固体碱负载Ru催化山梨醇氢解制备低碳二元醇

采用羟基磷灰石和镁铝水滑石两种固体碱为载体制备了Ru催化剂,通过N₂物理吸附、扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射显微镜、X 射线衍射分析表征了形貌和物理化学性能,并与纳米碳纤维负载的Ru催化剂（Ru/CNFs）在无碱促进剂及有碱促进剂存在下催化山梨醇氢解制备二元醇的活性进行了比较。结果表明,固体碱负载的Ru催化剂,在无碱促进剂的条件下在山梨醇氢解中均表现出与Ru/CNFs相当的催化活性。其中镁铝水滑石负载的Ru催化剂在优化的制备条件下,其催化活性优于加入碱促进剂的Ru/CNFs催化体系,乙二醇和丙二醇等目标产物选择性更高,副产物减少,同时还免除了碱助剂的后续分离和回收,具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of ethylene glycol addition on the properties of Ru/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by sol-gel method

Ru/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method with an organic additive (ethylene glycol). The effect of the addition of ethylene glycol on the properties of Ru/Al₂O₃ was characterized by BET, XRD, EXAFS, and TGA/DTA. Ethylene glycol was effective to promote the phase transition of -Al₂O₃ even at 800°C calcination with high surface area. This finding is ascribed to the modified structure of aluminum alkoxide by ethylene glycol addition in the solution state. Ethylene glycol is also effective to get small particles of ruthenium after the reduction at 500°C. The EXAFS and UV-Vis spectra of Ru complex revealed that the coordination structure of Ru depended on the additive used. The ethylene glycol sol prefers to form octahedral Ru complex. This Ru complex in alumina matrix is stable up to 200°C and forms small Ru oxide particles even at 300°C calcination. This suggests that ethylene glycol coordinates to the Ru complex as well as to aluminum ion in the initial state, which is important to control the final properties of the Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst.     

气相氧化处理对纳米碳纤维载体及其负载钌催化剂性质的影响

采用气相氧化方法对纳米碳纤维(CNFs)的表面进行改性,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2物理吸附、Boehm酸碱滴定、CO化学吸附和程序升温还原等手段表征了不同温度气相氧化处理的CNFs载体及相应的负载Ru催化剂,并考察了Ru/CNFs催化剂在山梨醇氢解制备低碳多元醇过程中的催化性能。结果表明。气相氧化预处理对CNFs的晶体结构影响较小,但是大大增加了CNFs比表面积和表面酸性含氧基团;经气相氧化处理的CNFs负载的Ru催化剂更易还原,Ru金属分散度增加。催化剂考评结果表明,载体的气相氧化处理对Ru/CNFs催化剂在山梨醇氢解过程中反应活性的提高不利,但有利于低碳多元醇产物选择性的提高。研究认为CNFs表面酸性含氧基团是决定Ru/CNFs催化剂在山梨醇氢解过程催化性能的主要因素。     

Ru／C催化氢解山梨醇制备C2-C3多元醇

C2～C3多元醇如乙二醇、丙二醇和丙三醇等通常为石油的下游产品。近年来,随着石油价格不断攀升,由山梨醇等可再生资源经催化氢解制备这些小分子醇受到人们的关注。采用山利醇和催化剂Ru／C制备多元醇,并通过活性评价以及TPR、XRD等表征手段确定了催化剂的制备条件,其产物乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇和丙三醇的选择性分别为28．86％、24．25％、10．97％和9．15％。     

Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Propanediols Over Highly Active Ru–Re Bimetallic Catalysts

