A bulky phosphite-modified rhodium catalyst for the hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acid esters

A series of hydroformylation experiments was performed with a high-grade and a technical-grade-derived methyl oleate (MO) and a rhodium catalyst modified by the bulky tris(2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)phosphite. In the hydroformylation of pure methyl oleate, relatively high turnover numbers were obtained (400–500 mol/mol/h) under mild conditions (molar ratio MO/Rh=910, 80–100°C and 20 bar; CO/H₂=1:1, solvent toluene), leading to about 95% conversion in 3 h. Fast isomerization occurs under these conditions to produce the trans oleate. Trans oleate reacts more slowly than cis oleate. At temperatures below 50°C, isomerization does not occur. The use of technical-grade methyl oleate, containing 14% 9,12 diene, methyl linoleate (ML), results in lower reaction rates because dienes form stable π-allylic intermediates, which slowly undergo hydroformylation. More severe conditions were applied to obtain higher rates. The rate varied from 50 to 400 mol/mol/h, depending on conditions (molar ratio MO/Rh=910, T=50–120°C, P = 50–80 bar; CO/H₂=1:1–1:6, solvent, toluene). Several isomers of ML were formed during the reaction. Subsequent hydroformylation of these isomers results in a complicated mixture of products. The product mixture consists predominantly of methyl formylstearate, methyl formyloleate, methyl diformylstearate, and some yet unidentified side products. A comparison of the classic triphenylphosphine-modified catalyst and the bulky phosphite-modified catalyst has shown that the latter is several times more active.     

一步法制备丙烯氢甲酰化制丁醛铑膦络合催化剂研究

采用一步法制备铑膦络合催化剂,考察了反应温度、反应时间、铑膦比、还原剂用量、氢源用量等因素对催化剂制备过程铑利用率的影响。在优化的工艺条件下,铑利用率达99%以上。在适宜的评价条件下,丙烯转化率为97.1%,丁醛选择性为98.1%,产物醛正异构比15∶1以上。     

Ab initio energy calculations and macroscopic rate modeling of hydroformylation of higher alkenes by Rh‐based catalyst

Ab initio quantum chemical computations have been done to determine the energetics and reaction pathways of hydroformylation of higher alkenes using a rhodium complex homogeneous catalyst. Calculation of fragments of the potential energy surfaces of the HRh(CO)(PPh₃)₃‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐decene, 1‐dodecene, and styrene were performed by the restricted Hartree‐Fock method at the second‐order MØller‐Plesset (MP2) level of perturbation theory and basis set of 6‐31++G(d,p). Geometrically optimized structures of the intermediates and transition states were identified. Three generalized rate models were developed on the basis of above reaction path analysis as well as experimental findings reported in the literature. The kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the models were estimated by nonlinear least square regression of available literature data. The model based on H₂‐oxidative addition fitted the data best; it predicts the conversion of all the alkenes quite satisfactorily with an average deviation of 7.6% and a maximum deviation of 13%. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Catalytic asymmetric hydroformylation in the presence of compressed carbon dioxide

The asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene using [(CO)₂Rh(acac)]/(R,S)‐BINAPHOS as catalyst precursor occurs smoothly in the presence of compressed CO₂ to give appreciable asymmetric induction (ee = 66% (R)) under conditions close to the critical data of pure CO₂, but very low ees are obtained at high CO₂ densities. The phase behaviour of the reaction medium and the different solubilities of the unmodified and ligand‐modified catalytically active species in the supercritical phase provide a possible rationalisation of the results. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

均相铑膦催化体系下1-癸烯氢甲酰化反应研究

氢甲酰化反应是目前生产醛醇化合物最重要的反应之一,高碳烯烃氢甲酰化工艺改进是研究的难点和热点之一。探索了一种C10烯烃氢甲酰化反应的工艺,以三苯基膦（Ph₃P）和亚磷酸三（2-叔丁基-4-甲氧基苯基）酯（L_A）混合物为配体,与乙酰丙酮二羰基铑原位合成的催化体系催化1-癸烯氢甲酰化反应。系统考察了反应温度、反应压力、铑浓度、膦铑比、无机盐添加剂对反应的影响。结果表明,在n（Ph₃P）/n（L_A）=10、铑质量分数为280 mg/kg,1-癸烯用量（相对于甲苯）为0.3 g/mL,n（膦）/n（铑）=45、反应温度为90 ℃、反应压力为2.0 MPa、n（一氧化碳）/n（氢气）=1条件下反应4 h,1-癸烯转化率为98.1%、醛收率为93.2%、正异比为7.5。研究还发现,在减压蒸馏产物与催化剂分离时,加入无机盐添加剂能够提高催化剂的稳定性,减少铑损失。     

