸腾起始点的热通量,其预测值的相对误差为15.17%。将新关系式计算结果与现有实验数据进行比较,源于单面加热窄矩形通道的实验数据与新关系式符合程度较好,表明新关系式可适用于单面加热窄矩形通道。     

超细颗粒在声场流化床中的流化特性

在内径为130mm的声场流化床中,以原生纳米级SiO2超细颗粒为物料,在声压水平为0～140dB、声波频率为0～500Hz范围内系统地考察了声波对超细颗粒流化特性的影响。结果表明：当声波频率为100～150Hz、声压大于130dB时,声波可以有效地消除节涌、抑制沟流、降低临界流化速度,显著地改善纳米SiO2颗粒的流化质量。在频率一定的情况下,声压越高,超细颗粒的临界流化速度越低,流化质量越好。当频率低于100Hz或高于150Hz时,随着频率的进一步降低或增加,超细颗粒的临界流化速度都增大,甚至又出现节涌和沟流。声波的效果减弱甚至消失。     

Introduction of a nonlinearity measure for principal component models

Although principal component analysis (PCA) is an important tool in standard multivariate data analysis, little interest has been devoted to assessing whether the underlying relationship within a given variable set can be described by a linear PCA model or whether nonlinear PCA must be utilized. This paper addresses this deficiency by introducing a nonlinearity measure for principal component models. The measure is based on the following two principles: (i) the range of recorded process operation is divided into smaller regions; and (ii) accuracy bounds are determined for the sum of the discarded eigenvalues. If this sum is within the accuracy bounds for each region, the process is assumed to be linear and vice versa. This procedure is automated through the use of cross-validation. Finally, the paper shows the utility of the new nonlinearity measure using two simulation studies and with data from an industrial melter process.     

Impact of carbon nanotube additives on carbide-derived carbon-based electroactive polymer actuators

The effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the properties of carbide-derived carbon (CDC)-based electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators were studied. SWCNTs were used as an additive to increase the mesoporosity and electrical conductivity of the electrodes, and also to support the CDC matrix. EAP actuators with various ratios of SWCNTs to CDC in the electrodes were fabricated and their electromechanical and electrochemical characteristics were examined. The addition of SWCNTs to CDC-based electrodes significantly increased the bending strain and stress (bending force) of the actuators. The actuator assembled with electrodes containing SWCNTs and CDC in the ratio 50/50 (wt.%/wt.%) showed the highest strain output among the samples at lower frequencies (<0.1 Hz). The increase in maximum strain was more than twice that of pure CDC-based EAPs (0.85% vs. 0.35% at an applied voltage of ±2 V). Also, the high frequency (5–50 Hz) response of the combined SWCNT/CDC-based actuators was considerably improved.     

Viscoelastic properties of cellulose derivatives: 1. Cellulose acetate

The dynamic mechanical spectrum of cellulose acetate (CA) from −130°C to 240°C has been determined at different frequencies (from 0.1 to 30 Hz). Three relaxations, designated , β and γ in order of decreasing temperature, and one shoulder (β*) above room temperature were found. Comparison with calorimetric and thermogravimetric measurements yields the conclusion that the relaxation (197°C at 3 Hz) is related to the glass-to-rubber transition and the β* shoulder (50°C–100°C) is due to loss of moisture. The β relaxation (−38°C at 3 Hz, ΔH = 100 kJ mol⁻¹) is tentatively assigned to local motions of the main chain (glucopyranose rings). The low-temperature γ relaxation (−88°C at 3 Hz, ΔH = 46 kJ mol⁻¹), is humidity-dependent: its intensity decreases when the samples are dried to moisture contents lower than that obtained by normal room conditioning (about 3%). Higher water contents shift the relaxation to lower temperatures without increasing the intensity of the mechanical loss. It is suggested that water associated with the unesterified methylol groups of cellulose acetate is responsible of the dynamic mechanical γ dispersion.     

藜麦产地的红外光谱鉴别

种植环境差异导致不同产地的藜麦有差异,故对不同产地的藜麦进行区分鉴别对商家、消费者具有重要参考价值。将中红外光谱与主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA)及混淆矩阵结合对不同产地藜麦进行鉴别研究。结果显示:藜麦的红外光谱主要由淀粉、蛋白质和脂质谱峰组成,且在蛋白质和糖类谱峰上有差异。用600~4000 cm^-1范围的原始光谱进行PCA分析,前两个主成分(PC)取得了92%的累计方差贡献率,基于PCA分析生成的PC进行LDA分析,取得了96.25%的分类精度。基于预测结果的混淆矩阵作为综合评价指标,得到PCA-LDA分类模型的精确度、召回率及特异性分别为96.25%、96.59%和99.48%,说明使用PCA-LDA模型可以对藜麦产地进行有效鉴别。研究表明红外光谱结合多元统计分析方法是鉴别藜麦产地的有效方法。     

