WDM网络中基于负载平衡的动态波长路由算法

在WDM网络中，路由和波长分配（RWA）算法是一个焦点问题．当前的RWA算法多是考虑路径跳数或全网拥塞程度，并没有分析各个链路的具体情况．文中提出一种WDM网络中能实现负载平衡的路由算法——最大波长跳数比值（MWHR）算法。基本思想是：根据各备选路径的跳数和其经过的各链路上的可用波长数信息。计算该路径的优先选取权值，优先选取权值最大的路径．仿真表明，该算法在保证较低的阻塞率情况下，能有效的将业务负载均衡分布在网络中的所有链路上．     

适用于波长交换光网络（WSON）的波长旋转图模型设计

将网络虚拓扑链路及关联波长均匀分布到旋转球体的表面,建立了新型的波长交换光网络(WSON)的波长旋转图模型,并基于旋转图模型提出了路由波长分配(RWA)新策略及算法.仿真结果表明,每条链路的总波长数分别为4和8时,新策略算法的阻塞率平均降低5.03%和9.71%,资源利用率平均提高3.3%和1.54%.该模型用于解决具有波长转换能力的RWA问题效果明显.     

WDM光网络中基于概率感知的改进动态RWA算法

在WDM光网络中,RWA算法问题近年来是研究的热点问题、其中BEST算法是最重要的算法之一,传统的BEST算法是在只考虑链路跳数或者链路长度的基础上给予计算,这样会导致负载分布不均衡。本文提出一种基于链路长度和波长动态剩余容量的改进算法,此算法的优势在于考虑了实际的网络基础之上,充分考虑了链路的负载均衡。仿真结果表明,在误码率方面,此算法略由于传统算法,在负载均衡方面也有它的优势。     

一种稀疏分光配置约束下的WDM网络多播RWA算法

在波长路由WDM网络中,波长路由和波长分配是RWA算法提高光网络阻塞性能的两个重要阶段和关键技术。文章针对现有的稀疏分光配置约束下的光网络多播RWA算法复杂度高、代价高的问题,提出了一种新的稀疏分光器配置的RWA多播算法。该算法摒弃传统RWA算法在波长路由阶段就考虑稀疏分光约束能力的惯性思维,论文首次提出在波长分配阶段,才通过多播长转换器实现满足稀疏分光约束条件的分光能力传递。仿真结果表明,所提算法在平均代价和所需波长数目方面都获得了较优的性能。     

新的ASON路由实现方案

提出了一种新的基于OSPF的ASON路由实现方案,扩展了波长链路状态公告和网络节点链路状态公告,用于在全网分发波长和网络拓扑信息。实现了拓扑的自动发现和路由信息的可靠分发,并提供了友好的RWA接口以便引入各种RWA算法和动态连接建立信令协议。通过仿真对本方案进行了验证,比较了若干RWA算法的性能,分析了两类路由信息更新触发策略和在全网分发波长信息的可行性。     

静态环型波长路由光网络中RWA问题的研究

RWA问题是静态环型波长路由光网络中的一个核心问题.随着RWA优化算法求解方式的简化,算法的运算效率得到了提高,但却牺牲了解的优化性能.如何使优化效率和时间效率协调统一是当前环网波长路由光网络中RWA优化算法设计的难点.本文对静态波长路由光网络中RWA问题进行了阐述,综述了当前国内外的RWA算法,并对静态环网中几种新的算法进行了分析研究.     

备用路由下一种新的WDM动态路由波长分配算法

基于波长转换度的空闲波长图模型,提出了一种用于WDM光网络在备选路由下的动态RWA算法。路由选择采用K条最短路径算法进行,备选路由集中首选最佳路由时考虑链路的代价、跳数和每一个链路上不可用波长数。通过计算机模拟,分析这3个参数对网络的阻塞率的影响,结果表明本算法中所选定研究的3个参数中选定路由的不可用波长数对网络阻塞率的影响程度比通道的代价,跳数对网络的影响程度大,这个结论对算法中这3个参数数值的选取提供了依据,使算法能够依据实际网络情况动态选取参数,降低网络阻塞率。     

一种基于网络风险的路由波长分配算法

大多数RWA(路由波长分配)问题研究都是基于阻塞率、负载均衡、信号损伤和物理攻击的,很少涉及到业务与链路工作状态的依赖关系,然而链路的失效必然造成全网业务安全性能的下降。文章从业务风险的角度描述链路失效对全网业务的影响,提出了一种基于网络风险的RWA算法——R-RWA。在路由分配阶段,该算法把具有较小网络风险的路由方案分配给光路请求,以降低链路失效对全网业务的影响。仿真结果表明,与经典SP(最短路径)算法相比,该算法可以有效地降低网络的安全风险,提高网络的抗风险能力。     

OTN/ASON波长冲突解决算法研究

简要分析了OTN/ASON中产生波长冲突和准波长冲突的原因,初步给出了一种基于GMPLS协议解决OTN/ASON波长冲突的RWA算法,并对该算法的基本模型和原理进行了阐述.通过数据分析,证明该算法可以有效增加波长利用率,其波长增量随着网络规模和链路连接段的增加而增加.     

