惯性串联系统的自抗扰控制

针对非线性不确定惯性串联系统的控制问题,提出了惯性串联型扩张状态观测器（Extended state observer,ESO）,使其可直接对惯性串联系统的扩张状态进行估计,同时把被控对象的极点配置到期望位置,在此基础上提出了适合惯性串联系统的自抗扰控制（Active disturbance rejection control,ADRC）方法,该惯性串联型ADRC方法可以充分利用被控对象的已有知识.论文还给出了惯性串联型ADRC和基于扰动观测器（Disturbance observer,DOB）的控制方法之间的联系,指出它们具有相同的三自由度（three-degree of freedom control,3-DOF）控制系统结构和模块功能,都能实现对系统期望模型以外的总扰动进行估计和补偿.仿真结果表明,所提出的方法是有效的,惯性串联型ESO能实现系统总扰动的估计,惯性串联型ADRC能使系统输出能很好地跟踪系统参考输入.     

无人直升机航向自抗扰控制

针对无人直升机系统航向通道扰动大等问题,本文设计了一种自抗扰控制算法来实现其高性能控制.首先分析了航向通道的动态模型,并通过数学变换,将其转化为一类二阶系统;在此基础上,本文设计了适用于无人机航向通道的自抗扰控制策略,它由跟踪微分器、扩展状态观测器、控制器3个环节构成.本文对所设计的自抗扰控制策略进行了仿真和实验测试,并与常见的串级控制方法进行了对比分析.仿真与实验结果表明:这种自抗扰控制策略具有对扰动抑制能力强、控制精度高等优点,其控制性能明显优于常规的串级比例–积分–微分控制方法.     

Dual closed‐loop tracking control for wheeled mobile robots via active disturbance rejection control and model predictive control

A dual closed‐loop tracking control is proposed for a wheeled mobile robot based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) and model predictive control (MPC). In the inner loop system, the ADRC scheme with an extended state observer (ESO) is proposed to estimate and compensate external disturbances. In the outer loop system, the MPC strategy is developed to generate a desired velocity for the inner loop dynamic system subject to a diamond‐shaped input constraint. Both effectiveness and stability analysis are given for the ESO and the dual closed‐loop system, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate the performances of the proposed control scheme.     

核电站蒸汽发生器水位控制系统的仿真研究

研究核电站蒸发器水位控制优化问题,由于蒸汽发生器是核电站中最重要设备之一,水位控制对核电站的安全运行起着决定性的作用,并要求系统稳定运行,快速响应。针对蒸汽发生器是一个高度复杂、非线性、时变的系统,传统的串级PID控制等控制方法难以取得满意的控制效果,把自抗扰控制方法引入蒸汽发生器水位的串级控制系统中,解决传统PID快速性和超调的矛盾,且能够动态补偿对象模型的内扰和外扰。另外,自抗扰控制器的参数较多且参数难以整定,采用混沌搜索的粒子群混合优化算法来对优化选择参数进行仿真。仿真结果表明,改进方法的鲁棒性和控制品质优于传统的串级PID控制方法,方法的可行性和有效性。     

板宽板厚多变量系统的自抗扰控制

针对精轧板宽板厚多变量系统具有强耦合、不确定性、大时滞、干扰因素多、非线性等特点,应用ADRC静态解耦和ESO动态解耦技术,给出了一种全新的多变量ADRC设计及实现方案。解耦后各通道的ADRC可分别按常规的单变量时滞系统来设计。为满足快速性要求,各通道的ADRC改由ESO、NF两部分组成,而且这两部分没有采用常规的非线性函数,而是改用线性函数。改进后的ADRC由Simulink编程实现。仿真结果表明这种方法的有效性。     

实用自抗扰控制在大时滞厚度自动监控系统中的应用

针对热连轧监控AGC(自动厚度控制)大时滞系统具有不确定和干扰因素多等特点, 采用线性降阶模型及参数优化设计, 提出一种实用自抗扰控制(ADRC)控制方案, 以满足简单、实用、好调、节能等工业界的要求. 通过对被控对象和状态观测器的降阶, 使得系统总扰动(内部不确定性、外部扰动) 的实时估计由一个仅为一阶的扩张状态观测器就可实现. 为了把所设计的实用ADRC与常规ADRC、常规Smith预估器和PID控制器进行公平比较, 各控制器的最佳参数均采用变尺度混沌优化方法得到. 仿真结果表明, 两种ADRC的抗扰性和鲁棒性优于常规的Smith预估器和PID控制器. 与常规ADRC相比, 实用ADRC的可调参数大大减少, 能耗指标也明显降低, 为下一步的工程实现提供了途径.     

Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems With Sporadic Measurements

This paper deals with the problem of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) design for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with sporadic measurements. A novel extended state observer (ESO) is designed in a cascade form consisting of a continuous time estimator, a continuous observation error predictor, and a reset compensator. The proposed ESO estimates not only the system state but also the total uncertainty, which may include the effects of the external perturbation, the parametric uncertainty, and the unknown nonlinear dynamics. Such a reset compensator, whose state is reset to zero whenever a new measurement arrives, is used to calibrate the predictor. Due to the cascade structure, the resulting error dynamics system is presented in a non-hybrid form, and accordingly, analyzed in a general sampled-data system framework. Based on the output of the ESO, a continuous ADRC law is then developed. The convergence of the resulting closed-loop system is proved under given conditions. Two numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.      