采用主成分与聚类分析对市售保湿乳液感官评价的研究

以26款市售保湿乳液为研究对象,采用定量描述分析(QDA)法对保湿乳液手部使用结束后0,2和5 min 3个阶段的肤感进行评价。采用主成分(或主分量)分析(PCA)法和凝聚层次聚类(AHC)分析法对评价结果进一步分析。PCA的结果显示,本次考察的感官属性共提取出2个主成分,其特征值分别为4.182和2.611,前2个主成分累计方差贡献率达到84.91%。其中第1主成分描述了皮肤吸收,包括3个阶段的滋润感和柔软性;第2主成分描述了皮肤残留,包括3个阶段的黏滞感。结合AHC分析,结果表明26款市售产品可分为2类,第1和2类分别包含12和14款市售产品。该研究成功将26款市售保湿乳液分布在主成分图中,并对其进行了分类。     

藜麦产地的红外光谱鉴别

种植环境差异导致不同产地的藜麦有差异,故对不同产地的藜麦进行区分鉴别对商家、消费者具有重要参考价值。将中红外光谱与主成分分析(PCA)、线性判别分析(LDA)及混淆矩阵结合对不同产地藜麦进行鉴别研究。结果显示:藜麦的红外光谱主要由淀粉、蛋白质和脂质谱峰组成,且在蛋白质和糖类谱峰上有差异。用600~4000 cm^-1范围的原始光谱进行PCA分析,前两个主成分(PC)取得了92%的累计方差贡献率,基于PCA分析生成的PC进行LDA分析,取得了96.25%的分类精度。基于预测结果的混淆矩阵作为综合评价指标,得到PCA-LDA分类模型的精确度、召回率及特异性分别为96.25%、96.59%和99.48%,说明使用PCA-LDA模型可以对藜麦产地进行有效鉴别。研究表明红外光谱结合多元统计分析方法是鉴别藜麦产地的有效方法。     

生物质碳气凝胶/MnO2复合电极对 Rb+、Cs+的电吸附行为

以柚子皮为主要原料,采用低温水热碳化-真空冷冻干燥-高温碳化相结合的方法,制备了生物质碳气凝胶（PCA）,并将其用于制备PCA单一和PCA@MnO2（MPCA）复合电吸附电极,利用SEM、XRD、FT-IR、BET及电化学工作站对电极材料的形貌、结构和电化学性质进行了表征,并考察了两种电极对Rb+、Cs+的电吸附行为。结果表明,自制PCA为三维多孔结构,利于吸附质扩散;电极比电容大,循环性能好。电极的组成对电吸附行为具有较大的影响,二氧化锰的加入改变了电极对离子的吸附选择性,MPCA［m（二氧化锰）∶m（PCA）=4∶1］复合电极对铷的吸附量明显优于铯,平衡吸附量分别可以达到85 μmol/g和64 μmol/g,优于PCA电极,且具有良好的循环再生性能。     

The silver/silver-oxide electrode—II influence of a superimposed sinusoidal potential on the anodising of silver

When silver is anosided in 1 M KOH with certain amplitudes up to 1 V peak-to-peak of sinusoidal potential (55Hz) about mean potentials ranging from 0·62 to 1·04 V (nhe), the subsequent reduction capacities are up to 30 times larger than those obtained after potentiostatic anodising for the same time. At higher frequencies (220–1100 Hz) conditions leading to large reduction capacities are less dependent on the amplitude of the sinosoidal component.Partial reduction at each cycle and fast oxidation and reduction reactions are suggested as responsible for the large amounts of overall oxidation of the silver electrodes.     

基于故障诊断性能优化的主元个数选取方法

主元分析 (PCA)作为一种有效的多元统计监测方法,在化工过程的产品质量控制与故障诊断等方面得到广泛应用.其中主元个数作为PCA监测模型的关键参数,其选取直接决定了PCA的故障诊断性能.传统的主元个数选取方法主观性较大,且一般不能考虑故障诊断的要求.通过对主元空间和残差空间中临界故障幅值的分析,提出一种基于故障检测与识别性能优化的主元个数选取方法.并且能够对故障的检测类型、幅值等重要信息进行预测和估计.通过对双效蒸发过程的仿真故障检测,证实了该主元个数选取方法的上述优点.     