Several supported Ru–Re bimetallic catalysts (Ru–Re/SiO₂, Ru–Re/ZrO₂, Ru–Re/TiO₂, Ru–Re/H-β, Ru–Re/H–ZSM5) and Ru monometallic catalysts (Ru/SiO₂, Ru/ZrO₂, Ru/TiO₂, Ru/H-β, Ru/H–ZSM5) were prepared and their catalytic performances were evaluated in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols (1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol) with a batch type reactor (autoclave) under the reaction conditions of 160 °C, 8.0 MPa and 8 h. Compared with Ru monometallic catalysts, the Ru–Re bimetallic catalysts showed much higher activity in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol, and Re exhibited obvious promoting effect on the performance of the catalysts. The supported Ru monometallic catalysts and Ru–Re bimetallic catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption, XRD, TEM-EDX, H₂-TPR and CO chemisorption for obtaining some physicochemical properties of the catalysts, such as specific surface areas, crystal phases, morphologies/microstructure, reduction behaviors and dispersion of Ru metal. The results of XRD and CO chemisorption indicate that the addition of Re component could improve the dispersion of Ru species on supports. The measurements of H₂-TPR revealed that the coexistence of Re and Ru components on supports changed the respective reduction behavior of Re or Ru alone on the supports, indicating the existence of synergistic effect between Ru and Re species on the bimetallic catalysts. The hydrogenolysis of some products (such as 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol) were also examined over Ru and Ru–Re catalysts for evaluating influence of Re–Re on the reaction routes during glycerol hydrogenolysis. The results showed that over Ru–Re catalysts, glycerol was favorable to be converted to 1,2-propanediol, but not favorable to ethylene glycol, while 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol were favorable to be converted to 1-propanol. The influence of glycerol concentration in its aqueous solution on the catalytic performance was also evaluated over Ru and Ru–Re catalysts.     

Preparation and characterization of CuO-CeO2-ZrO2/cordierite monolith catalysts

CuO-CeO₂-ZrO₂/cordierite catalysts have been successfully prepared by the impregnation reduction method. The effects of processing parameters such as the condition of reduction process, calcination temperature, the addition of surfactant on the size and shape of catalyst particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance of the as-prepared catalysts for CO oxidation were evaluated by using a microreactor-GC system. The results indicate that the processing parameters influence greatly the size and shape of catalyst particles. Fragmental shape catalysts were formed when the impregnated samples were reduced in the thermostat water bath. However, spherical-like particles were obtained by ultrasonic-assisted in the reduction process. Tiny flower-like catalyst particles were found when the surfactant were used. When the calcination temperature decreased, the grain size of catalysts has reduced, and the catalytic activity for CO oxidation has been improved. The introduction of ultrasonic and surfactant resulted in larger specific surface area and better catalytic performance.     

Promoting effect of rhenium on catalytic performance of Ru catalysts in hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediol

Ru/Al₂O₃, Ru/C and Ru/ZrO₂ catalysts were applied to the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediol, and the effect of Re as an additive on the catalytic performance of Ru catalysts was examined. The catalyst systems were characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption, XRD, TEM-EDX and XPS. The hydrogenolysis of glycerol was carried out under the conditions of 120–180 °C, 4–10 MPa hydrogen pressure and 4–8 h, and the conversion of glycerol varied from 18.7% to 29.7% over Ru/Al₂O₃, Ru/C and Ru/ZrO₂ catalysts. The reaction results indicate that Re possesses high promoting effect on the catalytic performance of Ru catalysts in glycerol hydrogenolysis.     

Catalyst Preparation Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Preparation of Rh/FSM-16 Catalysts and Their Catalytic Performances in Butane Hydrogenolysis Reaction

Supported Rh catalysts on FSM-16 were prepared by treating FSM-16, impregnated with [Rh(OAc)₂]₂ in supercritical carbon dioxide at 398 K and 30.3 MPa, followed by calcination and hydrogen reduction. The resulting Rh/FSM-16 catalysts were characterized by CO chemisorption, XRD, TEM, FTIR and EXAFS, and catalytic performances of the Rh/FSM-16 were tested in butane hydrogenolysis reaction. It is demonstrated that highly dispersed Rh particles are obtained by the supercritical CO₂ treatment. In the hydrogenolysis reactions, the supercritical CO₂-treated catalyst showed higher conversions and ethane formation.     