板宽板厚多变量系统的自抗扰控制及混沌优化

针对热连轧板宽板厚双输入双输出大时滞系统的复杂性．给出了简化的数学模型．并针对该模型设计了与静态解耦补偿器串联的多变量自抗扰控制（ADRC）系统．为获得ADRC最佳参数,引入了具有全局快速搜索能力的．变尺度混沌优化方法．仿真结果表明,ADRC抗扰性和鲁棒性明显优于常规PID.     

结晶器多变量耦合系统的自抗扰控制

主要研究新颖实用非线性自抗扰控制算法,在结晶器多变量耦合系统中的应用.自抗扰控制主要特性是实时估计对象模型摄动和外扰的总和作用量,并在控制信号中补偿掉,实现不确定性强非线性对象的实时动态反馈线性化.结合控制对象,建立了结晶器多变量耦合自抗扰控制系统.数值仿真试验表明自抗扰耦合控制的协调性、自适应跟随性和抗干扰性优于传统的PID解耦控制.     

快速路交通密度的自抗扰控制器设计及不同扰动情况下的性能评价

本文针对快速路主道交通密度的控制问题,提出了一种新的自抗扰匝道调节方法.该方法包括跟踪微分器(TD)、扩展状态观测器(ESO)和非线性输出误差反馈控制律(NLOEF)3个部分.通过微分跟踪环节安排的过渡过程,可有效降低系统的超调;而系统外部不确定性可通过ESO估计,并将估计信息用于NLOEF更新控制信号.本文分别基于宏观MATLAB和微观PARAMICS平台进行了仿真研究,验证了所提出方法抑制不同类型外部扰动的有效性.     

Altitude control for flexible wing unmanned aerial vehicle based on active disturbance rejection control and feedforward compensation

For achieving the accurate trajectory tracking of the flexible wing unmanned aerial vehicle in the complicated missions, especially the vertical component, a feedforward compensation unit–based active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. In ADRC, the internal dynamics and complicated influence of the total disturbance will be estimated and dynamically compensated by extended state observer (ESO). It puts a very high request on the observation ability of ESO with the unpredictable external disturbance, complex internal coupling influence, and the strong nonlinear characteristic of the proposed system. For this reason, by deeply analyzing the model of this system, the varying attitude influence on the altitude control will be deduced. Then, this influence will be compensated previously by a feedforward compensation unit. Through the previous compensation of the calculable part of the internal dynamics and total disturbance, the burden of ESO can be reduced largely. In this way, it improves the control effect of the ADRC with better observation precision of ESO. After that, based on the hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified completely with the complicated flight missions. The robustness of the control effect and observation ability of ESO are also verified by the Monte Carlo simulation. At last, the results of actual flight experiment prove the advancement and practicability of the proposed ADRC method.     

Tuning of Active Disturbance Rejection Control with application to power plant furnace regulation

Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is emerging as a promising solution in dealing with the unmeasurable disturbances and unknown uncertainties, which are treated in a lumped manner and augmented as an extended state variable. Subsequently, an extended state observer (ESO) is designed to estimate and cancel the combined uncertain term in real time, modifying the uncertain plant to behave like a nominal model consisting of integrators. In the original ADRC formulation, the plant model is assumed to be of delay-free and its order is assumed to be equal to that of the real plant. However, a low-order ADRC is preferred and received a wide acceptance in practice because of its simplicity. Currently, the feasibility of such practice is not clearly revealed as well as its potential dangers. To this end, this paper analyzes the control mechanism from the perspective of the modified plant, which, in turn, would give guidance to parameter tuning. The effect of each parameter on the compensation efficiency and stability conditions of the modified plant is analyzed, based on which a complete tuning procedure for ADRC is developed where the initial settings is derived from the existing PI controller parameters. Finally, the proposed tuning method is experimentally used for a furnace pressure regulation of a 1000MW power plant, validating the feasibility of the low-order ADRC, even in the absence of both dynamic model and the information on the model order.     

高动态离心机系统的自抗扰控制设计

针对传统PID在控制高速精密离心机系统时难以满足其高动态过程的要求,对系统目标过渡过程进行安排并设计了自抗扰控制器.所提出的自抗扰控制器包括3个部分:跟踪微分器、扩张状态观测器和误差反馈控制器.由于离心机在启动和制动阶段,系统状态会经历一个快速变化的过程,所以在离心机系统动态变化阶段采用跟踪微分器对目标函数进行过渡过程安排,防止系统出现过大超调;并且设计了扩张状态观测器对系统未知干扰进行估计和补偿;补偿后采用误差反馈控制器实现离心机系统高动态过程的跟踪控制.最后通过对自抗扰控制进行参数整定,使得系统满足所提出的各项性能指标要求.仿真结果验证了相比于传统PID控制,所提出的自抗扰控制器在超调量,调节时间以及稳态控制精度等性能指标上具有优越性.     