Kinetics of the hydroformylation of soybean oil by ligand-modified homogeneous rhodium catalysis

The kinetics and mechanism of the hydroformylation of soybean oil by homogeneous ligand-modified rhodium catalysts were investigated at 70–130°C and 4000–11,000 kPa. The effects of reaction rates on systematic variations in reaction parameters were evaluated in order to develop an industrial process to convert vegetable oils to polyaldehydes. The activation energies in the presence of triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P) (61.1±0.8 kJ/mol) (mean±SD) and triphenyl phosphite [(PhO)₃P] (77.4±5.0 kJ/mol) were determined. The catalyst was deactivated at temperatures higher than 100°C. An evaluation of the effects of the reaction parameters on initial rates yielded the rate laws for Ph₃P {rate=k [olefin][Rh(CO)₂Acac]^1.1 [Ph₃P]^−0.5 (pH₂+pCO)^1.4, where Rh(CO)₂Acac is (acetylacetonato)dicarbonylrhodium (I)} and (PhO)₃P {rate=[olefin] [Rh(CO)₂Acac]^1.2 [(PhO)₃P]^−0.8 (pH₂+pCO)^0.9 at total pressures lower than 7000 kPa, and rate =[olefin] [Rh(CO)₂Acac]^1.2 [(PhO)₃P]^−0.8(pH₂+pCO)^1.7 at total pressures higher than 7000 kPa}.     

Rhodium catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-octene in microemulsion: comparison with various catalytic systems

In this work, we describe how addition of alkylpolyglycol ether type nonionic surfactant affects the hydroformylation of 1-octene in the presence of phosphine modified rhodium catalyst. Influence of different process parameters such as ligand excess and amount of surfactant on the reaction rate and selectivity were discussed. Direct comparison of microemulsion systems with classic processes was achieved by performing the reactions under comparable homogeneous and biphasic conditions. Thus, the experiments were carried out using catalysts such as unmodified rhodium carbonyl HRh(CO)₄ and HRh(CO)(PPh₃)₃ in homogeneous system, Rh–TPPTS complex in two-phase system and in association with co-solvent.     

丙烯选择性催化还原NO的钯催化剂的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）方法在B3LYP／lanl2dz水平上，选择金属钯（111）晶面上的单个Pd原子作为催化剂活化中心，对丙烯在金属钯上选择性催化还原N0的反应机理进行了理论研究，计算了反应物、过渡态、产物的几何构型和反应势垒，并通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标（IRC）对过渡态加以确认，完整地给出了反应沿极小能量途径的变化过程。结果表明，活化势垒太高，反应很难进行，所以单个钯原子不具有催化活性。     

AMM-InxSi, a microporous catalyst for the oxidative dimerization of propene with air

Amorphous microporous mixed oxides of indium and silicon (AMM-In_xSi) have been prepared by our acid-catalyzed sol-gel method. The materials are amorphous with a narrow pore-size distribution with pore widths around 0.7 nm, a surface area about 500-800 m² g^-1 (BET) and contain homogeneously distributed In-centers in the silicon matrix (XRD, TEM, EXAFS). These materials have been found to be excellent catalysts for the oxidative dimerization of propene with air to 1,5-hexadiene with high selectivity. The best reaction conditions found are gas phase, normal pressure at 550-600°C. Propene conversion has reached 10% with selectivities >80%. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enhanced hydroformylation by carbon dioxide‐expanded media with soluble Rh complexes in nanofiltration membrane reactors

A novel process for continuous hydroformylation in CO₂‐expanded liquids (CXLs) is demonstrated using bulky phosphite ligands that are effectively retained in the stirred reactor by a nanofiltration membrane. The reactor is operated at 50°C with a syngas pressure of 0.6 MPa to avoid CO inhibition of reaction rate and selectivity. The nanofiltration pressure is provided by ～3.2 MPa CO₂ that expands the hydroformylation mixture and increases the H₂/CO ratio in the CXL phase resulting in enhanced turnover frequency (～340 h^?1), aldehydes selectivity (>90%) and high regioselectivity (n/i ～8) at nearly steady operation. The use of pressurized CO₂ also reduces the viscosity in the CXL phase, thereby improving the mass‐transfer properties. Constant permeate flux is maintained during the 50 h run with Rh leakage being less than 0.5 ppm. This technology concept has potential applications in homogeneous catalytic processes to improve resource utilization and catalyst containment for practical viability. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4287–4296, 2013     