The role of the WO x ad-component to Pt and PtRu catalysts in the electrochemical CH3OH oxidation reaction

High surface area carbon-supported platinum-based catalysts, Pt/C, PtWO _x /C, PtRu/C and PtRuWO _x /C, were prepared via a chemical reduction route using single metal precursor salts. The catalyst particles were found to be in the nanoscale range, and the addition of Ru clearly decreased the particle size. The Ru was found to be partially incorporated into the face centered cubic lattice of Pt and to form a single Ru catalyst component. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photon spectroscopy did not provide evidence for electronic interactions between WO _x and Pt as well as WO _x and Ru. However, the addition of tungsten to the PtRuWO _x /C catalyst resulted in a high degree of catalyst particle agglomeration. Both Ru containing catalysts showed significantly higher activities for the CH₃OH oxidation reaction in terms of Pt + Ru mass as well as electroactive Pt + Ru surface area than the Pt/C and PtWO _x /C catalysts. The addition of tungsten appeared to mainly result in some ‘physical’ modification of the catalytically active Pt and Ru surface components such as differences in electroactive surface area rather than promotion of the CH₃OH oxidation reaction via a true catalytic mechanism.     

Preparation,characterization, and catalytic behavior of Rh-Mn double oxide on SiO2

Rh double-oxide compound (MnRh₂O₄) was formed by air calcination treatment of manganese oxide-promoted Rh/SiO₂ catalyst at 900 °C, and characterized by Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction pattern. The MnRh₂O₄ particles on SiO₂ were reduced to smaller Rh metal particles by H₂ treatment at 300 °C, and this catalyst system exhibited a strong Rh-MnO _x interaction behavior in catalytic studies of ethane hydrogenolysis and cyclohexane dehydrogenation reactions.     

Effect of preparation method on structure and catalytic activity of Cr-promoted Cu catalyst in glycerol hydrogenolysis

Relationships between surface structure and catalytic properties were investigated for a series of copper chromium catalysts. The catalysts were prepared using methods involving impregnation and precipitation, and their catalytic activities were evaluated for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol. Catalyst (10I and 50I) prepared by the impregnation method contained a mixed phase of both individual copper and chromium oxide structures, while the catalyst (50P) prepared by precipitation showed a single phase, with a copper chromite spinel structure (CuCr₂O₄). XPS data indicated that, after the reduction step, the copper species in the impregnated catalyst was reduced to Cu⁰, but the catalyst prepared by the precipitation method retained a spinel structure evidenced by the large amount of Cu²⁺ species. In hydrogenolysis reactions, the precipitated catalyst showed a higher catalytic activity than the impregnated catalyst. Thus, the reduced copper chromite spinel structure, which constitutes a single phase, appears to be responsible for the high catalytic activity in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol.     

Influence of catalyst pretreatment on catalytic properties and performances of Ru–Re/SiO2 in glycerol hydrogenolysis to propanediols

Bimetallic Ru–Re/SiO₂ and monometallic Ru/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and their catalytic performances were evaluated in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propanediols (1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol) with a batch type reactor (autoclave) under the reaction conditions of 160 °C, 8.0 MPa and 8 h. Ru–Re/SiO₂ showed much higher activity in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol than Ru/SiO₂, and the pretreatment conditions of the catalyst precursors had great influence on the catalytic performance of both Ru–Re/SiO₂ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts. The physicochemical properties of Ru–Re/SiO₂ and Ru/SiO₂, such as specific surface areas, crystal phases, morphologies/microstructures, surface element states, reduction behaviors and dispersion of Ru metal, were characterized by N₂ adsorption/desorption, XRD, Raman, TEM–EDX, XPS, H₂-TPR and CO chemisorption. The results of XRD, TEM–EDX and CO chemisorption characterizations showed that Re component had an effect on promoting the dispersion of Ru species on the surface of SiO₂, and the measurements of H₂-TPR revealed that the co-existence of Re and Ru components on SiO₂ changed the respective reduction behavior of Re or Ru alone. High pre-reduction temperatures would decrease the activities of Ru–Re/SiO₂ and Ru/SiO₂ catalysts, compared with the corresponding calcined catalysts (without pre-reduction), which actually went through an in-situ reduction during the reaction. XPS analysis indicated that Ru species was in Ru⁰ metal state, while Re species was mostly in Re oxide state in the spent Ru–Re/SiO₂ sample. Re component was probably in rhenium oxide state rather than Re⁰ metal state to take part in the reaction via interaction with Ru⁰ metal.     

