煤基DME、FTD生命周期能耗及温室气体排放评价

对煤基DME和FTD生命周期能耗及温室气体排放评价进行了研究。结果表明,煤基DME和煤基FTD车用燃料生命周期总能耗分别为传统柴油的1.8倍和1.6倍,但是可以大大降低石油的使用量,石油消耗仅占不到8%;生命周期温室气体排放分别为传统柴油的2.1倍和1.9倍。CCS技术的采用可使煤基DME和煤基FTD生命周期温室气体的排放分别降低36%和46%,且这些减排只需要增加6.3%~7.7%的总能耗。上述研究结果可为我国能源多元化战略提供参考。     

基于生命周期评价LCA的煤制油生产过程分析

基于某煤化工企业的现场调研和台账数据,运用生命周期评价(LCA)的基本方法,对煤炭开采加工过程、运输过程,煤制油过程等主要环节中能源消耗和污染物排量进行统计分析,并进行环境影响识别,分析整个过程中的主要污染环节和主要污染物,旨在保证能源安全和清洁利用能源的前提下,促进煤化工行业低碳绿色发展。计算结果发现:生产1 t煤基油,气态污染物排放总量为16.56 t,其中CO_2占总排放量的98.03%,主要来自工厂加工中C/H原子比的调整释放和能源动力过程煤炭燃烧排放,二者分别占53.9%和25.87%。温室气体排放量约为16.23 t(按CO_2计算),酸化气体量为33.847 kg(折合成SO_2),富营养化成分为30.483 kg(折合成PO_4),产生的光化学烟雾的量为2.651 3kg(折合成C_2H_4),粉尘量为0.834 kg。废水排放总量为8.204 4 t/t(以油计),68.74%来自生产过程。     

煤基甲醇替代燃料生命周期评价研究

采用生命周期评价方法,研究了煤基甲醇替代燃料的能源消耗以及温室气体排放情况,并对副产品的研究方法以及配套CCS技术带来的影响进行了讨论。研究结果表明,煤基甲醇车用燃料生命周期总能源消耗比传统汽/柴油高50%,但是可使石油的使用大大降低(石油消耗占比约为1%);常规甲醇生产路线生命周期温室气体排放比传统汽/柴油高80%;CCS技术以及燃料/电联产,可显著降低煤基甲醇生命周期温室气体排放。研究发现,副产品处理方法对煤基燃料生命周期结果影响很大。     

我国30省份秸秆水热液化技术的碳减排潜力分析

水热液化技术作为一种可开发利用前景广阔的生物质热化学法,目前中国对于水热液化技术碳减排潜力研究仍属于空白状态。为减少温室气体排放和能源消耗,将常规水热液化技术与光伏技术结合,利用可再生能源电力替代水热液化系统运行过程中的电力消耗,同时生产的生物炭利用土壤固碳技术还田土壤,实现负碳排放。研究了中国30个省份部署光伏水热液化厂的温室气体排放、能源消耗和碳减排潜力,建立中国多地区混合生命周期评价模型,将投入产出生命周期与IPCC因子方法结合计算温室气体排放和能源消耗。首先对河南省为示范省的光伏水热液化厂进行生命周期温室气体排放和能源消耗评估。建造过程中,光伏水热液化厂的CO₂排放量为128.76 t(CO₂-eq),能源消耗总量为48 371.07 kg(标准煤)。使用建立的混合生命周期评价可在投入产出的经济背景下获得每个省份和该省份下经济部门的能源消耗和温室气体排放影响。从空间视角看,河南省影响最显著;此外,化学产品部门是最大的隐含温室气体排放和能源消耗部门。结合情景分析不同比例生物炭还田土壤的减碳效力,结果表明将河南省一个光伏水热液化厂生产的生...     

焦炉气制甲醇燃料的生命周期分析

建立了适合我国焦炉气制甲醇生命周期能源消耗与排放的分析模型,进行了焦炉气制甲醇生命周期的分析研究。研究发现,焦炉气制甲醇生命周期以原煤消耗为主,原油消耗下降为占化石能源消耗结构的1%。在总能源消耗方面,焦炉气制甲醇高于传统汽油和煤气化制甲醇路线,其在燃料阶段的能源消耗是传统汽油的6.9倍;与煤气化制甲醇相比,燃料阶段的能耗高出煤气化制甲醇约11%。在温室气体排放方面,焦炉气制甲醇路线温室气体的排放量约是传统汽油的1.8倍,其CO2和GHGs排放比煤气化制甲醇路线的少10%以上。     