DWDM网络中的动态RWA算法研究

路由和波长分配（RwA）是DWDM网络中一个重要问题。RWA问题解决的好坏直接影响到光路通信所需的波长数和光路阻塞这两个重要特性,RWA问题是一个NP—C问题,一般的把它分成静态和动态RWA问题进行讨论,本文将对DWDM网络中的动态RWA问题给出几种算法。     

Binary quadratic programming formulation for routing and wavelength assignment problem in all-optical WDM networks

Routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is the most concern in wavelength routed optical networks. This paper proposes a novel binary quadratic programming (BQP) formulation for the static RWA problem in order to balance traffic load among a network links more fairly. Subsequently, a greedy heuristic algorithm namely variable-weight routing and wavelength assignment (VW-RWA) is proposed to solve the developed BQP problem. In this method, the weight of a link is proportional to the link congestion. Performance evaluation results for different practical network topologies show that our proposed algorithm can decrease the number of required wavelengths in the network, blocking rate and variance of used wavelengths in each link. Besides, it is shown that the number of required wavelengths to establish call requests for a given network topology can be reduced at lower cost compared to other heuristics.     

Wavelength converter placement under different RWA algorithms in wavelength-routed all-optical networks

Sparse wavelength conversion and appropriate routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithms are the two key factors in improving the blocking performance in wavelength-routed all-optical networks. It has been shown that the optimal placement of a limited number of wavelength converters in an arbitrary mesh network is an NP-complete problem. There have been various heuristic algorithms proposed in the literature, in which most of them assume that a static routing and random-wavelength assignment RWA algorithm is employed. However, the existing work shows that fixed-alternate routing and dynamic routing RWA algorithms can achieve much better blocking performance. Our study further demonstrates that the wavelength converter placement and RWA algorithms are closely related in the sense that a well-designed wavelength converter placement mechanism for a particular RWA algorithm might not work well with a different RWA algorithm. Therefore, the wavelength converter placement and the RWA have to be considered jointly. The objective of this paper is to investigate the wavelength converter placement problem under the fixed-alternate routing (FAR) algorithm and least-loaded routing (LLR) algorithm. Under the FAR algorithm, we propose a heuristic algorithm called minimum blocking probability first for wavelength converter placement. Under the LLR algorithm, we propose another heuristic algorithm called weighted maximum segment length. The objective of the converter placement algorithms is to minimize the overall blocking probability. Extensive simulation studies have been carried out over three typical mesh networks, including the 14-node NSFNET, 19-node EON, and 38-node CTNET. We observe that the proposed algorithms not only outperform existing wavelength converter placement algorithms by a large margin, but they also can achieve almost the same performance compared with full wavelength conversion under the same RWA algorithm.     

An algorithm for optimal assignment of a wavelength in a tree topology and its application in WDM networks

In this paper, we present a polynomial time algorithm that gives an optimal solution to the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem in a tree topology. One of the major design issues in wavelength-division multiplexed networks is the assignment of the limited number of wavelengths among network stations so that greater capacity can be achieved. The problem of RWA is known to be NP-hard problem. Many researchers have tackled the problem of RWA with a number of efficient heuristic algorithms. This paper presents an algorithm that optimally assigns a single wavelength to maximize one-hop traffic in a tree topology. The algorithm uses dynamic programming and is shown to be optimal with a time complexity of O(N/sup 4/). We also propose a heuristic scheme to use our optimal algorithm for wavelength assignment in a general graph. The heuristic works on the tree subgraphs of a given graph and the remaining spare wavelengths can be assigned with an existing RWA policy.     