生物质多元醇选择性催化氢解制小分子二元醇研究进展

乙二醇、1,2-/1,3-丙二醇等小分子二元醇在精细和有机化工、生物医药等领域应用广泛。与石化路径相比,以可再生的生物质多元醇（丙三醇、山梨醇/木糖醇）为原料选择性催化氢解制取上述小分子二元醇具有过程简单、绿色高效等显著优势,已成为生物质催化转化的研究热点。本文综述了典型生物质多元醇山梨醇/木糖醇和丙三醇选择性催化氢解为乙二醇、1,2-/1,3-丙二醇等小分子二元醇,重点阐述了丙三醇选择性氢解制1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇和山梨醇/木糖醇选择性氢解制小分子二元醇的催化剂体系和反应机理,并对该领域的发展前景作了展望,提出开发高效稳定的催化剂体系和工艺是未来的研究重点。     

制备条件对山梨醇氢解CuO-ZnO催化剂的影响

研究了并流共沉淀法制备的CuO-ZnO催化剂在山梨醇催化氢解反应中的催化性能,考察了催化剂制备时不同沉淀温度和不同pH对催化剂性能的影响。采用XRD、H₂-TPR和SEM等手段对催化剂及其前驱体的分散状态、还原性能和表面形貌进行了表征。结果表明,沉淀pH显著影响催化剂的分散程度和表面形貌,而沉淀温度则影响催化剂及其前驱体中CuO、ZnO的分散状态和分子组成形式;当 pH=8.0和沉淀温度为70 ℃时,催化剂的活性最佳。     

Formation of fine Fe-Ni particles for the non-supported catalytic synthesis of uniform carbon nanofibers

The morphological changes of Fe-Ni catalyst for the preparation of carbon nanofiber (CNF) were examined at 5 steps; (1) the precipitation of Fe-Ni carbonate from Fe-Ni nitrate solution, (2) the calcination of Fe-Ni carbonate into Fe-Ni oxide, (3) the reduction of Fe-Ni oxide, (4) the second reduction of Fe-Ni metal before the growth of CNF, and (5) the reaction with CO/H₂ for the growth of CNF. The Fe-Ni fine particle was formed from the Fe-Ni aggregate through the second reduction and successive CNF growth from CO/H₂. The temperature of these two steps is the most important factor which determines the size and shape of the Fe-Ni fine particle as a catalyst for CNF growth. The lower temperature of 580 °C provided hexagonal particles with very smooth surface sized around 100-200 nm which allowed the growth of platelet CNFs of the same diameter and cross-sectional shape of the formed catalyst particle. At the higher temperature of 630 °C, the Fe-Ni aggregate was found to give the very fine Fe-Ni particles by the two steps; the first step did the Fe-Ni particle sized around 100-500 nm which was successively degraded into smaller particles sized around 20-40 nm, thinner tubular CNFs growing with the contact of CO/H₂. Such smaller particles definitely originated from as-precipitated Fe-Ni carbonate through the steps. The metal particle on the top of CNF was almost exclusively composed of Fe although the catalyst particle before the growth of CNFs carried around 65% of iron and 35% of nickel. The preferential activity of Fe to CO gas may cause such the selectivity. The major role of Ni in the present reaction should be limited to provide the uniform particle of Fe. Controlling the size of the Fe-Ni particle through the reduction and reaction steps was proved to be a key factor to determine the dimension and structure of resultant CNF.     

