Energy conservation strategies among American college students

This research compares both attitudes and recycling behaviors in a sample of college males and females (N = 302), a demographic group whose behaviors and willingness to adopt environmentally sound policies will become the dominant force for environmental reform in the USA in approaching decades. Consistent with prior research, women were significantly more likely to support strategies for energy conservation and were much more apt to always recycle. Among males (but not females), frequent recyclers of plastic were more supportive of energy conservation strategies, while for women, the link between attitudes and behavior is weaker, perhaps due to women’s purported community-welfare orientation. In addition, because the strategies that received the most support from both sexes, walking to work or school, and purchasing and cooking with local produce, may reflect the resulting health benefits as much as concern for environmental sustainability, we should consider marketing the link between environmental altruism and personal wellbeing among young populations.     

Energy saving strategies in air-conditioning for museums

In the museum environment a strict thermal-hygrometric control is necessary primarily for the correct artwork conservation and then for the visitor thermal comfort. Considering that the air-conditioning system has to operate constantly, suitable techniques permit to obtain useful energy savings, allowing, however, a good dynamic microclimatic control.In this paper a case study is presented about various strategies used to reduce energy requirements for HVAC systems in an exhibition room of a modern museum. Using the dynamic simulation code DOE 2.2 and typical climatic hourly data sets, the annual energy use for an all-air system has been calculated, as well as the savings obtainable using different techniques, such as dehumidification by adsorption (desiccant wheel – saving equal to 15% with respect to a base configuration), total energy recovery from the relief air (passive desiccant – 15%), outdoor airflow rate variation (demand control ventilation – 45%). Moreover, the correspondence has been analyzed between the energy request and the admitted variation of indoor temperature and relative humidity: changing the admitted indoor RH range from 50 ± 2% to 50 ± 10%, energy savings around 40% have been obtained. As regards the thermal-hygrometric performance, an optimal control of temperature has been guaranteed with all the configurations, while the best performance in RH control has been obtained with the desiccant system.Considering a simple payback analysis, if the artworks preserved in a museum are particularly sensitive to indoor humidity variation, a desiccant system should be properly used; on the contrary, when the indoor humidity control is not strongly needed, the use of a HVAC system with demand control ventilation is advisable, because of the lowest payback value. The system with total energy recovery presents intermediate features.     

Energy saving strategies in an actual confectionery plant

The achievement of a more rational use of energy can be difficult when large and complex industrial plants are considered. In the present work, an example is given of how a well‐focused energy analysis, based on experimental data, can help to point out possible relevant energy savings. In particular, two different refrigeration systems have been examined for a confectionery plant in different seasons, atmospheric and production conditions, allowing us to understand the actual operation. Based on the analysis of the results, energy saving strategies have been proposed and discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy efficient building strategies for school buildings in Oman

In this paper hour-by-hour computer simulations of cooling load for a public building were carried out under local weather conditions using TRNSYS building computer simulation software. Different passive measures to reduce the cooling load were investigated. These include the envelope insulation, space ventilation, shading, glazing, artificial lighting variation, and evaporative cooling of the structure. The results show as high as 43% reductions in peak cooling load can be achieved using a combination of well-established passive cooling techniques and technologies. The significance of these results stems from the fact that they were obtained under local weather conditions, a matter of importance to building architects, designers, contractors, and builders as well as air-conditioning equipment manufacturers. Although this work was undertaken to improve the thermal performance of school buildings the results were extended to cover the summer school vacation months so that they will benefit public buildings as well. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy use and implications for efficiency strategies in global fluid-milk processing industry

The fluid-milk processing industry around the world processes approximately 60% of total raw milk production to create diverse fresh fluid-milk products. This paper reviews energy usage in existing global fluid-milk markets to identify baseline information that allows comparisons of energy performance of individual plants and systems. In this paper, we analyzed energy data compiled through extensive literature reviews on fluid-milk processing across a number of countries and regions. The study has found that the average final energy intensity of individual plants exhibited significant large variations, ranging from 0.2 to 12.6 MJ per kg fluid-milk product across various plants in different countries and regions. In addition, it is observed that while the majority of larger plants tended to exhibit higher energy efficiency, some exceptions existed for smaller plants with higher efficiency. These significant differences have indicated large potential energy-savings opportunities in the sector across many countries. Furthermore, this paper illustrates a positive correlation between implementing energy-monitoring programs and curbing the increasing trend in energy demand per equivalent fluid-milk product over time in the fluid-milk sector, and suggests that developing an energy-benchmarking framework, along with promulgating new policy options should be pursued for improving energy efficiency in global fluid-milk processing industry.     

