Observability and Controllability Analysis for Micro‐Positioning Stage Described by Sandwich Model with Hysteresis

In this paper, an approach for analyzing the observability and controllability of micro‐positioning stage with piezoelectric actuator described by sandwich model with hysteresis is proposed. As hysteresis inherent in piezoelectric actuator is a non‐smooth nonlinear function with multi‐valued mapping, the positioning system is also a non‐smooth dynamic system. The Prandtl‐Ishlinksii (PI) submodel is employed to describe the characteristic of hysteresis embedded in the sandwich system. A linearization method based on non‐smooth optimization is proposed to derive a generalized linearized state‐space function to approximate the non‐smooth sandwich systems within a bounded region around the equilibrium points the system works at. Then, both observability and controllability matrices are constructed and the methods to analyze the observability as well as the controllability of sandwich system with hysteresis are derived. Finally, a simulation example and an application of the proposed method to a micro‐positioning stage with piezoactuator are presented to validate the proposed method.     

Adaptive Fuzzy PD+ Control for Attitude Maneuver of Rigid Spacecraft

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy PD+ controller is proposed for the attitude maneuver of rigid spacecraft. The novel controller adjusts the gains of the PD+ attitude controller online according to attitude errors and angular velocity errors during the maneuver procedure. Therefore, quick response and avoidance of actuator saturation can be achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, the adaptation mechanism is designed, based on Lyapunov theory, to guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system. To achieve good performance of the closed‐loop system under the constraint of actuator saturation, controller parameter optimization is developed on the basis of a genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that the transient performance and robustness against parametric uncertainty and environmental disturbance of the adaptive fuzzy PD+ controller are better than those of a constant PD+ controller.     

AFM压电陶瓷驱动器类Hammerstein建模与参数辨识

AFM( Atomic Force Microscope,原子力显微镜)中的压电陶瓷驱动器具有率相关迟滞非线性特性,这会影响AFM的扫描和定位精度。针对传统静态迟滞模型不能反映系统率相关动态迟滞特性的缺陷,提出Hammerstein模型以描述压电陶瓷驱动器的静态和动态迟滞特性。利用最小二乘支持向量机结合奇异值分解法对模型中的参数进行辨识。实验结果表明,模型能体现压电陶瓷驱动器的率相关迟滞特性,精度高于传统静态迟滞模型,建模方法对此类系统具有较好的应用价值。     

基于形状记忆合金驱动器的微纳定位系统鲁棒自适应控制

针对基于智能材料驱动器串联驱动的微纳定位系统,本文主要探讨了此类高精定位系统的控制设计策略.其控制设计的主要任务是消除驱动器中未知回滞特性对系统性能所造成的负面影响.本文重点以形状记忆合金驱动器为例,采用基于广义play算子的广义Prandtl-Ishlinskii回滞模型来表征形状记忆合金驱动器中的未知饱和回滞非线性,并在此基础上提出了一种鲁棒自适应控制设计方法来消除前置回滞存在的影响.设计的控制器在保证全局稳定性的基础上能实现理想的跟踪精度,仿真结果验证了控制策略的有效性和正确性.     

Backstepping-based robust-adaptive control of a nonlinear 2-DOF piezoactuator

This paper deals with the control of a two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) piezoelectric actuator for precise positioning and which exhibits strong hysteresis nonlinearity and strong cross-couplings. To tackle the nonlinearity and the cross-couplings, we propose two decoupled models in which they are considered as (fictive) external disturbances which require proper characterization. Then, a backstepping technique is proposed to construct a robust controller that merges sliding-mode and adaptive schemes. Extensive experimental tests are finally carried out to prove the efficiency of the modeling and control technique proposed.     

压电陶瓷驱动器迟滞非线性误差的建模与分析

压电陶瓷驱动器的最大迟滞非线性误差可以超过输出行程的15%,而快刀伺服系统(FTS)要求重复定位精度优于10 nm,相对线性度误差优于0.5%,压电陶瓷驱动器的误差无法满足该精度要求;首先对压电陶瓷迟滞非线性误差进行实验分析,将迟滞非线性误差分为频率无关迟滞现象和频率相关迟滞现象;接着对Bouc-Wen(BW)和Prandtl-Ishlinskii(PI)的频率无关迟滞模型进行修正和对比,确定了采用PI模型描述本文的频率无关迟滞现象,PI模型对频率无关迟滞曲线的辨识精度为0.392%;然后设计基于Hammerstein模型的频率相关迟滞模型,Hammerstein模型对频率相关迟滞曲线的辨识误差相比PI模型时,其均方根值降低了88.068%;提出了压电陶瓷驱动器迟滞非线性误差的建模方法,并分析了其有效性和准确性,给FTS伺服控制提供了一种实用的前馈控制器。     

