随机形貌岩石节理剪切数值模拟和非线性剪胀模型

 采用满足正态分布的随机函数,构造岩石节理剖面的形貌,为研究受剪岩石节理的细观剪切特性和宏观剪胀效应提供研究基础。利用UDEC软件,基于CY微段节理模型,开发随机形貌岩石节理直剪特性的数值分析程序,采用CY微段节理模型的细观剪切力学参数,探讨微段节理的细观剪切特性和岩石节理的宏观剪切响应,提出节理抗剪强度参数与节理面粗糙度系数JRC之间的拟合关系。得到如下结论：JRC越大,岩石节理的宏观剪切峰值强度和剪胀角随之增大,而峰值剪切位移与JRC成反变化关系;随着法向应力的增加,节理的剪胀效应逐渐减弱;这些数值结论得到模型实验的充分验证。微段节理的细观切向爬坡和剪胀效应是岩石节理产生宏观剪胀的细观力学机制。通过对随机形貌岩石节理的宏观剪胀数值曲线性态进行分析,提出能考虑节理粗糙度JRC和法向应力影响的非线性剪胀本构模型,该模型较好描述了受剪岩石节理的剪缩段和剪胀段。     

节理峰值抗剪强度试验研究

 节理的三维形貌特征是影响节理剪切力学行为的重要因素。为了深入研究三维形貌特征对岩石节理峰值抗剪强度的影响,制备花岗岩和红砂岩人工劈裂岩石节理试样,并在常法向应力条件下进行了两种岩样节理的直剪试验,法向应力变化范围为0.325～8.0 MPa。在直剪试验前对节理表面形貌进行测量,并计算其三维形貌参数最大接触面积比A0、最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C。通过对三维形貌参数和直剪试验结果的分析,基于三维形貌参数最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C,建立了节理峰值抗剪强度模型。最后,引用Grasselli的30组直剪试验数据对模型进行验证计算,并结合本文的20组试验数据与Grasselli和夏才初的节理强度模型进行对比分析,结果表明新模型有合理的改进,而且能够很好的预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。     

岩石节理力学参数的非线性估计

通过建立一个多层神经网络模型ＮＮ（ｎ,ｈ１,ｈ２,１）,探讨了描述节理开度与剪切位移之间的非线性关系和尺度效应的新方法,由小尺度试件节理的实测数据建立的非线性模型可以推广地预测出较大一些尺度试件的节理开度值。对３７条现场实测的节理进行了分形特征研究,建立了分形维数与ＪＲＣ关系式,该关系式可用于ＪＲＣ值的近似分形预测     

Grasselli节理峰值抗剪强度公式再探

 确定节理峰值抗剪强度公式面临的首要问题是获取节理表面形貌并合理的评价其粗糙度。常用的方法是节理粗糙度系数(JRC)评价方法,但JRC的评价结果是基于二维剖面线获得的,该方法低估了节理面的粗糙度且具有较大的主观性。节理面形貌测试表明,节理面微元有效剪切倾角 与≥ 的微元面积的总和与节理总面积的比值呈高次抛物线关系。基于42组不同形貌节理的直剪试验结果,将节理的峰值剪胀角与形貌参数相联系,提出新的能够考虑剪胀效应的节理峰值抗剪强度公式。新峰值抗剪强度公式符合莫尔–库仑摩擦定律的形式,具有明确的物理含义。所需要的参数均由节理面形貌测试确定,因此能够预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。最后,对已有的节理峰值抗剪强度公式进行比优统计分析并建议公式的使用范围。     

Numerical simulation of a direct shear test on a rock joint using a bonded-particle model

Rock joints were numerically simulated, and an extensive series of direct shear tests were carried out using the code PFC3D. The feasibility of reproducing a rock joint using the contact bond model was demonstrated, and the effects of the geometrical features and the micro-properties of a joint on its shear behavior were examined. Asperity failure was observed from the micro-cracks and contact force distribution, as well as the stresses and displacements in shear and normal directions. A rough joint with a joint roughness coefficient (JRC) value ranging from 10 to 20 was produced in an intact sample by defining the joint-contacts along a predefined joint surface. To simulate a decrease in joint wall strength (JCS) caused by weathering and alterations, the bond strength between particles involved in the joint-contacts was reduced by up to 70%. The shear behavior and failure progress at a given stress corresponded well to those observed in laboratory tests. The friction coefficient was the most important factor governing the shear strength and dilation angle. The variation in joint roughness and contact bond strength had a larger effect on the cohesion than peak friction angle. In addition, a new approach to represent JRC and JCS values of a joint was proposed for practical use. A numerical 3D-profile scanning technique was developed to evaluate the actual JRC of the simulated joint, and the relationship between the JCS and the contact bond strength was investigated.     

