常见液体除湿剂池内核态沸腾换热特性

溶液除湿剂的沸腾式再生能够降低除湿空调对室外环境的依赖性,而溶液的沸腾特性的研究对沸腾再生器的设计有重要意义。针对3种常规除湿溶液及一种配方型除湿剂的池内核态沸腾特性展开实验研究。研究发现:3种溶液的沸腾温度均随着浓度的增加而升高;3种溶液的沸腾传热系数均低于水,并随浓度的增加而降低,但是当浓度增大到极限时,溶液中有小颗粒析出,其传热系数却提高。相近传质能力条件下,溴化锂溶液与氯化钙溶液的沸腾换热性能优于氯化锂溶液;在氯化锂溶液中添加一定量的氯化钙溶液能够优化氯化锂溶液的沸腾换热性能。     

CuO-水纳米流体多孔球层池沸腾传热特性

对CuO-水纳米流体在6mm多孔球层内进行池沸腾实验研究。实验使用了40nm的CuO纳米颗粒,加以不同浓度的十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）作为表面活性剂,配成多种不同配比关系的纳米流体。实验结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度与纳米颗粒浓度在0.01%~0.03%（质量分数,下同）之间变化时,两者浓度相近的纳米流体稳定性较好,沸腾传热效果高。其中表面活性剂浓度略高于CuO浓度时,传热效果较好,在SDBS浓度为0.03%、CuO浓度为0.02%时达到最大,为41670W/(m²·K);而纳米颗粒浓度增大时,根据其对纳米流体的稳定性和沉降效应的影响,在不同程度上可增强或削弱沸腾传热。同时对纳米流体的池沸腾进行可视化研究,利用气泡脱离特性对实验结果作了诠释。所得结果可为纳米流体在多孔球层的池沸腾传热特性研究提供有益的研究数据。     

变截面翅片通道内过冷沸腾可视化试验

以水为介质,对三角多孔翅片（TP）和横排锯齿翅片（TDS）两种变截面翅片通道的过冷沸腾进行了可视化试验。研究了体积流量、过冷度与热通量对过冷沸腾起始位置的影响,通过观察变截面翅片流道内单个气泡形成、生长与合并或脱离的过程,对比分析两种变截面翅片对流沸腾传热强化机理。试验结果表明：TDS翅片通道内气泡从出现到消失的平均周期约为TP翅片的一半;过冷沸腾起始位置随着体积流量的增大,逐渐向流道出口处移动;而随着热通量的增大和过冷度的减小逐渐靠近流道入口处;过冷度对过冷沸腾起始位置的影响比热通量对其的影响更大。     

朝下沟槽结构表面池沸腾换热

核电站熔融物堆内滞留技术是一项关键的严重事故应对策略,该策略已被核电站广泛采用。为增强核电站压力容器下封头外表面的沸腾换热能力,实验研究了常压下朝下沟槽结构表面的池沸腾换热,测量了倾角5°、30°、45°、60°和90°下热通量随壁面过热度的变化,获得了相应倾角下的临界热通量（CHF）。与光表面相比,朝下沟槽结构表面的CHF可提高65%～90%。实验观察发现,在高热通量下朝下沟槽结构表面气泡运动形态存在蒸汽膜和波浪蒸汽层两种结构。分析表明,沸腾换热显著增强、临界热通量大幅提高的原因是沟槽结构大幅增加了换热面积同时还明显改善了表面的润湿性。     

乙烷池内核态沸腾气泡脱离直径

针对0.15、0.2、0.3 MPa 3个压力进行乙烷池内核态沸腾可视化实验研究,实验测量的热通量范围是14.27～81.22 kW·m^-2。高速摄像机采集得到竖直铜棒的光滑上表面的乙烷气泡的脱离图像,利用图像处理软件获得气泡脱离直径,并分析了Jacob数（Ja）与气泡脱离直径的变化关系。实验所测直径与引用广泛的6个关联式进行比较,Kim和Kim（2006）模型的预测效果较好,绝对平均偏差均在30%以内,但在0.15 MPa工况下,50%的预测值偏差为30%～40%。Kim和Kim（2006）模型提出Bo^1/2和Ja呈幂函数的关系。在对比基础上,用乙烷的气泡脱离直径数据拟合得到的新关联式与实验数据偏差在±30%以内。另外,选取文献中甲烷的气泡脱离直径与新关联式进行对比,在4种压力下的预测值偏差几乎均在±30%以内（只有一个预测值在±30%以外）。新关联式对甲烷和乙烷的工况具有良好的预测效果,但是由于拟合数据所用的Ja较小,在使用范围上具有一定的局限性。     