压电陶瓷执行器的非光滑三明治模型辨识与内模控制

压电陶瓷执行器中含有非光滑、多值映射、频率依赖的非线性迟滞特性,然而在实际应用中,压电器件的输入输出信号无法直接测量,常规方法难以进行有效的辨识和控制.本文采用三明治模型来精确描述实际对象,并提出一种基于退化激励信号的两步辨识法解决三明治迟滞模型的辨识问题.最后,基于已辨识的三明治模型,设计一个内模控制器,解决压电陶瓷执行器的精密轨迹控制问题.实验结果表明所提出的辨识和控制方案取得了令人满意的结果.     

基于混合神经网络的压电陶瓷微位移执行器动态迟滞建模

提出了两个动态神经网络串联的混合神经网络动态迟滞模型,用以逼近压电陶瓷的迟滞特性.混合模型由两个动态RBF神经网络构成,前者形成一个相位超前的动态模型,其特性与压电陶瓷的输出特性类似,但在相位和幅值上有所区别;后者实现相位滞后的变换和幅值的非线性变换,以达到对压电陶瓷实际输出的逼近.仿真和实验表明,所提出的描述动态迟滞特性的动态迟滞模型是有效的.与PI模型相比较,具有较高的模型精度.     

Robust adaptive actuator failure compensation for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems

This paper presents a robust adaptive state feedback control scheme for a class of parametric-strict-feedback nonlinear systems in the presence of time varying actuator failures. The designed adaptive controller compensates a general class of actuator failures without any need for explicit fault detection. The parameters, times, and patterns of the considered failures are completely unknown. The proposed controller is constructed based on a backstepping design method. The global boundedness of all the closed-loop signals is guaranteed and the tracking error is proved to converge to a small neighborhood of the origin. The proposed approach is employed for a two-axis positioning stage system as well as an aircraft wing system. The simulation results show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed robust adaptive actuator failure compensation approach.     

MODELING OF A PIEZO‐ACTUATED POSITIONING STAGE BASED ON A HYSTERESIS OBSERVER

Piezo‐actuated positioning stages contain two parts: a Piezo Electric Actuator (PEA) and a positioning mechanism. The tracking control accuracy of the piezo‐actuated positioning stage is limited due to the hysteretic nonlinearity of the PEA and the friction behavior of the positioning mechanism. This loss in precision restricts the use of the piezo‐actuated stage in an ultra‐high‐precision optical system. This paper presents an inversion‐based approach to reduce the nonlinearity of the PEA by using a proposed hysteresis observer. To reduce the degredation in precision due to the friction behavior of the positioning mechanism, a PI feedback controller with a feed‐forward controller based on a hysteresis observer is proposed to solve tracking problems with modelling uncertainties and external disturbances.     

Neural controller for adaptive movements with unforeseen payloads

A theory and computer simulation of a neural controller that learns to move and position a link carrying an unforeseen payload accurately are presented. The neural controller learns adaptive dynamic control from its own experience. It does not use information about link mass, link length, or direction of gravity, and it uses only indirect uncalibrated information about payload and actuator limits. Its average positioning accuracy across a large range of payloads after learning is 3% of the positioning range. This neural controller can be used as a basis for coordinating any number of sensory inputs with limbs of any number of joints. The feedforward nature of control allows parallel implementation in real time across multiple joints.     

A new anti‐windup strategy for PID controllers with derivative filters

This paper presents a new strategy for suppressing the windup effect caused by actuator saturation in proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controlled systems. In the proposed approach, the windup effect is modeled as an external disturbance imported to the PID controller and an observer‐based auxiliary controller is designed to minimize the difference between the controller output signal and the system input signal in accordance with an H‐infinite optimization criterion. It is shown that the proposed anti‐windup (AW) scheme renders the performance of the controlled system more robust toward the effects of windup than conventional PID AW schemes and provides a better noise rejection capability. In addition, the proposed PID AW scheme is system independent and is an explicit function of the parameters of the original PID controller. As a result, the controller is easily implemented using either digital or analog circuits and facilitates a rapid, on‐line tuning of the controller parameters as required in order to prevent the windup effect. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Reliable guaranteed cost control for linear state delayed systems with adaptive memory state feedback controllers

This paper deals with the problem of reliable guaranteed cost control for linear time‐delay systems via state feedback against actuator faults. Based on indirect adaptive method, the proposed delay‐dependent memory controller with variable gains is established, whose gains are affinely dependent on the online estimations of fault parameters. In the frameworks of linear matrix inequalities, sufficient conditions with less conservativeness than those of the traditional controller with fixed gains are derived such that the closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable and the cost function value is minimized in both normal and faulty cases. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Robust adaptive control of a robotic manipulator including motor dynamics