Estimating the joint roughness coefficient of discontinuities found in metamorphic rocks

The paper presents the results of different methods of determining the roughness of joints in quartzites, metagreywackes and phyllites obtained from road cuts in central Portugal. The evaluation of the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) was carried out using graphical and analytical procedures. Differences were found between the JRC graphic and the JRC calculated, depending on the method used. The JRC calculated values obtained by the tilt tests and the Schmidt rebound hammer tests were compared to the JRC calculated values established from the rock joint shear tests. It is concluded that if JRC is to be used, it is essential to specify how it was established.      

考虑各向异性特征的三维岩体结构面峰值剪切强度研究

 由于岩体结构面形貌的复杂性,目前,所提出的峰值剪切强度模型不能够很好地体现其各向异性特征。鉴于此,综合考虑岩体结构面起伏角和起伏幅度,提出一个考虑各向异性特征的综合参数?表征岩体结构面粗糙度的新方法;?由某一方向的起伏角参数SRv和起伏幅度参数A表示;其中参数SRv表示结构面粗糙度的各向异性特征,用变异函数分析方法进行计算获得。然后,应用该法分析Barton十条标准轮廓线,拟合出JRC与参数SRv,A的关系表达式;结合Barton强度公式,给出考虑各向异性特征的岩体结构面峰值剪切强度模型。最后,基于ShapeMetriX3D三维形貌测量系统,在实验室开展类岩体结构面形貌的量测;并应用上述方法估算结构面4个方向上的峰值剪切强度。于此同时,开展该类岩体结构面各向异性的剪切力学试验,通过试验值与估测值的对比分析,验证了所提模型的正确性。研究结果为准确预测岩体结构面抗剪强度提供一种新方法。     

节理的剪切强度准则和剪切分量Ⅰ：剪切强度准则

节理的峰值剪切强度受表面三维形貌和材料力学属性的影响,已有的文献着重阐述形貌参数的重要性。总结分析了材料的抗拉强度对节理剪切力学性质的影响。采用最大可能接触面积比、最大视倾角、视倾角分布参数描述节理沿剪切方向的三维形貌特征,用双曲线函数描述不同法向应力下的剪胀角,提出新的剪切强度准则,计算值与试验值保持了较好的一致性。采用其中28组岩石节理的直剪试验数据对新准则与JRC-JCS准则进行了比较,结果表明JRC-JCS准则的计算值与试验值相比差异更大。新准则采用的形貌参通过由形貌测试确定,避免了主观因素对形貌参数取值的影响,可用用于估算岩石节理的峰值剪切强度。     

考虑多尺度结构的贯通节理岩体损伤摩擦耦合模型

基于贯通节理岩体结构的多尺度特征,采用两步均匀化方法,给出了节理岩体在复杂荷载作用下的自由焓表达式,建立了节理岩体损伤摩擦耦合本构模型。模型可同时考虑岩块损伤扩展、微裂纹滑移剪胀、法向刚度恢复,节理面多阶凸起体滑移磨损、剪胀演化以及节理与岩块相互作用等特征,较好地反映岩体内部微裂纹、节理等不同尺度微结构变化对其力学特性的影响。采用Lac du Bonnet花岗岩三轴压缩试验、花岗岩节理剪切试验以及不同节理倾角与不同围压下Martinsburg板岩三轴压缩强度试验等成果对模型进行了验证,模型预测值与实测值相当吻合,论证了模型的准确性。     

隐伏非贯通结构面剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

结构面控制岩质边坡失稳的边界,自然界中大量结构面是非完全贯通的,且隐藏在斜坡内部,非贯通结构面研究对于揭示斜坡启动破坏机理及稳定性具有重要意义。隐伏非贯通结构面的岩块取样困难且不能大量复制,通过室内制作一种隐伏非贯通结构面模型,在单轴压缩试验和剪切试验的基础上,采用YZJL-300型岩石剪切流变仪,对隐伏非贯通结构面岩体进行剪切蠕变试验,并对蠕变特性进行研究。根据蠕变试验的阶段特征,引入一个适用于结构面的非线性黏性加速元件和材料损伤变量,建立一种非贯通结构面的剪切蠕变损伤本构模型,并根据拉普拉斯变化推导三维剪切蠕变本构方程。利用L-M算法和全局优化法对所得的蠕变试验曲线进行辨识,求解模型参数。经过辨识并对比试验结果和模型拟合结果,新建立的本构模型能较好地反映非贯通结构面蠕变特性,对揭示岩质斜坡的长期稳定性和时效演化有借鉴意义。     

Nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints using a linearized implementation of the Barton-Bandis model