Impedance spectroscopic investigation of a Rh/YSZ catalyst under polarization

Electrochemical impedance spectra at 450–600 °C and kPa of a rhodium catalyst interfaced with yttria-stabilized-zirconia (Rh/YSZ) were compared with a model based on the mechanism of electrochemical promotion. In the proposed equivalent electric circuit, existence of an “effective” double layer at the gas-exposed catalyst surface and its potential-controlled modification via diffusion of oxygen ions between the O²⁻ conducting solid electrolyte support (YSZ) and the catalyst are represented by two additional elements: adsorption capacitance and Warburg impedance. Under positive polarization, the adsorption capacitance increases dramatically indicating reinforcement of the “effective” double layer at the catalyst/gas interface, in agreement with the observation known from electrochemical promotion practice that positive polarization of a rhodium electrode leads to rhodium oxide reduction, hence, to dramatic increase in catalytic reaction rate.     

费托合成催化剂失活动力学模型的研究进展

费托合成催化剂由于自身的化学性质在反应中不可避免会发生失活，为了保证生产的连续稳定，需要建立费托合成催化剂失活的动力学模型来预测催化剂的活性变化，并及时对失活的催化剂进行置换和再生。本文论述了费托合成失活动力学模型的研究进展，讨论了通用型失活动力学模型，根据机理建立的失活动力学模型的特点。通用型失活动力学模型与催化剂种类和失活原因没有直接关联，包括线性模型、简单幂律模型、通用幂律模型、韦伯分布模型、S型分布模型。根据机理建立的失活动力学模型则与催化剂种类和失活发生的机理相关，包括硫中毒失活模型、烧结失活模型、表面氧化失活模型等。通用型失活动力学模型准确性好、容易建立，但比较粗略，适用于费托合成的生产管理、过程模拟。根据机理建立的失活动力学模型建立过程复杂，只适用于特定催化剂，但能够从中研究催化剂的失活机理。费托合成失活动力学模型未来的发展趋势是融合两类模型，从失活机理的角度理解通用型失活动力学模型里参数的含义。     

Hydroformylation with rhodium phosphine-modified catalyst in a microemulsion: comparison of organic and aqueous systems for styrene, cyclohexene and 1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene

Use of microemulsion as a reaction media in the hydroformylation of different alkenes, namely styrene, cyclohexene and 1,2-diacetoxy-2-butene have been studied using alkylpolygylcol ether-type nonionic surfactant in the presence of phosphine-modified rhodium catalyst. The combination of the experiments under comparable homogeneous and biphasic conditions were performed in order to make direct comparison of microemulsion with classical systems. Thus, the experiments were also carried out using catalysts such as unmodified rhodium carbonyl H Rh(CO)₄ and H Rh(CO)(PPh₃)₃ in homogeneous system, Rh–TPPTS complex in two-phase system and in association with co-solvent.     

添加剂有机胺对丙烯选择性氧化制丙烯醛催化剂活性的影响

采用共沉淀法制备丙烯选择性氧化制丙烯醛催化剂,考察有机胺的加入对丙烯选择性氧化制丙烯醛催化性能的影响。结果表明,添加有机胺后,催化剂活性在维持不变的情况下,选择性显著提高。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、吡啶吸附红外光谱和N₂物理吸附表征等对不同催化剂的物化性能进行表征。结果发现,添加有机胺后,催化剂比表面积略有下降,但催化剂表面的L酸性中心强度明显增加,对催化剂活性影响不大;另一方面,MoO₃结晶度的下降与(Co_0.7Fe_0.3)(MoO₄)结晶度的上升对催化剂选择性均是积极因素。同时孔容的减小以及大孔比例增加更有利于主反应产物的脱附,能抑制深度氧化物的生成。     

Mobile Phase Effects in Rh/Sulfonated Phosphine/Molten Salts Catalysed the Biphasic Hydroformylation of Heavy Olefins

Rh(acetylacetonate)(CO)₂/sulfonated-Xantphos dissolved in pure 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid catalyses the hydroformylation of heavy olefins (C₈–C₁₂) with selectivities (up to 99% in n-aldehydes). The selectivity is strongly influenced by the nature of the ionic phase and co-solvent.     

