Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of temperature and residual stresses in GTAW with a heat sink process of Monel 400 plates

A 3D thermo-mechanical simulation model was developed to predict distributions of temperature and residual stresses during the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process with a heat sink for Monel 400 plates using finite element method. The model was validated against the experimental measurements of both temperature and released strain in the welded plates. Effects of heat input, pipe diameter and water flow rate in the heat sink welding process were investigated. The results showed that in the GTAW process with a heat sink, the high temperature region was only limited to the vicinity of heat source and the maximum temperature of the sample was much lower than that of conventional GTAW process. This resulted in a lower residual stresses and even compressive stresses near the weld zone.     

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Weld Sequence and Fixture on Residual Stresses in Arc Welding Process

This study concentrates on the effects of weld sequence and welding fixtures on distribution and magnitude of induced arc welding residual stresses built up in butt-joint of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) AA5251 plates. Aluminum plates have been welded under different welding conditions and then, longitudinal and transverse residual stresses were measured in different points of the welded plates employing hole-drilling technique. The results indicate that welding sequence significantly alters the distributions of both longitudinal and transverse residual stresses while the changing in the weld sequence leads to 44% decrease in longitudinal residual stress. Besides, both the geometry of weld pool and distribution of residual stresses are affected by the welding fixtures while implementation of fixture causes about 21 and 76% reductions in the depth of weld pool and transverse residual stress, respectively, for the material and welding conditions used in this research.     

3D finite element modeling of the thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid laser/arc welding of lap joint

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed to investigate thermally induced stress field during hybrid laser–gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. In the hybrid welding case, we focus on the GTAW process sharing common molten pool with laser beam and playing an augment role in the hybrid welding system. An experiment-based thermal analysis is performed to obtain the temperature history, which then is applied to the mechanical (stress) analysis. A modified material model is used to consider the influence of face-to-face contact between the top and bottom metal sheets in the thermo-mechanical analysis of welding lap joints. Results show that the normal stress components prevail in the weld zone during hybrid welding process, and maximum thermal stress exceeding the yield point of material exists at the heat affected zone (HAZ) near the weld pool. Increasing the welding speed causes the penetration and width of weld bead to decrease, and the thermal stress concentration at the welded joint is also reduced accordingly. After welding and cooling down, longitudinal tensile stress (SZ) and transverse compressive stress (SX) are retained in the formed weld, and the higher longitudinal compressive stress exists around the weld bead. In addition, a series of experiments are performed to validate the numerical results, and a qualitative agreement is achieved. Compared to the welded joint obtained by GTAW and laser welding alone, the residual stress concentration in the weld joint obtained by hybrid laser–GTAW is the minimal one.     

Stress and distortion mitigation technique for welding titanium alloy thin sheet

Abstract

A stress and distortion mitigation technique for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V thin sheet is presented. The proposed welding technique incorporates a trailing heat sink (an intense cooling source) with respect to the welding torch, and it is also called the Dynamically Controlled Low Stress No-Distortion (DC-LSND) technique. The development of this mitigation technique is based on both detailed welding process simulation using the advanced finite element technique and systematic laboratory experiments. The finite element method is used to investigate the detailed thermomechanical behaviour of the weld during conventional GTAW and DC-LSND GTAW. With detailed computational modelling, it is found that by the introduction of a heat sink at some distance behind the welding arc, a saddle shaped temperature field is formed as a result of the cooling effects of the heat sink; the lowest temperature exists in the zone where the heat sink is applied. High tensile action on the surrounding zone is generated by abrupt cooling and contraction of the metals beneath the heat sink, which increases the tensile plastic strain developed during the cooling process and decreases the compressive plastic strain developed in the heating process, and therefore mitigates the residual stresses and plastic strains within and near the weld. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the DCLSND technique and the validity of the computational model. With a proper implementation of the DC-LSND technique, welding stress and distortion can be reduced or eliminated in welding titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V thin sheet, while no appreciable detrimental effects are caused on the mechanical properties of welded joints by applying the heat sink in the GTAW process.     