Experiments on rock joint behaviors have shown that joint surface roughness is mobilized under shearing,inducing dilation and resulting in nonlinear joint shear strength and shear stress vs.shear displacement behaviors.The Barton-Bandis(B-B) joint model provides the most realistic prediction for the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.The B-B model accounts for asperity roughness and strength through the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint wall compressive strength(JCS) parameters.Nevertheless,many computer codes for rock engineering analysis still use the constant shear strength parameters from the linear Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) model,which is only appropriate for smooth and non-dilatant joints.This limitation prevents fractured rock models from capturing the nonlinearity of joint shear behavior.To bridge the B-B and the M C models,this paper aims to provide a linearized implementation of the B-B model using a tangential technique to obtain the equivalent M-C parameters that can satisfy the nonlinear shear behavior of rock joints.These equivalent parameters,namely the equivalent peak cohesion,friction angle,and dilation angle,are then converted into their mobilized forms to account for the mobilization and degradation of JRC under shearing.The conversion is done by expressing JRC in the equivalent peak parameters as functions of joint shear displacement using proposed hyperbolic and logarithmic functions at the pre-and post-peak regions of shear displacement,respectively.Likewise,the pre-and post-peak joint shear stiffnesses are derived so that a complete shear stress-shear displacement relationship can be established.Verifications of the linearized implementation of the B-B model show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves,the dilation behavior,and the shear strength envelopes of rock joints are consistent with available experimental and numerical results.     

岩石模型结构面的取样代表性试验研究

岩石结构面的代表性取样是开展不同尺寸模型结构面直剪试验的前提条件,直接影响到结构面抗剪强度尺寸效应试验结果的有效性和可靠性。通过对取样尺寸为10 cm的18组岩石结构面粗糙度系数(JRC)的测量和统计分析,得到该尺寸岩石结构面试样的粗糙度系数分布规律,表明模型结构面取样代表性评价的必要性。基于结构面粗糙度系数非均一性分布特点,以及对简单随机取样法和分层取样法2种概率取样方法的比较分析,提出基于分层取样法的岩石模型结构面代表性取样方法,该方法采用JRC四分位法确定各层样本的数量比例,再利用分层取样公式计算样本的取样数量。通过岩体结构面抗剪强度的力学机制分析,对试样取样代表性和力学可靠性进行校验,结果表明,采用该取样方法能较好地代表该尺寸的表面形态分布,取样结果也较好地满足力学试验的统计精度要求。     

Joints in unsaturated rocks: Thermo-hydro-mechanical formulation and constitutive behaviour

A formulation for the coupled analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) problems in joints is first presented. The work involves the establishment of equilibrium and mass and energy balance equations. Balance equations were formulated taking into account two phases: water and air. The joint element developed was implemented in a general purpose finite element computer code for THM analysis of porous media (Code_Bright). The program was then used to study a number of cases ranging from laboratory tests to large scale in situ tests. A numerical simulation of coupled hydraulic shear tests of rough granite joints is first presented. The tests as well as the model show the coupling between permeability and the deformation of the joints. The experimental investigation was focused on the effects of suction on the mechanical behaviour of rock joints. Laboratory tests were performed in a direct shear cell equipped with suction control. Suction was imposed using a vapour forced convection circuit connected to the cell and controlled by an air pump. Artificial joints of Lilla claystone were prepared. Joint roughness of varying intensity was created by carving the surfaces in contact in such a manner that rock ridges of different tip angles were formed. These angles ranged from 0° (smooth joint) to 45° (very rough joint profile). The geometric profiles of the two surfaces in contact were initially positioned in a “matching” situation. Several tests were performed for different values of suctions (200, 100, and 20 MPa) and for different values of vertical stresses (30, 60, and 150 kPa). A constitutive model including the effects of suction and joint roughness is proposed to simulate the unsaturated behaviour of rock joints. The new constitutive law was incorporated in the code and experimental results were numerically simulated.     

Influence of asperity degradation on the mechanical behavior of rough rock joints under cyclic shear loading

A cyclic shear testing system was established to investigate the mechanical behavior of rough rock joints under cyclic loading conditions. Laboratory cyclic shear tests were conducted for two joint types of Hwangdeung granite and Yeosan marble: saw-cut and split tensile joints. Prior to test, the roughness of each specimen was characterized by measuring the surface topography using a laser profilometer. Several important aspects of cyclic joint behavior, such as high peak shear strength and non-linear dilation in the first loading cycle, different frictional resistance for the reversed shear loading direction, and anisotropic shear behavior and its dependence on the normal stress level were identified from the cyclic shear test results. These features and their variations in the subsequent loading cycles are mainly due to the effect of second order asperities and strength of rock material. It was also observed from experimental results that degradation of asperities under cyclic shear loading also followed the exponential degradation laws for asperity angle and the mechanism for asperity degradation would be different depending upon the shearing direction and the type of asperities. Based on the experimental results an elasto-plastic constitutive model, which can consider the degradation of second order asperities, was proposed. Numerical simulations for the monotonic and cyclic shear loading indicated agreement with the laboratory test results.     