从PID技术到"自抗扰控制"技术

从传统PID的原理出发，分析了它的优缺点。利用非线性机制来开发了一些具有特殊功能的环节：跟踪微分器（TD），扩张状态观测器（ESO），非线性PID（NPID）等，并以此组合出高品质的新型控制器－自抗扰控制器（ADRC），从而形成了新的“自抗扰控制”技术。新型的控制器具有算法简单、参数易于调节的特点。     

航天器姿态自抗扰控制

为抑制航天器自身结构参数变化和内外扰动对姿态控制精度和姿态稳定度的影响, 设计了航天器姿态自抗扰控制器. 自抗扰控制器(ADRC)由跟踪微分器(TD)、扩张状态观测器(ESO)和姿态反馈控制器(AFC)3部分组成.跟踪微分器负责安排姿态指令过渡过程, 并提取其微分信号. 扩张状态观测器(ESO)充分利用姿态敏感器与速率陀螺的量测信息, 可对航天器姿态及内部和外部干扰进行观测. 姿态反馈控制器则在补偿ESO估计的干扰的同时,实现航天器的姿态控制. 与已有研究相比, 扩张状态观测器采用复合量测信息对状态估计进行校正, 性能较好. 而自抗扰控制器只采用一个环路即可实现姿态控制及干扰补偿, 结构简单. 对某航天器姿态控制系统的仿真结果表明,以上自抗扰控制器是可行的.     

Superheated steam temperature control based on modified active disturbance rejection control

Control of superheated steam temperature (SST) is becoming more and more challenging because of unknown disturbances caused by the frequent and extensive load changes and strict control requirements for the efficiency and safety. This is becoming even severe while the intermittent renewables penetration is growing. To this end, the working principle of SST is depicted and the models of SST are identified from the open-loop step response data. Considering the sluggish responses to the disturbances caused by high order dynamics, a modified active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed to enhance the control performance. Stability analysis of modified ADRC is derived theoretically to perfect the theory of modified ADRC. Then a practical tuning procedure is summarized for modified ADRC that can be readily understood by field engineers even though it involves trial and error tests. A simulation example shows that modified ADRC can improve the performance of tracking and disturbance rejection simultaneously while maintain a good robustness. A modified ADRC based cascade control strategy is proposed for the SST control system and the control performance is initially confirmed by a simulation based on the identified models. A field application in a 300 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) power plant demonstrates the advantages of the proposed strategy, which shows the temperature deviation can be significantly reduced in both the small-scale load varying condition and the large-scale load varying condition. The successful application of the proposed SST control system indicates a promising future of modified ADRC in power industry with the increasing demand on integrating more renewables into the power grid.     

双质量弹簧基准问题自抗扰控制研究

本文研究了自抗扰控制(ADRC)方法在双质量弹簧基准问题的应用.传统的自抗扰控制方法倾向于使用高增益控制来抑制扰动和模型不确定性,但是对于双质量弹簧基准问题,高增益在评分中受到较大惩罚,而且对于模型参数变化没有足够的鲁棒性.为解决这一问题,本文对ADRC设计提出了两种改进方案.首先,为了减小控制信号的幅度,将扩张状态观测器(ESO)的一个极点配置在原点.其次,采用阻尼比来调整带宽.结果表明,所提出的ADRC设计可以很好地解决双质量弹簧基准系统的控制问题.     

A hybrid fault prediction method for control systems based on extended state observer and hidden Markov model

Fault diagnosis and prediction for complex control systems rely either on the collection of rich data for training neural networks or on the system models and prior knowledge of faults. These methods are difficult to apply directly in complex integrated systems due to the large uncertainties in practical scenarios. A new fault diagnosis and prediction technique that is based on extended state observer (ESO) and a hidden Markov model (HMM) for control systems is proposed in this paper. Real-time and predictive information that is obtained by ESO of the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is utilized to improve the HMM method for the fault prediction of control systems with large uncertain disturbances. The proposed approach realizes a high recognition rate with a small demand for data, and the dependence on the system model is weak without prior knowledge of faults. Fault prediction of the control system output can be realized without additional sensors. The proposed solution is evaluated in simulations of an asynchronous servo motor control system against the traditional control method and the ADRC control. The results indicate that the proposed method performs well in fault prediction and outperforms the traditional method in terms of control when disturbances and failures occur.     

基于自抗扰控制技术的发电机励磁控制系统

采用合理的发电机励磁控制方案对改善电力系统小扰动及大扰动稳定性有着重要的作用。介绍了自抗扰控制器的原理;分析了传统的PID励磁控制器无法实用的原因;针对其固有的缺陷,提出了一种基于自抗扰控制技术的新型励磁控制策略,并分析了其动态性能较PID控制器优异的原因。仿真结果表明,所提出的励磁控制策略能快速抑制发电机端电压的大幅振荡,有效地改善系统的动态品质,提高系统的稳定水平。