The use of microdielectrometry in monitoring the cure of resins and composites

As thermosetting resins and composites made from them begin to be used in critical applications, it becomes necessary to monitor and analyze the cure of the resin within the confines of the processing equipment. Such measurements have been carried out using a dielectric technique called dielectrometry or dielectric analysis. Conventional dielectrometry has certain limitations associated with the use of parallel plate geometry for electrodes. For in situ measurement of cure, intrusiveness of electrodes is a problem which may require placement of electrodes in non-strategic areas. Since electrode spacing changes during cure, it is difficult to deduce permittivity and loss factor from the data. At lower frequencies the capacitive currents are small and signal-to-noise ratios are small, therefore, measurement at low frequencies (>100 Hz) typically require large electrode sizes. One approach to overcome the problems described above is the development of microdielectrometry. A solid state integrated circuit chip, 2 by 4 mm in size, is used as the sensor. The miniature sensor can measure the properties of a dielectric on its surface, therefore it need not intrude into the composite part. Transistors which are built into the integrated circuit are used to amplify the signal to make low frequency (>1 Hz) measurements feasible. The electrode geometry does not change, therefore loss factor and permittivity data can be deduced in real-time. During cure of the resin or composite material, permittivity and loss factor are measured continuously at a series of preselected frequencies. Real-time-data is plotted on a strip chart and is also stored in a cassette for later analysis. Temperature of the curing material is measured either by a diode on the sensor or by externally placed thermocouples. Results on an aromatic amine cured epoxy resin and a dicyandiamide cured epoxy resin prepreg are presented in this report. The data obtained by microdielectrometry is compared and correlated to results obtained using differential scanning calorimetry, infrared analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results show that microdielectrometry can be used to follow the cure of epoxy resins and absolute measurements of permittivity and loss factor can be made to provide information on the mechanisms that produce the observed changes. Data at 1 Hz can be obtained but for certain lossy systems at typical cure temperatures, the data is often out of range of the instrument, thus restricting use to 10 Hz and higher frequencies. At very high loss factors (>100) a “blocking” phenomenon is observed due to charge pile up at electrode surfaces which results in erroneously high permittivity values.     

Electrochemical behavior of sodium cholate and deoxycholate on an electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) linked up with cyclodextrin

The electrochemical behavior of sodium cholate (CA) and deoxycholate (DCA) was investigated on ITO electrodes coated with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in aqueous solution. β-CD modified MWNTs (MWNT–CDs) showed electrocatalytic effect on the reduction of CA, while electrochemical response of DCA was not observed. To further understand the mechanism of the electrochemical process, the electrochemical behavior of CA and DCA on bare ITO electrode and the electrode modified with MWNTs possessing carboxyl groups (MWNT–COOHs) was also discussed. The results indicate that the electrochemical response of CA can be improved through the use of carbon nanotubes. The introduction of cyclodextrin moieties enhances the selectivity of the electrodes to CA and DCA.     

Detection of olive oil adulteration using principal component analysis applied on total and regio FA content

Principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to establish a new method for the detection of olive oil adulteration. The data set, composed of values obtained from the determination of the mole percentage of total FA and their regiospecific distribution in positions 1 and 3 in TG of oils (pure or mixtures) by GC analysis, was subjected to PCA. 3-D scatter plots showed clearly that it is possible to distinguish the pure oils from the mixtures. Moreover it is possible to discriminate the different types of seed oil used for the adulteration.     

基于互信息的PCA方法及其在过程监测中的应用

主元分析(PCA)是一种经典的特征提取方法,已被广泛用于多变量统计过程监测,其算法的本质在于提取过程数据各变量之间的相关性。然而,传统PCA算法中定义的相关性矩阵局限于计算变量间的线性关系,无法衡量两个变量间相互依赖的强弱程度。为此,提出一种新的基于互信息的PCA方法(MIPCA)并将之应用于过程监测。与传统PCA所不同的是,MIPCA通过计算两两变量间的互信息来定义相关性,将原始相关性矩阵取而代之为互信息矩阵,并利用该互信息矩阵的特征向量实现对过程数据的特征提取。在此基础上,可以建立相应的统计监测模型。最后,通过实例验证MIPCA用于过程监测的可行性和有效性。     

Vibrating wire electrodes—I. Literature review,design and evaluation

A brief review is given of the literature of vibrating electrodes. These electrodes are characterized by high sensitivity; however, the boundary-value problem describing mass transport has not been solved in closed form. The design and construction of a wire microelectrode is described which vibrates in a reciprocating fashion perpendicular to the axis of the wire. The relationship of the transport-limited electrode current to the vibrational Reynolds number was investigated for frequencies up to 510 Hz and amplitudes up to 3 mm. The exponential dependence of I₁ on Re_v was determined to be approx. 0.62 for one electrode with significant deviations noted for various electrodes.     

Physical properties of polycaproamide/cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyblended fibers

Polycaproamide (PCA) and cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CDP) polymers were blended mechanically (in ratios of 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75) in a melt twin‐screw extruder to prepare three PCA/CDP polyblended materials. The blends of PCA and CDP were spun into fibers. The molar ratio of dimethyl 5‐sulfoisophthalate sodium salt for CDP was 2%. This study investigated the physical properties of PCA/CDP polyblended fibers with nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography, potentiometer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), extension stress–strain measurements, density gradient analysis, and rheometry. The experimental results of DSC proved that PCA and CDP formed an immiscible system. In an SEM image of a 50/50 PCA/CDP blend, the morphological aggregation of a larger size, from 3 to 5 μm in diameter, was observed. The rheological behavior of the PCA/CDP polyblended materials exhibited negative‐deviation blends, and the 50/50 blend of the PCA/CDP polyblended fibers showed a minimum tenacity value. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1710–1715, 2004