Enantioselective hydroformylation of olefins catalyzed by rhodium(I) complexes of chiral phosphine–phosphite ligands

Using Rh(I) complexes of chiral phosphine–phosphites, hydroformylation of such a variety of olefins as aryl–substituted, alkyl–substituted, and heteroatom–substituted ones proceeded in high enantioselectivity. A trigonal bipyramidal RhH(CO)₂(phosphine–phosphite) complex is suggested as the active species, in which the hydride and the phosphite moiety are located at the apical positions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isomerizing hydroformylation of fatty acid esters: Formation of ω‐aldehydes

The isomerizing hydroformylation of fatty acid esters to oleochemicals with an additional ω‐standing aldehyde group can be performed at a relatively low temperature of 115 °C and a synthesis gas pressure of 20 bar. In the case of oleic acid ester, the best yield of linear aldehyde is 26%; in the case of linoleic acid ester, it is 34%. For both fatty compounds, a strong hydrogenation side reaction is observed, which can be explained by a steering effect of the ester group. The ester function of the fatty compounds makes hydroformylation in the surrounding area of this group impossible. Reactions with the model substances ethyl crotonate and ethyl sorbate showed that hydrogenation predominates, leading to the corresponding saturated compounds.     

负载型烯烃氢甲酰化反应催化剂研究进展

因催化剂与产物不易分离的问题,氢甲酰化反应催化剂固载化研究受到广泛关注。本文从分子筛、二氧化硅、碳材料、金属氧化物、磁性纳米粒子、有机聚合物和离子液体这些不同负载材料的角度综述了过去十年来的相关研究结果,并对不同载体的优缺点和发展前景进行了简要分析。固载型催化剂分为3种不同的构建方式：载体与配体连接、载体与金属连接以及载体同时与配体和金属连接。第3种构建方式制备的催化剂更稳定,常在二氧化硅作为载体中使用。第一种构建方式为催化剂制备提供了多样性,在无机物和有机物作为载体中都有广泛使用,其中,含磷的有机聚合物在提供良好催化剂效果的同时,也提高了催化剂的稳定性,对未来的研究方向有一定的指导意义。     

Selective vapor phase hydroformylation of ethylene over cluster-derived cobalt catalyst

Vapor phase hydroformylation of ethylene was studied with silica-supported metal catalysts. A cobalt metal catalyst derived from Co₂(CO)₈ gave propanal and its derivatives in as high selectivity of about 36% as Rh/SiO₂ catalyst under the reaction conditions of 1.1 MPa of a gas-mixture of ArCOC₂H₄H₂ = 1333 at 423–503 K. On the other hand, conventional cobalt catalysts derived from cobalt nitrate, chloride, or acetate, and other noble metal catalysts (Pd/SiO₂ and Ir/SiO₂) produced mainly ethane.     

Copolymerization of propene with phenylnorbornene using ansa‐bridged metallocene catalysts

Propene was copolymerized with phenylnorbornene using methylaluminumoxane (MAO)‐activated metallocene dichlorides exhibiting different symmetry: C₂‐Symmetric rac‐ethylenebis(1‐ indenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 1 ), rac‐ dimethylsilylbis(1‐indenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 2 ), rac‐ethylenebis(1‐indenyl)hafnium dichloride ( 6 ), C_s‐symmetric isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl‐9‐fluorenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 3 ), meso‐ethylenebis(1‐indenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 4 ), and C₁‐symmetric ethylene(1‐ fluorenyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐indenyl)zirconium dichloride ( 5 ) were chosen to evaluate the influence of the symmetry in copolymerization reactions. Experiments were done as batch polymerizations to produce homogeneous copolymers. By this setup, blend formation was avoided. The copolymers were characterized by NMR, GPC, and DSC. Catalysts 1 and 2 were the most active to copolymerize random, amorphous, copolymers with good activity. C_s‐symmetric, 3 , showed decreased activity compared with 1 and 2 and produced a bimodal copolymer. Catalyst 4 showed even lower activity than that of 3 . The activity of the hafnium complex 6 , which produced a semicrystalline polymer with a high molecular weight (116,000 g/mol) was 320 kg/mol. Catalyst 1 produced the highest comonomer content (42%) in the copolymers measured by NMR. The least active catalyst was 5 (phenyl croup in the bridge), producing only 290 kg copolymer per mole of catalyst. All polymers had elevated glass transition temperatures compared to polypropylene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2743–2752, 2002