一种用于计算JRC的节理面起伏形态表征方法

通过间隔取样的方式将Barton所提出的十条标准JRC曲线离散化,获取其离散数据点后尝试不同的函数形式对离散数据点进行拟合,探求能够描述节理面剖面线起伏形态的函数表达式。在获取节理剖面线的近似函数表达式后用其计算标准JRC曲线的节理参数。分析对比拟合结果与节理参数计算结果发现:节理面剖面线具有较强的三角函数特性,利用正弦函数逼近获取的近似函数表达式在形态上可以很好地表征节理面的起伏情况,并可以近似代替节理曲线对JRC值进行计算,其结果相比较于通过离散点得到的计算结果更为精确。这也为进一步利用JRC-JCS模型准确计算节理面剪切强度奠定了基础。     

不同接触状态岩石节理的剪切力学性质试验研究

除粗糙度外,节理上、下面壁的接触状态是影响其剪切力学性质的重要因素。采用水泥砂浆制备若干不同形貌的节理,对其上、下面壁沿剪切方向错开不同的位移量、形成不同的接触状态以模拟不同偶合度的节理,在常法向应力条件下进行试验研究。试验结果表明:峰值剪切强度随错开位移量的增加而呈非线性减少,但错开位移对峰值剪切强度的影响随法向应力的增加而减弱;峰值剪切位移随错开位移量的增加逐步变大;剪切刚度随错开位移量的增加逐步减少直至某一恒定值,且在高法向应力下错开位移量对剪切刚度的影响更为明显。采用几种不同的简单函数分析峰值剪切强度与错开位移量之间的关系,在偶合节理峰值剪切强度准则的基础上提出不同接触状态节理的峰值剪切强度准则。与已有的准则相比,新准则采用的描述节理接触状态的参数易于确定且更为客观。     

岩桥渐进弱化的Jennings抗剪强度准则

Jennings 抗剪强度准则以节理和岩桥抗剪强度参数按连通率加权平均的方式求取非贯通节理岩体的峰值抗剪强度,未考虑直剪试验过程中岩桥力学参数逐步弱化的影响,计算所得的抗剪强度与直剪试验结果存在较大偏差.基于人工齿状共面非贯通节理岩体的直剪试验,采用以剪切位移为变量的岩桥弱化度模型考虑岩桥力学参数弱化对抗剪强度的影响,提出改进的Jennings抗剪强度准则.考虑岩桥力学参数弱化的Jennings抗剪强度准则的计算结果更为接近试验值,表明考虑岩桥力学性质弱化是合理的.     

节理的剪切力学性质与含三维形貌参数的剪切强度准则比较研究

利用水泥砂浆材料浇注3组不同表面形貌的节理试件,由常法向应力下的直剪试验研究节理的剪切力学性质,并分析法向应力、三维形貌特征对抗剪强度的影响。直剪试验结果表明：峰值剪胀角与法向应力成反变化关系,与粗糙程度呈正变化关系;峰值抗剪强度与法向应力、粗糙程度均呈正变化关系。分析了JRC-JCS准则计算值偏低于试验值的原因,根据试验现象建议采用三维形貌参数、抗拉强度描述节理的剪切强度。对比分析了含三维形貌参数的峰值抗剪强度准则,建议低法向应力水平下采用双曲线形式的峰值剪切强度准则估算岩石节理的峰值抗剪强度。     

岩石节理吻合系数及其对节理特性的影响

根据节理表面的接触特性提出了一个节理几何特性的新参数──节理吻合系数 ＪＭＣ。实验显示，节理吻合系数是描述节理孔隙、形变、刚度、剪切强度和水渗导等特性的 重要指标。因此，将节理吻合系数和原有的节理粗糙系数相结合，可以更全面地描述节理的 几何特性，进一步估测岩石节理的水力特性。     

黏土和砂土简单的三维本构模型(英文)

把修正剑桥模型推广为适合于黏土和砂土的简单、统一三维本构模型是基于以下两点提出的 :第一点 ,把由笔者已提出的基于SMP准则的一个变换应力张量用于修正剑桥模型使其简单实现了三维化 ,改进的模型对于黏土实现了从剪切屈服到剪切破坏的统一及临界状态理论同SMP准则的结合 ;第二点 ,为了建立对于黏土和砂土简单、统一的本构模型 ,推导出了一个新的硬化参数 ,新硬化参数不仅能描述砂土不同程度的剪胀性 ,对于正常固结黏土又能退化成塑性体积应变 ,所提硬化参数的合理性也被各种路径下分别在三轴压缩和三轴伸长下的试验结果所证实。所提模型的计算参数仅为 5个常规试验参数 ,易于确定