The Influence of a Small Boron Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti‐6Al‐4V Fabricated by Metal Injection Moulding

The effect of boron additions on the sintering behavior, microstructural development, and mechanical properties of a Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy fabricated by metal injection moulding (MIM) was studied. The addition of boron promotes a significant refinement of the microstructure by changing the microstructure from the typical lamellar to a more equiaxed morphology. The presence of both features: α colonies and α grains were confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) experiments. Furthermore, the pinning effect of TiB particles on grain boundary motion enhances the densification process due to the fact that the separation of pores and grain boundaries is suppressed. As a result of the refinement of the microstructure achieved by adding 0.5 wt% boron to the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy, excellent tensile (σ_0.2 = 787 MPa, UTS = 902 MPa and ε = 12%) and fatigue (endurance limit = 640 MPa) properties were obtained.     

焊后热处理对Ti17线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

目的 获得双态组织Ti17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头合适的焊后热处理(PWHT)工艺,以满足该合金在航空发动机整体叶盘线性摩擦焊工程中的应用要求.方法 选用3种热处理温度(600,620,640℃)对接头进行PWHT,利用光镜(OM)及扫描电镜(SEM)观察分析接头微观组织,利用拉伸试验机及显微硬度计测试分析接头力学性能.结...     

热处理制度对TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

本工作针对航空发动机整体叶盘常用材料TC17钛合金进行线性摩擦焊试验研究,主要通过OM、SEM、显微硬度和常温拉伸试验方法对不同热处理状态下接头组织的形貌和力学性能进行分析.研究发现,由于焊接过程中复杂的热力耦合作用,接头组织形成了典型的焊缝区、热机影响区和热影响区,且焊接接头性能显著降低;而经过焊后热处理,由于亚稳定β相和亚稳定α相分解,析出弥散分布的针状α相使接头性能大幅提高,常温拉伸都断于母材处;并且弥散分布的针状α相的强化效果与热处理温度密切相关,通过合理热处理制度可以实现TC17线性摩擦焊接头强度和塑性的合理匹配,提高接头的综合性能.     

Influences of Friction Stir Welding and Post‐Weld Heat Treatment on Al–Cu–Li Alloy

In this paper, the influences of friction stir welding (FSW) and post‐weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructures and tensile properties of Al–Cu–Li alloy are investigated. After FSW, strengthen loss occurred in the welding area. Remarkable softening occurs in the thermo‐mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) resulting from dissolution of Al₃Li (δ′) phases. Recrystallization and precipitation of ultra‐fine δ′ phases take place in the nugget zone (NZ) that lightens the softening degree of this zone. A noteworthy enhancement in the hardness and tensile strength of the joint is achieved after T8 re­aging treatment (3% ? pre‐deformation, 30 h at 152 °C). However, re‐solution treatment coupled with re‐aging treatment leads to ductility deterioration in the joint because coplanar slip of coarse Al₃Li phases induces severe stress concentration during plastic deformation.

     

焊后热处理对7A04铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊接接头组织性能的影响

对7A04铝合金板进行水下搅拌摩擦焊接(Submerged Friction Stir Welding,SFSW),并对焊接接头进行焊后热处理(Post Weld Heat Treatments,PWHT),研究焊后热处理对接头组织性能的影响。结果表明:焊后热处理接头呈现出弥散分布的细小析出相形貌,明显优于SFSW接头呈现出的少量析出相分散分布的特征。与SFSW接头相比,焊后热处理明显改善接头的力学性能。接头焊核区的平均硬度值提高了39.7HV,抗拉强度提高了67MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的96.1%,接头的应变硬化能力增强,拉伸断口呈现微孔聚合和解理混合断裂特征。     

异种金属摩擦焊接头焊后热处理工艺的确定

通过分析NiCr20TiAl与4Cr9Si2摩擦焊的焊接性,对接头焊后热处理制度进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,立即油冷和650℃/45min回火可改善接头的强韧性能,使弯曲角达到67°以上,弯曲载荷达到139kN以上。     

焊后热处理对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理,研究了不同热处理温度对异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊缝区在TC17侧形成亚稳定β相,在高氧TC4侧形成针状马氏体相.经过热处理后,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,并且残余α相在保温过程中发生分解,随着热处理温度的升高,析出相逐渐长大.接头焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度在热处理后显著增加.裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)试验结果表明:接头断裂韧性薄弱区域在焊缝区及TC17侧热力影响区,热处理温度的升高可以明显提高接头薄弱区域的断裂韧性.     

焊后热处理工艺对TD3合金钨极氩弧焊接头显微结构与力学性能影响

用高Nb的Ti-Al-Nb基合金作填充金属钨极氩弧焊TD3合金,探讨了焊后时效处理和焊后固溶 时效处理状态下母材及其接头显微结构和力学性能特点.结果表明:接头进行焊后固溶 时效处理相对较合理,热影响区、焊缝区分别为其室温、高温力学性能的薄弱区域;与焊后时效处理相比,焊后固溶 时效处理状态下母材力学性能较低,这主要归因于热处理过程中片状相粗化.     