全氟烷基表面活性剂强化池沸腾换热

针对不同浓度的全氟烷基碘化物（Le-134）水溶液进行了核态池沸腾换热实验研究。首先对Le-134的界面吸附特性及在紫铜表面的润湿性进行了研究。结果表明,其静态表面张力随浓度增大而减小,动态表面张力下降速度随浓度增加而加快,在超过临界胶束浓度（critical micelle concentration,CMC）的较高浓度下（≥40mg/L）,10s以内溶液表面张力即降低到20mN/m以下。Le-134水溶液在紫铜表面接触角随浓度增加而减小,在300mg/L时接触角仅为21°,具有良好的润湿性。沸腾过程与去离子水相比,Le-134水溶液产生的汽泡数量明显增多,汽泡尺寸减小,汽泡合并现象减少。结果表明,Le-134的添加可以有效强化池沸腾换热,同热流密度下随浓度增大强化效果越显著;同浓度下,随热流密度增大强化效果有所减弱。在10W/cm²下,300mg/L的Le-134相对去离子水工况强化效果最明显,沸腾表面过热度减少49.3%,沸腾换热系数增加109.1%。     

Experimental study of the role of the Weber and capillary numbers on Mesler entrainment

Mesler entrainment is the formation of a very large number of very small bubbles by a relatively low velocity drop impacting a liquid surface. The role of the Weber number in Mesler entrainment has received significant attention. However, the effect of the capillary number, which quantifies the relative importance of viscous and surface tension forces, has not been explored. This is due primarily to the fact that virtually all Mesler entrainment research has used a single liquid, water, as the working fluid. This, combined with certain experimental restrictions, makes difficult an independent variation of the Weber and capillary numbers. To address this problem, Mesler entrainment was investigated using two silicone oils, having kinematic viscosities of 0.65 cSt and 10.0 cSt, respectively, revealing the effect of the capillary number on Mesler entrainment, a result which has not been obtained heretofore. The silicone oils give extremely repeatable results when compared to water. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

梯度金属泡沫池沸腾过程中气泡脱离特性

利用实验手段对梯度金属泡沫池沸腾过程中气泡脱离行为特性进行了探究。实验工质为去离子水、浓度分别为400 mg·L^-1和800 mg·L^-1的正庚醇溶液。梯度金属泡沫材质为铜和镍,铜泡沫层和镍泡沫层厚度均为4 mm,孔密度分别为40 PPI和10 PPI。实验结果表明：添加正庚醇会使池沸腾气泡脱离直径变小,数目减少,但其浓度变化影响不明显;在热通量6.6×10⁴ W·m^-2沸腾时,观察到气泡脱离金属泡沫骨架阻碍两种常见运动形式：气泡破裂和整体滑移;当热通量增加到1.0×10⁵ W·m^-2时,相邻的两个气泡在梯度金属泡沫内合并成一个大气泡脱离金属泡沫。     

CaCO3 fouling on microscale–nanoscale hydrophobic titania–fluoroalkylsilane films in pool boiling

Micrometer–nanometer hydrophobic titania–fluoroalkylsilane composite coatings were prepared on substrates based on liquid‐phase deposition. Coatings and crystallization forms were characterized with instruments of surface analyses. Experimental facilities of pool boiling were established to evaluate heat and mass transfer on coated surfaces in deionized water and saturated calcium carbonate solution. Obvious pool boiling enhancement was observed on thinner microscale–nanoscale hydrophobic titania–fluoroalkylsilane composite films at higher heat fluxes compared to that on thicker titania–fluoroalkylsilane coatings or on titania coatings and stainless steel surfaces. Lower fouling resistance was obtained on titania–fluoroalkylsilane coatings in pool boiling of saturated calcium carbonate solution and crystal form was aragonite, which was different from calcite on titania coatings. Results of inhibition of fouling and enhancement of heat transfer on titania–fluoroalkylsilane coatings were contributed to special surface microscale–nanoscale structure and material wettability. Asymptotic model was used to fit experimental data of fouling resistance, and reasonable agreement was obtained. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2662–2678, 2013     