An adaptive nonlinear control law that incorporates the manipulator dynamics as well as dynamics of the actuator is developed in this article. The proposed adaptive robust tracking controller requires position measurements only. The controller consists of two parts: a linear observer that generates an estimated error from the error on the joint position, together with a linear feedback controller that utilizes the estimated states. The second part is an adaptive controller that utilizes the feedback states from the linear observer to generate a control effort that takes into consideration the dynamic parameters variation of the robot and actuator. The closed loop system is locally stable in the Lyapunov sense. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Finite Time Fractional-order Adaptive Backstepping Fault Tolerant Control of Robotic Manipulator

In this paper, fractional calculus theory is employed to inspect a finite time fault tolerant controller for robotic manipulators in the presence of uncertainties, unknown external load disturbances, and actuator faults, using fractional-order adaptive backstepping approach in order to achieve, fast response and high-precision tracking performance. Knowing the advantages of adaptive controllers an adaptive form of the above controller is then established to deal with the overall uncertainties in the system. The most important property of the proposed controller is that we do not need to have knowledge about the actuator fault, external disturbances and system uncertainties exist in system. In this study two important achievements are made. The first one is that the finite time convergence of closed-loop system is ensured irrespective of initial states values. The second one is that the effects of the actuator faults and other uncertainties are attenuated by the suggested controller. The performance of the suggested controller is then tested for a PUMA560 robot in which the first three joints are used. The simulation results validate the usefulness of the suggested finite-time fractional-order adaptive backstepping fault-tolerant (FOAB-FTC) controller in terms of accuracy of tracking, and convergent speed.

     

Robust decentralized adaptive fuzzy control for a class of large‐scale MIMO nonlinear systems

In this paper, a novel decentralized robust adaptive fuzzy control scheme is proposed for a class of large‐scale multiple‐input multiple‐output uncertain nonlinear systems. By virtue of fuzzy logic systems and the regularized inverse matrix, the decentralized robust indirect adaptive fuzzy controller is developed such that the controller singularity problem is addressed under a united design framework; no a priori knowledge of the bounds on lumped uncertainties are being required. The closed‐loop large‐scale system is proved to be asymptotically stable. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the approach presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive fault‐tolerant control for a nonlinear flexible aircraft wing system

Fault‐tolerant control problems have been extensively studied in all kinds of control systems. However, there is little work on fault‐tolerant control for distributed parameter systems. In this paper, a novel adaptive fault‐tolerant boundary control scheme is proposed for a nonlinear flexible aircraft wing system against actuator faults. The whole system is regarded as a distributed parameter system, and the dynamic model of the flexible wing system is described by a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The proposed controller is designed by using the Lyapunov's direct method and adaptive control strategies. Based on the online estimation of actuator faults, the adaptive controller parameters can update automatically to compensate the actuator faults of the system. Besides, a fault‐tolerant controller is also developed for this system in the presence of external disturbances. Differing from existing works about adaptive fault‐tolerant control, the adaptive controller presented in this paper is designed for a distributed parameter system. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.     

Performance improvement of saturated system using loop shaping approach

Actuator saturation is an important issue when designing practical control systems. It usually induces the windup phenomenon and even yields system instability. In this paper, a two‐stage controller design method is proposed for systems with actuator limitations using the loop shaping approach. In this approach, a pre‐designed controller is first used to stabilize the control system to achieve the desired performance. A loop‐shaping‐based auxiliary controller is then introduced to reduce the windup effect, which might be caused by actuator limitation or functional damage during the mission. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society     

Retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking control design of an unmanned quadrotor helicopter considering actuator dynamics

This paper presents a retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking control (FTTC) design method with application to an unmanned quadrotor helicopter (UQH). The proposed retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking controller is developed to accommodate loss‐of‐effectiveness faults in the actuators of UQH. First, a state feedback tracking controller acting as the normal controller is designed to guarantee the stability and satisfactory performance of UQH in the absence of actuator faults, while actuator dynamics of UQH are also considered in the controller design. Then, a retrofit control mechanism with integration of an adaptive fault estimator and an adaptive fault compensator is devised against the adverse effects of actuator faults. Next, the proposed retrofit FTTC strategy, which is synthesized by the normal controller and an additional reconfigurable fault compensating mechanism, takes over the control of the faulty UQH to asymptotically stabilize the closed‐loop system with an acceptable performance degradation in the presence of actuator faults. Finally, both numerical simulations and practical experiments are conducted in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FTTC methodology on the asymptotic convergence of tracking error for several combinations of loss‐of‐effectiveness faults in actuators.