Numerical modelling of temperature distribution during multipass welding of plates

Abstract

Welding is a reliable, cost effective, and efficient metal joining process. Manual metal arc welding (MMAW) is a widely used welding process in industry and multipass welding is very frequently used in the MMAW process. The temperature distribution that prevails during multipass welding affects the material microstructure and hardness of the regions near the weld, and the residual stresses that will be present in the material after cooling to room temperature. These changes will consequently affect the performance of the welded joint. In the present work, a computer model based on the control volume method has been developed to predict the temperature distribution during multipass welding of plates using the MMAW process. To validate the computer model, the temperature distribution was measured experimentally in a 12 mm thickness stainless steel weld pad during multipass welding. The welding parameters were used as input data for the computer model. The computer predictions and the experimentally measured temperature distributions agree well.     

Welding of ASTM A106 Gr. B steel pipes for high-temperature service – part 1 – residual stress analysis

Welding is the principal process of manufacture used in the fitting and repair of tube sections. However, there is a lack of information about the alterations mechanically/metallurgically caused by the welding heat cycle, especially about the behaviour of the residual stresses. The objective of the first part of this work was to evaluate the welding residual stress in small diameter pipes used in oil refineries. Two-inch diameter pipes were welded using the manual GTAW process. AWS ER 70 S3 filler rods with diameters of 2.5 and 3.25 mm were employed. An electronic power supply was used, together with data acquisition systems to control the welding parameters. Stress measurements were carried out with an X-ray mini diffractometer. The axial residual stress profiles determined in the outer surface of the pipes were formed by compressive stresses in the weld region (the fusion zone and heat affected zone) and for tension stresses in the areas more distant from the weld bead. The evidence suggested that on the inner surface of the pipes, the stress profile is the opposite from that observed for the outer surface, with tension stress in the welding zone and compressive stress in the region further from the weld bead.     

Numerical modelling and experimental determination of temperature distribution during manual metal arc welding

Abstract

Welding is a highly reliable and efficient metal joining process. Manual metal arc (MMA) welding is very widely used in industry. The temperature distribution that occurs during welding affects the material microstructure, hardness, and the residual stresses present in the material after welding. In the present work, the temperature distribution during bead on plate welding using MMA welding was experimentally determined for AISI type 304 stainless steel plates and low carbon steel plates of thickness 6 and 12 mm. A three-dimensional computer model based on the control volume method has been developed to predict the temperature distribution in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and in the base plate region of the bead on plate welds, using the weld parameters as input data to the computer model. In this computer model, the heat energy used to melt the electrode is considered as a separate heat flux term and the remaining heat supplied by the welding arc is considered as another heat flux term. A good match between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions was obtained. Using the computer model, the time taken to cool from 800 to 500°C in the coarse grained HAZ (close to the fusion line) of low carbon steel specimens was calculated. From this cooling time and the chemical composition of the material, the maximum hardness in the coarse grained HAZ was predicted. Microhardness measurement in the same region of the welded plates was carried out. The experimentally measured values and predicted results match closely.     

制氢转化炉集气管裂纹失效原因分析

采用光学金相、扫描电镜、电子探针、晶粒度测量等手段对制氢转化炉Incoloy 800H合金材料高温氧化状态下服役后的组织损伤特征进行分析,借助Wagner理论分析合金材料服役过程中的元素偏析与材料开裂的关联性。结果表明,Incoloy 800H合金材料在高温氧化环境服役过程中发生了晶界氧化、元素偏析,合金组织经历合金元素氧化-碳化物分解-碳化物偏聚的组织演变,弥散强化减弱,合金组织晶粒度粗大;服役过程贫碳化物区晶界抗高温蠕变能力下降,多重应力综合影响导致Incoloy 800H合金材料裂纹的萌生及扩展。     

Simulations in multipass welds using low transformation temperature filler material

Transient thermal and residual stress fields in flux-cored arc welds were examined using a finite element (FE) model. Experimental multipass welds were produced using both conventional and low transformation temperature (LTT) filler metals. Temperature-dependent material properties and both convective and radiant heat loss boundary condition have been considered in the FE model. The effects of the transformation temperature and interpass intervals on residual stresses were examined. It was found that compressive longitudinal residual stresses were developed at the weld centreline in the LTT filler metal. A short-time interpass interval causes the weld fusion zone to be above the martensite start temperature allowing the optimal use of the phase transformation effect. The FE model is sensitive to alteration in welding parameters and can satisfactorily predict the residual stress distribution in welded parts.     