池沸腾孤立气泡生长过程中微液层蒸发影响的实验和模拟耦合分析

微液层蒸发是沸腾过程中重要的换热机理。本文旨在通过单个气泡池沸腾实验中测得的气泡动态参数探究孤立气泡生长过程中加热表面的换热机理。首先通过沸腾池和加热表面的严格设计实现了单个气泡沸腾。进一步通过对孤立气泡生长时序图像的处理,得到了气泡在一个生长周期内气泡直径、纵横比以及气泡根部基圆半径的变化。对比发现,气泡生长速率与气泡根部基圆半径随时间的变化呈现显著正相关,而与大液层区域的变化相关程度较低,这表明微液层蒸发直接影响气泡体积变化,在孤立气泡沸腾过程中起主导作用。在此基础上进一步建立了加热表面换热过程的数值模型,基于实验中测得的气泡动态参数对气泡底层的微液层厚度进行了预测;通过多次迭代计算并匹配气泡生长速率和加热棒的温度发现,当表面过热度为4.82 K时,气泡底层微液层厚度约为3.43 μm,与相关文献中的微液层厚度测量值基本一致,进一步证实了微液层蒸发在孤立气泡沸腾换热过程中的重要性。本研究揭示了孤立气泡池沸腾过程中近壁面处的换热机制,为进一步的孤立气泡沸腾传热过程数值模拟奠定了理论基础。     

氧化石墨烯表面的饱和池沸腾强化传热实验

利用氧化石墨烯（GO）纳米片沸腾自组装法（self-assembly）制备出GO纳米表面,以蒸馏水为液体工质,对常压下GO纳米表面和光滑铜平面的饱和池沸腾换热特性进行了对比实验研究,并用高速摄像机拍摄了汽泡的动态行为。结果表明,GO纳米表面降低了换热壁面的过热度,其临界热流密度（CHF）和换热系数（HTC）分别达到了208W/cm²和7.25W/(cm²?K),较光滑铜平面分别提高了66.4%和86.9%。分析认为,是铜基底表面沉积的润湿性优异的高导热二维GO层状结构促使了CHF提高。汽泡可视化观察发现,相比于光滑铜平面,较低热流密度时,相同热流下GO纳米表面上汽泡脱离直径较小,脱离频率较高,汽化核心增多;较高热流密度时,光滑铜平面汽泡合并现象更严重,即GO纳米表面能延缓导致CHF产生的表面蒸汽膜的出现。     

梯形微槽道表面池沸腾换热性能研究

池沸腾换热表面的结构对其沸腾换热性能具有重要影响。为了进一步强化在较低表面过热度时池沸腾换热的性能,提出了新型梯形微槽道池沸腾换热表面,采用可视化实验方法研究了饱和温度下去离子水在该表面的池沸腾换热性能。结果表明：与光滑平面相比,梯形微槽道表面可以降低起始沸腾表面过热度;在相同表面过热度时,随着下底长度的增大、下底角角度的减小,梯形微槽道表面的热通量增加,换热能力增强。下底长度为1.2 mm、下底角度为45°的梯形微槽道表面具有最低的起始沸腾表面过热度（1.4 K）;在表面过热度为8.3 K时,其热通量能达到1.2×10⁶ W·m^-2,为相同表面过热度时光滑表面的24.0倍。较大的下底长度和较小的下底角角度有利于增强梯形微槽道表面的池沸腾换热性能。     

Experimental investigation of transition process from nucleate boiling to microbubble emission boiling under transient heating modes

This study investigated the transition from nucleate boiling to microbubble emission boiling (MEB) on a small heating surface under transient heating modes. During the short unstable boiling process after critical heat flux with a rapid increase in wall temperature, capillary waves were observed over the vapor film at subcooling of 30–40 K. The visualization results in this process demonstrated that the partial collapse of vapor film induced strong jet toward the heating surface and therefore avoided complete dryout thereon. This mechanism certainly plays an important role in the transition to stable MEB. Further comparison between the wall temperature and boiling states indicates that the wall temperature at onset point of stable MEB is determined by the predominance of MEB mode over film boiling in the transition process. Effects of liquid subcooling and surface oxidation on the transition process were also investigated at the same time.     