Leapfrog to the future: Energy scenarios and strategies for Suriname to 2050

This paper formulates energy strategies for Suriname. A conceptual model, identifying relationships in the energy sector, is conceived. One of the striking characteristics is that various relationships inhibit significant uncertainty; our contemporary age is characterized by more complex becoming relations, decreasing predictability and increasing chaos. Simple extrapolation of past events is therefore futile, since deviations from anticipated outcomes have significant impacts.     

Energy research and technology development data collection strategies: The case of Greece

The European Union (EU) from the beginning of 2007 has focused its emphasis on the development of a new policy that puts energy back at the heart of EU action. Indeed, it has very often been stated that the difficulty and complexity of achieving green energy targets in the EU will require strengthened measures to promote implementation of new energy technologies (NET), as well as measures to support the related energy Research and Technology Development (R&TD). Often forgotten is the fact, that most of all, a European-wide co-ordinated forum is needed to continuously develop and sophisticate the monitoring and methodology results, bringing together specialised statisticians, energy researchers and experts on energy socio-economics. Today a nebulous picture prevails on the existence of categorized data with regards to energy Research and Technology Development (R&TD) expenditure. In this context, aim of this paper is the presentation of energy R&TD data collection strategies, as well as the related findings for the Greek energy market.     

Energy savings versus costs of implementation for demand side management strategies within an energy-efficient tropical residence

As renewable energy sources and net-zero energy homes become increasingly pervasive within the residential building industry, further reductions in consumption patterns will occur through demand side management (DSM). DSM can include measures such as energy-efficient system design, automated control and energy management systems, or policies and monitoring systems intended to alter user behavior. For an energy-efficient modern residence designed within a tropical context, several DSM strategies are considered for reductions in operational-phase energy consumption: a lightweight, thermally high-performing building envelope, installation of light dimmers to enhance user control of lighting, and comparison of a solar hot water system versus a point-of-use electric water heater to produce hot water for bathing demands. The energy-consumption savings associated with the three DSM strategies are simulated and normalized to an energy savings per cost of implementation basis in kWh per 1000 Thai Baht (THB) for comparison. The results show that financial investments in low-energy hot water heaters (i.e., solar water heating systems) result in relatively higher energy savings per unit financial investment than the other two strategies. Conversely, the installation of a lightweight, well-insulated envelope is highly expensive relative to its associated energy savings over a 25-year time frame. The savings associated with the insulated envelope, light dimmers, and hot water production strategies are evaluated at 80, 609 and 657 kWh/1000 THB investment, respectively.     

A comparative study of three different sensorless vector control strategies for a Flywheel Energy Storage System

The aim of this paper is to ensure the sensorless control of an inertial storage system associated to an isolated Hybrid Energy Production Unit (HEPU). The Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) is used as energy buffers in order to store or retrieve energy into a stand-alone load. A comparative study of three different techniques based on a sensorless vector-controlled induction motor (IM) driving a flywheel are presented. First, a speed estimation algorithm based on model reference adaptive system (MRAS) theory is proposed. Then, a model reference adaptive speed observers is introduced in this paper with an accurate stability study. This observer strategy is then ameliorated with a new reduced adaptive speed observer. The observer parameters are adapted during flux weakening in order to obtain close tracking of the flywheel speed. The accuracy of the presented models is confirmed by simulation results.     

Influence of secondary source technologies and energy management strategies on Energy Storage System sizing for fuel cell electric vehicles

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have some limitation which make them less competitor to thermal ones and delay their commercialization. The most important problems as the range, the durability and the cost depend directly on the energy storage problematic issues. In this context, this work presents an optimal sizing methodology for an Energy Storage System (ESS) composed by a fuel cell and an assistant source to supply a lightweight vehicle with 700 km driving range. Firstly, a comparative study between single and hybrid source is carried out to show the benefits of hybridization according to the range in terms of weight, cost and fuel consumption. Moreover, in order to improve the hybrid source characteristics, three technologies of the secondary source are tested and evaluated to be chosen for hybridization with fuel cell system purposes. Furthermore, the influence of three Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) on ESS sizing is studied where an optimal strategy provides the most favorable dimensions of the hybrid system. Simulation results give us the best technology needed for hybridization and allow us adopting the optimal management strategy to design the hybrid source. Finally, in order to show the influence of the driving cycles on the ESS design, a comparison study using the New European Driving Cycle “NEDC” and the Assessment and Reliability of Transport Emission Models Inventory Systems (ARTEMIS) confirms that there is a slow influence of the driving cycle on the ESS sizes.     