Two-dimensional arc stagnation pressure measurements for the double-electrode GTAW process

Double-electrode gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a relatively new GTAW variant that has been studied and developed over recent years, with the aim being to achieve a robust high-speed and high-current process with subsequent productivity improvements. In this present study, two-dimensional arc stagnation pressure measurements were performed, allowing a broad visualisation of the arc pressure distribution at the area above the welding torch, with a 0.5?mm resolution. The influence of the distance between the electrodes was evaluated and the results were compared with the conventional GTAW process. It was found that this distance greatly modifies the resulting arc morphology and, consequently, the arc pressure distribution. The results showed that the double-electrode process has much lower pressure than the single-electrode GTAW, for example, using the minimal possible distance between the electrodes results in about half of the maximum pressure measured for the single electrode, which would enable the development of high productivity applications.     

Incoloy 800H/20g复合板材料焊接技术探讨

研究Incoloy 800H／20g复合板焊接工艺，以解决以镍基合金复合板材为主体的设备在焊接过程中易产生裂纹、气孔及成分偏析等问题。焊接实验选择H1Cr16Ni21作为过渡填充金属，采用惰性气体保护焊和手丁电弧焊2种形式焊接。实验结果表明，选择H1Cr16Ni21作为过渡填充金属，采用小电流、多道次焊接工艺，可得到质量良好的焊缝，焊缝宽度、焊缝余高、咬边及焊接错边均符合JB4730-94标准要求；力学性能优于20g耐热钢。焊缝成分与Incoloy800H接近。成功地解决了成分差异较大的2种材料焊接时易出现裂纹和气孔的问题。     

A Comparative Study of Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Friction Welding of Incoloy 800 H

This article deals with the optimization of process parameters for friction welding of Incoloy 800 H rod and compares the results obtained by response surface methodology(RSM) and artificial neural network(ANN).The experiments were carried out on the basis of a five-level,four-variable central composite design.The output parameters were the tensile strength and burn-off length(BOL).They were considered as a function of four independent input variables,namely heating pressure(HP),heating time,upsetting pressure(UP),and upsetting time.The RSM results showed that the quadratic polynomial model depicted the interconnection between individual element and response.For optimizing the process parameters,ANN analysis was used,and the optimal configuration of the ANN model was found to be 4–9–2.For modeling aspect,a requisite trained multilayer perceptron neural network was rooted,and a quick propagation training algorithm was used to train ANN.The purpose of optimization was to decide the maximum tensile strength and minimum burn-off length of the welded joint which was done by varying the friction welding process variables.The order of importance of input parameters for friction welding of Incoloy 800 H was HP [ UP [ N [ BOL.After predicting the model using RSM and ANN,a comparison was made for predicting the effectiveness of two methodologies.By analyzing the results,it was observed that as compared to RSM,ANN model was more specific.     

双相不锈钢管道全位置焊接残余应力三维有限元数值模拟

以热弹塑理论为基础，利用ANSYS非线性分析有限元程序，对双相不锈钢管道接头环焊缝残余应力进行三维数值模拟。建立了管道全位置焊接瞬态温度场和应力场三维移动热源模型，获得了环焊缝焊接接头轴向和环向残余应力的分布规律：在管道接头内表面的焊缝及近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力，随着离开焊缝距离的增加，由拉应力逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余应力为压应力，而环向残余应力为拉应力。从环向位置上的应力变化规律可以看出正半周和负半周的应力分布具有明显的对称性。研究结果为优化生产工艺，控制残余应力提供了理论依据。     

A comparative evaluation of ultrasonic testing of AISI 316L welds made by shielded metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding processes

Ultrasonic testing of austenitic welds prepared by two different welding processes is studied in this paper. The two welding processes considered are shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and the ultrasonic testing technique used is time-of-flight diffraction (ToFD). Identical artificial flaws were implanted in both welds during the welding process. Austenitic characteristics consisting of grain orientation distribution and anisotropy show that the GTAW specimen is more isotropic than the SMAW due to the orientation of its grains. Moreover, comparison of echo amplitudes shows higher attenuation for the weld prepared by the GTAW process. The specimens were examined by the ultrasonic ToFD technique under identical conditions. B-scan images obtained from ToFD measurements of the two welds indicate that inspection of the specimen prepared by the SMAW process is easier than the one made by the GTAW process due to higher scattering of waves in the latter. The measurements also showed that the probe positioning is very important in the detection of diffracted echoes when using the ToFD technique.     