直接接触式沸腾换热过程气泡混合均匀度评价

针对直接接触式沸腾换热过程中气泡群扰动的多相流体混合性能评价问题,提出一种基于图像处理技术与像素偏差理论量化混合复杂流体流型均匀性的精确检测与度量新方法。通过气泡群RGB图像的灰度矩阵进行偏差计算,精确地定量描绘了直接接触式换热过程中的气-液混合状态,其值大小反映了气泡群的分布状况,而不同工况下混合均匀时间的差异反映了不同多相体系的均匀性差异;对偏差序列进行正态性检验,发现其近似符合正态分布;运用混沌检测方法对序列进行混沌特征分析,发现整个混合过程是混沌的。通过一个简单的指标实现了复杂条件下气泡群的量化和表征,为多相流流型识别提供了新的分析思路并指导换热过程的混沌强化。     

Experiments and modeling of bubbles colliding head-on in water

Experiments and modeling of head-on collision of a pair of bubbles driven by buoyancy in quiescent water are presented. The experiments showed that two bubbles after contacting for a few milliseconds may coalesce or bounce back depending on the collision velocity. As theoretical comparisons, the influence of velocity boundary conditions on the liquid film drainage and the characteristics of two film drainage models with the assumptions of “partially” and fully mobile interfaces under variable-velocity approach condition are studied. The “partially” mobile model is found to be easier to predict rebound case and longer drainage time, and could not obtain the drainage process where the film is thinned to the thickness below 10⁻⁷ m at both low and relatively high Re. As a whole, the fully mobile model with variable-velocity approach shows more reasonable prediction results for the coalescence and rebound of bubbles in the ultrapure water.     

蒸发温度对水平正反齿压花齿型肋管池沸腾换热的影响

随着节能减排的大力推广,管外沸腾强化传热技术得到了广泛的研究和发展。设计建立了水平双侧强化管管外沸腾试验系统,以R134a为循环工质试验研究了不同热通量工况下,蒸发温度对正反齿压花齿型三维肋管池沸腾换热特性影响,并结合试验结果分析探讨了其理论描述方法。结果表明:蒸发传热系数随蒸发温度变化趋势线的斜率随热通量呈现非线性变化;在同一蒸发温度下,管表面传热系数均随热通量单调递增,但增长率随热通量增加而逐步降低;回归分析获得不同热通量下蒸发温度对正反齿压花齿型蒸发管表面传热系数影响的统一表达式;等热通量工况强化传热因子在热通量超过10kW·m^-2后升至2以上,在热通量接近20kW·m^-2时达到极大值2.588,但在热通量接近5kW·m^-2时接近1;蒸发温度及其与热通量合同对正反齿压花齿型蒸发管表面传热系数的作用机理与理论描述方法有待进一步深入研究。     

表面活性剂对水过冷池沸腾特性影响实验研究

以Tween20、Span20及两者复配物为表面活性剂,实验研究了其对水过冷池沸腾传热特性影响。基于实验结果与表面张力、接触角、临界胶束浓度等基础物性分析发现,单一表面活性剂对沸腾传热的影响由其添加种类、浓度及热通量共同决定。一方面,不同于饱和沸腾情形,过冷状态下Tween20能够有效降低沸腾起始点温度与壁面过热度,但其沸腾强化效果在高热通量下减弱;另一方面,Span20只在低浓度下表现出强化效果,其浓度增大将引起壁面过热度大幅攀升。此外,尽管Tween20与Span20都具有强化沸腾传热的潜力,但两者复配表面活性剂在实验研究浓度范围内均恶化了沸腾传热过程。研究结果可为传热强化复合工质过冷池沸腾传热特性分析提供基础依据,并为其配制提供指导。     

电场强化乙醚自然对流和池沸腾换热

外加电场强化传热是将电场及其理论引入传热学领域,利用电场力与流场和温度场的相互作用而达到强化传热的一种有效方法．     

Forced convection boiling in a stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor

Boiling of a pure fluid inside the rotor–stator cavities of a stator–rotor–stator spinning disc reactor (srs‐SDR) is studied, as a function of rotational velocity ω, average temperature driving force and mass flow rate . The average boiling heat transfer coefficient h_b increases a factor 3 by increasing ω up to 105 rad s^?1, independently of and . The performance of the srs‐SDR, in terms of h_b vs. specific energy input ?, is similar to tubular boiling, where pressure drop provides the energy input. The srs‐SDR enables operation at Wm , yielding values of h_b not practically obtainable in passive evaporators, due to prohibitively high pressure drops required. Since h_b is increased independently of the superficial vapor velocity, h_b is not a function of and the local vapor fraction. Therefore, the srs‐SDR enables a higher degree of control and flexibility of the boiling process, compared to passive flow boiling. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3763–3773, 2016