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 and Executive Order 13149: Proposed compliance strategies and process improvements for federal agencies

Under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct), 75 percent of Light Duty Vehicle acquisitions by federal agencies must be Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs). EPAct's intent was to reduce United States reliance on oil imports, with federal agencies assuming a leadership role in acquiring AFVs and using alternative fuel in those AFVs. Executive Order (E.O.) 13149, issued in 2000, required federal agencies to reduce petroleum consumption 20 percent relative to a 1999 baseline and use alternative fuels the majority of the time in their AFVs by 2005. Most federal agencies met the EPAct 75 percent acquisition requirement in 2004, however, most will not achieve the petroleum reduction and alternative fuel use requirements. Frequently, federal agencies acquire the relatively expensive AFVs and then fuel those vehicles with gasoline. Besides wasting taxpayer dollars, this approach does not meet the intent of EPAct. It was surmised that federal agencies lack an objective, quantitative methodology for AFV acquisitions and Executive Order 13149 compliance. Several types of optimization models were constructed, using the United States Navy as a test case, for models focusing on EPAct and/or E.O. 13149 compliance. Results of a tiered set of models indicate there are efficiencies that federal agencies could take advantage of when developing EPAct and E.O. 13149 compliance strategies that are not currently being exploited.     

Energy performance of an exhibition hall in a life cycle perspective: embodied energy,operational energy and retrofit strategies

Nowadays, the focus on the building energy consumption in the use phase prevails over an interest concerning the energy impacts linked to all the other phases of the construction process. However, reducing operational energy could lead to shifting the impacts from one stage to another. Thus, combining the study of strategies improving energy efficiency in the use phase with a life cycle approach is crucial. Exhibition halls are peculiar buildings from the geometry, construction and use points of view, rarely addressed in energy and life cycle energy analysis studies. Therefore, in this paper, a representative hall of the Milan Trade Fair is taken as a case study. A building energy simulation model is firstly calibrated in order to derive the operational energy for climatisation. The operational energy appears artificially low due to the short use period during the year. When compared with the calculated embodied energy of the envelope and structure, it is found that 57 years would be needed to balance energy spent in the construction and in the use phase. Further, some retrofit interventions are proposed and analyzed. Insulation interventions are not attractive from the economic payback time point of view. However, when the embodied energy of the retrofit interventions is compared with the energy savings in the use phase, interesting energy payback times are obtained. Therefore, this study puts in evidence on the importance of adopting a life cycle perspective, especially for buildings with low-intensity use. Eventually, the critical issues of the life cycle energy analysis are deeply discussed.     

借助能源审计挖掘用能单位节能潜力

能源审计是用能单位对能源进行科学管理和合理使用的一种方法。文章以南京某中型化工企业进行能源审计为例,梳理和分析了企业的能源消费状况,对主要耗能工艺和设备进行了节能潜力分析,仅变配电装置、循环水系统、空压站房和蒸汽管网节能潜力就达1532 tce/a。     

宁夏能源和节能

本文通过对宁夏回族自治区能源生产与消费状况,以及能源利用效率和节能潜力的分析,提出了加强自治区节能工作的具体建议。     

浅谈能源发展中的汽车节能

汽车节能是节能的重要领域之一.实现汽车节能需要采用新技术,采取降低油耗的各项具体措施和加强法制法规建设等综合努力,科研人员和管理部门都应做出自己的贡献.     

合同能源管理催生节能服务产业

<正>一、节能服务产业的产生背景与概念随着经济发展,能源和环境问题已经成为摆在人们面前的严峻挑战,节能战略逐步纳入到各国的能源发展战略中。在发展各种工业节能技术的同时,以合同能源管理机制为商务模式的工业节能服务产业也日益壮大起来。     

Large Scale Energy Storage for Renewable Energy

<正>As the energy demand and the concern on the environmental impact progressively increase,the renewable energy collected from renewable resources such as sunlight,wind,and tides,plays a more and more important role in providing energy for our daily lives and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One of the problems associated with the renewable energy sources is their variability. For example,solar and wind power tend to fluctuate based upon whether