数值模拟和实验研究Ti6Al4V合金激光熔透焊接残余应力

采用热-弹塑性三维有限元法研究激光熔透焊接Ti6Al4V合金的残余应力,并采用小孔法测量焊接残余应力以和计算结果进行比较.有限元计算时,建立了以焊缝形貌尺寸为参数的统一锥形热源模型来模拟不同热输入时的焊接温度场,并讨论了边界条件和有限元网格大小的确定.研究结果表明:采用焊缝轮廓尺寸作为热源参数能准确模拟焊缝横截面轮廓;钛合金激光熔透焊接的纵向残余应力分布梯度陡;在焊件表面和内部残余应力分布趋势不同,采用小孔法测量的残余应力分布和计算的焊接件内部残余应力分布相似.     

改善焊接圆管抗应力腐蚀性能的水冷法研究

采用数值模拟和残余应力实测方法,研究水冷法改善１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ奥氏体不锈钢管和２０钢圆管的多层对焊残余应力分布的有效性,结果表明水冷法可效调整圆管的焊接残余应力分布,使圆管内表面的焊接缝附近区域获得双向压缩残余应力,应力腐蚀敏感性实验结果表明,水冷法可显著提高焊接圆管的抗应力腐蚀性能。     

低碳钢管道焊接残余应力有限元分析

利用ＡＤＩＮＡ非线性分析有限元程序,对低碳钢管道环焊缝接头焊接残余应力进行有限元分析。在热弹塑性分析中考虑了材料热物理和力学性能依赖于温度变化。结果表明：在管道接头内表面焊缝中心及近缝区轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,随离开焊缝距离的增加,逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余力为压应力,而环向残余应力为拉应力。计算预测值和实侧值基本一致,表明有限元法能够经济而有效地预测管道环焊缝接头的焊接残余应力。     

填充ER309焊丝的异种钢接头二型边界形成机理

提出对电弧施加横向磁场的方法,通过偏转电弧改变焊缝两侧电弧热分配,从而提升焊缝成形质量. 为了掌握外加横向磁场对电弧热输入分配的影响机制,开展了GTAW电弧热输入分配规律研究;建立了外加横向磁场下的异种钢角焊缝GTAW电弧-熔池耦合瞬态三维模型,对电弧温度场、电磁场、流场开展了耦合计算;对比分析了偏转焊枪与外加横向磁场偏转电弧两种电弧热量分配方式;在上述工作的基础上,研究了外加横向磁场偏转电弧方式磁感应强度对熔透形态和电弧热分配的影响规律. 结果表明,偏转焊枪方式在角焊中适应性较差,而外加横向磁场偏转电弧可获得更好的焊接质量. 相关研究可为此类异种钢角焊的焊接工艺参数优化提供技术支持.     

铈钨电极在GTAW／PAW不锈钢焊管生产中的应用研究

钨极的耐用性,即钨棒端部形态在电弧电极高温条件下保持稳定工作的时间长短,是直接影响不锈钢焊管焊缝质量及生产率的关键因素。针对国内焊接行业有关铈钨电极不适合大电流GTAW及PAW不锈钢焊管生产使用的观点,通过多年的试验研究及生产实践,并结合国外的相关理论研究成果,阐明了巾3．2～4．8mm大直径铈钨电极只要正确把握钨极端部刃磨要求及焊接电弧的参数条件,是完全能够满足在大电流GTAW及PAW不锈钢焊管生产中的使用要求的。     

钛合金带热沉钨极氩弧焊中热沉作用

采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法研究了钛合金TC4薄板常规及带热沉的钨极氩弧焊焊接过程中温度及应力应变的分布,考察了热沉对温度场和应力应变场的影响规律,探讨了使用该技术实现应力和变形控制的机理.结果表明:带热沉的钨极氩弧焊焊接过程中,紧随热源之后热沉急冷作用使得试件形成马鞍形温度场,而热沉作用部位温度最低.热沉作用部位的急冷收缩对周围金属产生拉伸作用,使得焊缝及近缝区金属升温过程中产生的压缩塑性应变减小,冷却过程中产生的拉伸塑性应变增大,接头中不协调应变减小,残余应力降低.实验测量与有限元模拟结果吻合良好,证实了采用热沉控制应力与变形的有效性和有限元模型的正确性.