改性的NiB非晶态合金催化葡萄糖氢解制备低碳二元醇

采用化学还原法制备了NiB非晶态合金催化剂,并引入W、Mo对NiB催化剂进行改性,利用X射线衍射、N₂物理吸附、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、透射电子显微镜和氢气程序升温脱附等手段表征了催化剂的物理化学性质,考察了其催化葡萄糖氢解制备乙二醇、丙二醇等低碳二元醇的催化性能,并进一步探讨了W在葡萄糖氢解中的作用。结果表明：W、Mo引入NiB非晶态合金可以改变催化剂微结构,促进葡萄糖氢解过程中C-C键的断裂,并催化葡萄糖氢解生成低碳二元醇;W的断键能力要优于Mo,NiWB催化葡萄糖氢解得到的乙二醇和1,2-丙二醇的收率分别为37.0%和11.3%,而NiMoB的乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇收率分别为6.6%和8.9%;W改性的NiB非晶态合金同时具备加氢和断键能力,是一种具有应用前景的糖醇氢解新型催化剂。     

预处理对Ru/Al_2O_3催化马来酸二甲酯加氢影响

采用吸附-沉淀法制备负载Ru质量分数为1.0%的Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂,以马来酸二甲酯催化加氢合成丁二酸二甲酯为探针反应,详细考察预处理条件对Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢性能的影响,并对其进行XRD、TEM和H2-TPR表征。结果表明,焙烧温度越高,催化剂催化活性越低;直接还原活化所得催化剂活性高于空气中焙烧后还原活化所得催化剂。以甲醇为溶剂,在70℃和1.0 MPa条件下,直接还原活化所得Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上马来酸二甲酯转化率达100%,丁二酸二甲酯选择性约100%。相同时间内,空气焙烧后还原活化所得Ru/Al_2O_3催化剂上马来酸二甲酯转化率接近25%,继续延长反应时间,马来酸二甲酯转化率几乎不变。经高温焙烧还原后,活性组分Ru烧结;直接还原活化后,活性组分Ru高度分散。     

超临界流体技术制备Ru/C催化剂的研究

以活性炭为载体、氯化钌为活性前驱体,采用超临界CO2流体沉积技术制备了Ru/C催化剂,用葡萄糖加氢生产山梨醇反应考察催化剂的催化活性.用正交实验考察了温度、CO2的量和还原剂KBH4的量等因素对制备Ru/C催化剂催化活性的影响规律;用红外光谱(IR)和扫描电镜(SEM)对Ru/C催化剂样品进行了结构表征.结果表明:制备...     

Hydroformylation of 1-hexene for oxygenate fuels via promoted cobalt/active carbon catalysts at low-pressure

The hydroformylation of 1-hexene was catalyzed with active carbon-supported cobalt catalysts under the low syngas pressure. Small amount of Pt, Pd and Ru, added as promoters in Co/AC, led to a great improvement of catalytic activity for hydroformylation of 1-hexene. The promotional effect of Ru for Co/AC catalyst was the best in this study as the highest activity and selectivity for oxygenate formation. Meanwhile, the activity of 1-hexene hydroformylation increased with increasing Ru loading. Ru added was bulk-rich in the active carbon supported cobalt particles, showing very low surface Ru density. This kind of unbalanced alloy formation determined the highest performance of Ru added Co/AC catalyst, via small particles but high reduction degree, keeping more CO in non-dissociative state and lowering surface hydrogen pressure.     

The Promotion Effect of Cr on Copper Catalyst in Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Propylene Glycol

Binary Cu/Cr catalysts, containing various molar ratios of copper to chromium, were synthesized and their catalytic activities were examined for the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol. When catalyst containing Cu and Cr ratio of 1:2, it was mainly composed of CuCr₂O₄ phase. And it was found to have the highest catalytic activity in this reaction, due to its favorable reduction properties.