Routing and wavelength assignment in all-optical networks

Considers routing connections in a reconfigurable optical network using WDM. Each connection between a pair of nodes in the network is assigned a path through the network and a wavelength on that path, such that connections whose paths share a common link in the network are assigned different wavelengths. The authors derive an upper bound on the carried traffic of connections (or equivalently, a lower bound on the blocking probability) for any routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm in such a network. The bound scales with the number of wavelengths and is achieved asymptotically (when a large number of wavelengths is available) by a fixed RWA algorithm. The bound can be used as a metric against which the performance of different RWA algorithms can be compared for networks of moderate size. The authors illustrate this by comparing the performance of a simple shortest-path RWA (SP-RWA) algorithm via simulation relative to the bound. They also derive a similar bound for optical networks using dynamic wavelength converters, which are equivalent to circuit-switched telephone networks, and compare the two cases. Finally, they quantify the amount of wavelength reuse achievable in large networks using the SP-RWA via simulation as a function of the number of wavelengths, number of edges, and number of nodes for randomly constructed networks as well as de Bruijn networks. They also quantify the difference in wavelength reuse between two different optical node architectures     

Routing and wavelength assignment strategies in optical networks

We consider the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks without wavelength conversion. When the physical network and required connections are given, RWA is the problem to select a suitable path and wavelength among the many possible choices for each connection such that no two paths using the same wavelength pass through the same link. In WDM optical networks, there is need to maximize the number of connections established and to minimize the blocking probability using limited resources. This paper presents efficient RWA strategies, which minimizes the blocking probability. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed strategies is much better than the existing strategy.     

基于改进蚁群算法的卫星光网络波长分配方法

路由与波长分配是下一代光网络的需要解决的核心问题之一。本文采用智能蚁群算法,研究了卫星光网络的路由与波长分配问题,为通信请求寻找最优的数据传输光路径。基于请求区域受限策略(Restricted Request Area,RRA)和链路波长负载平衡策略,建立了考虑传输延迟和波长连续性约束的双主星分布式星群节点结构光网络系统模型。利用智能蚁群路由和波长分配(Smart Ant Colony Routing AndWavelength Assignment,SAC-RWA)算法求解系统模型,以找到具有稀疏波长转换的卫星光网络中最小成本波长路径。所提出的算法允许单个蚂蚁同时完成路由和波长分配,仿真结果表明,RRA能够明显改进卫星光网络的性能,以略微增加拥塞率的代价显著降低了计算复杂度。     

Multiple-Constraint-Aware RWA Algorithms Based on a Comprehensive Evaluation Model： Use in Wavelength-Switched Optical Networks

Because of explosive growth in Internet traffic and high complexity of heterogeneous networks,improving the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm in underlying optical networks has become very important.Where there are multiple links between different the node pairs,a traditional wavelength-assignment algorithm may be invalid for a wavelength-switched optical networks (WSON) that has directional blocking constraints.Also,impairments in network nodes and subsequent degradation of optical signals may cause modulation failure in the optical network.In this paper,we propose an RWA algorithm based on a novel evaluation model for a WSON that has multiple constraints.The algorithm includes comprehensive evaluation model (CEM) and directional blocking constraint RWA based on CEM (DB-RWA).Diverse constraints are abstracted into various constraint conditions in order to better assign routing and wavelength.We propose using the novel CEM to optimize routing according to an assessed value of constraints on transmission performance.This eliminates the effects of physical transmission impairments in a WSON.DB-RWA based on CEM abstracts directional blocking conditions in multiple links between network nodes into directional blocking constraints.It also satisfies rigorous network specifications and provides flexibility,scalability,and first-fit rate for the backbone,especially in multiple links between WSON nodes.     

Dynamic circuit provisioning in all-optical WDM networks using lightpath switching

In this paper we investigate the problem of provisioning holding-time-aware (HTA) dynamic circuits in all-optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks. We employ a technique called lightpath switching (LPS) wherein the data transmission may begin on one lightpath and switch to a different lightpath at a later time. Lightpath switches are transparent to the user and are managed by the network. Allowing LPS creates a number of segments that can use independent lightpaths. We first compare the performance of traditional routing and wavelength (RWA) assignment to routing and wavelength assignment with LPS. We show that LPS can significantly reduce blocking compared to traditional RWA. We then address the problem of routing dynamic anycast HTA dynamic circuits. We propose two heuristics to solve the anycast RWA problem: anycast with continuous segment (ACS) and anycast with lightpath switching (ALPS). In ALPS we exercise LPS, and provision a connection request by searching for the best candidate destination node is such a way that the network resources are utilized efficiently. In ACS we do not allow a connection request to switch lightpaths. The lightpaths to each candidate destination node of a request are computed using traditional RWA algorithms. We first compare the performance of ACS to ALPS and observe that ALPS achieves better blocking than ACS. Furthermore, we also compare the performance of these two anycast RWA algorithms to the traditional unicast RWA algorithm. We show that the anycast RWA algorithms presented here significantly outperform the traditional unicast RWA algorithms.