Microstructure and superplasticity of laser welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy

In this paper laser beam welding (LBW) was used to join Ti–6Al–4V alloy as a pre-forming operation before superplastic deformation (SPF) process. Superplastic deformation behavior of laser welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy was investigated. The results indicated that the welded Ti–6Al–4V alloy had good superplasticity when deformed at temperature range of 870–920 °C and strain rate range of 10⁻³–10⁻² s⁻¹, and the elongation was 233–397%. The microstructure observation indicated that dynamic recrystallization happened in the weld bead, and the acicular structure of weld bead was transforming into equiaxed grains during tensile process.     

Prediction of short fatigue crack growth of Ti‐6Al‐4V

It is observed that the short fatigue cracks grow faster than long fatigue cracks at the same nominal driving force and even grow at stress intensity factor range below the threshold value for long cracks in titanium alloy materials. The anomalous behaviours of short cracks have a great influence on the accurate fatigue life prediction of submersible pressure hulls. Based on the unified fatigue life prediction method developed in the authors' group, a modified model for short crack propagation is proposed in this paper. The elastic–plastic behaviour of short cracks in the vicinity of crack tips is considered in the modified model. The model shows that the rate of crack propagation for very short cracks is determined by the range of cyclic stress rather than the range of the stress intensity factor controlling the long crack propagation and the threshold stress intensity factor range of short fatigue cracks is a function of crack length. The proposed model is used to calculate short crack propagation rate of different titanium alloys. The short crack propagation rates of Ti‐6Al‐4V and its corresponding fatigue lives are predicted under different stress ratios and different stress levels. The model is validated by comparing model prediction results with the experimental data.     

Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Mg/Mg‐ and Mg/Al‐Joints

In a mobile world weight reduction is a predominant target of innovative products. In this context appropriate joining techniques are necessary for the integration of lightweight metals in complex mechanical components. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a newly established well suited process to realize high‐quality lightweight metal joints in solid state. In a research project of WKK the friction stir weldability of similar joints using die casted AZ91‐Mg‐alloy and MRI‐Mg‐alloys was investigated. Additionally the joining of hybrid joints between AZ91 and AA5454 aluminum alloy was performed. To describe and optimize the FSW‐process the welding temperatures and welding forces were recorded online during the process. The investigations of the monotonic properties of AZ91/AZ91‐joints and MRI/MRI‐joints yielded in tensile strength values at the level of the parent materials. For dissimilar joints an extreme increase of the nugget hardness was measured. By SEM investigations and EDX element mappings it could be proved that this is caused by intermetallic phases positioned as thin interlayers in the contact area between the Mg‐ and the Al‐alloy. As a consequence, in hybrid joints failures occur predominantly along these interlayers. Finally, for similar and dissimilar welds corrosion experiments in 5 mass% NaCl solution were carried out. The investigations showed that the nugget area was more susceptible to corrosion then the base material. To understand the corrosion behavior the affected areas were analyzed using SEM and EDX.     

Superplastic Property of the Ti–6Al–4V Alloy with Ultrafine‐Grained Heterogeneous Microstructure

Ti–6Al–4V alloy having a heterogeneous microstructure composed of ultrafine‐equiaxed‐α‐grains and fine‐lamellar‐α‐grains is investigated for microstructural changes during superplastic deformation at temperature of 700 °C. The Ti–6Al–4V alloy having an optimum fraction of fine‐lamellar‐α‐grains exhibits an excellent superplastic property and the highest elongation of 583% (tested at 700 °C 10^?3 s^?1). This is mainly due to the optimized activation of grain‐boundary‐sliding and additional accommodation mechanism associated with frequent occurrences of dynamic recrystallization and β precipitation at boundaries during deformation of the heterogeneous starting microstructure. The present result suggests the possibility that optimizing the starting microstructure so as to have an optimum heterogeneous‐microstructure serves as an additional stress accommodation mechanism and leads to a large superplastic elongation.

     

Diffusion bonding between Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy and interstitial free steel

This work deals with diffusion bonded joints between Ti–6Al–4V alloy and interstitial free (IF) steel at different temperatures under a pressure of 5 MPa for 30 min. The effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint interface was investigated using optic microscopy, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and shear strength measurements. The intermetallic phases such as FeTi and Fe₂Ti occurred at the interface of bonded specimens. In addition, it was seen that shear strength of bonded specimens decreased with increasing temperature due to growing intermetallics.     

粉末高温合金FGH96线性摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能

利用自制的XMH-160型线性摩擦焊机进行了FGH96高温合金的初步焊接实验,分析了接头组织特征,并测试了接头拉伸性能和显微硬度。结果表明:FGH96合金接头焊缝区为细晶区,热力影响区则粗、细晶共存,粗晶主要位于近焊区;接头的抗拉强度接近母材,而韧性较差;显微硬度从焊缝到母材呈现为高低高的变化趋势,热力影响区中部为最低值。除与晶粒尺寸有关外,接头力学性能还与不同区域的强化相含量与分布及晶格畸变程度等因素有关。对于FGH96线性摩擦焊接头,一方面需通过改进焊接工艺来消除焊接界面的孔洞缺陷,另一方面需通过焊后热处理来改善接头的组织及力学性能。