煤基甲醇和柴油生命周期温室气体排放评价

利用生命周期评价理论,建立煤基甲醇(coal-based methanol,CBM)和煤基柴油(coal-based Fischer-Tropsch diesel,CBFTD)生命周期评价模型.以全球变暖潜力为评价指标,系统比较以煤为原料生产车用替代燃料FTD和M100两条路线生命周期温室气体排放并重点分析生产阶段温室气体的来源.结果表明:燃料生产阶段为温室气体排放的主要阶段,比例超过60%.在生命周期的上游阶段煤制甲醇路线的温室气体排放比煤制柴油路线少27%,主要原因是能源效率的差别.而从全生命周期来看,由于发动机效率的影响,两条路线的温室气体排放又相差不大.通过对生产阶段碳平衡的计算,揭示了CO2产生的根源,并指出在净化车间增加CO2捕集和储存设备将对整个生命周期温室气体减排起到显著效果.     

更严格排放标准下的市政污水处理厂工程设计与碳排放分析——以宁波某污水处理厂为例

污水处理厂碳减排是实现“双碳”目标的重要组成部分，进行污水处理厂污染物削减过程碳排放核算，了解其碳排量数据，对污水处理厂碳减排措施的实施具有指导作用。研究以宁波某新建污水处理厂为对象，采用联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)指南方法及现行污水处理厂温室气体核算指南、规范等推荐参数，进行污染物去除过程产生的温室气体排放量核算。结果表明，宁波某新建污水处理厂污染物去除过程中温室气体排放量为42 018.5 t CO₂-eq/a,最大温室气体排放源为电力消耗。针对核算结果，在污水处理厂设计过程中选择低碳处理工艺，并给出污水处理厂低碳运行建议。文中采用的碳排放核算方法及工程设计中的低碳减排措施和建议，可为同类污水处理厂碳减排研究提供参考。     

中国水泥协会积极应对水泥行业碳减排

<正>当前,应对气候变化已升为国家重大战略,水泥行业任重道远。2013年全球碳排放量达351亿吨,我国以95亿吨高居第一,占全球排放总量的27.1%,作为全球最大温室气体排放国,节能减排义不容辞。中国是世界水泥生产和消费大国,占全球60%的水泥产量带来了巨大的温室气体排放量。中国政府已经承诺,在2030年前后达到排放峰值,到2020年中国单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%~45%。APEC期间,中美就2020     

生物柴油项目的生命周期评价

应用生命周期评价(LcA)方法,以大豆制取生物柴油项目为研究对象,对大豆的种植、豆杆发电、豆油炼制、生物柴油制取、各段运输和生物柴油燃烧排放等6个子过程进行了清单分析,并分别计算出其能耗和对环境的影响.结果表明每kg豆油制取生物柴油,对环境的总影响负荷为9.69毫人当量;生物柴油制取对环境影响主要为CO2排放,全球变暖的影响占据首位;过程中整个系统共从环境吸收c02 22.264 kg,向环境释放C02 22.527 kg.得到生物柴油项目在减少温室气体排放上能起积极作用,与柴油相比生物柴油是一种环境友好项目的结论.     

水泥窑尾技改袋式除尘器的选择

新型干法水泥熟料生产线回转窑的窑头、窑尾是水泥厂最大的粉尘污染源,窑头、窑尾废气总量约占整个生产线废气总量的60%,其中窑尾废气约占整个生产线废气量的36%。国家环境保护局2013年12月27日颁布了《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB4915-2013),加严了水泥工业大气污染物排放标准。水泥窑系统的颗粒物排放浓度由不得超过50mg/Nm~3提升不得超过30mg/Nm~3,其中重点地区水泥窑系统的颗粒物排放浓度不得超过20mg/Nm~3。     

Effect of the alcohol type used in the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel on diesel performance and emissions

Experimental results were obtained by testing two different alcohol-derived biodiesel fuels: methyl ester and ethyl ester, both obtained from waste cooking oil. These biodiesel fuels were tested pure and blended (30% and 70% biodiesel content, volume basis) with a diesel reference fuel, which was tested too, in a 2.2 l, common-rail injection diesel engine. The operation modes were selected to simulate the European Driving Cycle. Pure biodiesel fuels, compared to the reference fuel, resulted in a slight increase in fuel consumption, in very slight differences in NOx emissions, and in sharp reductions in total hydrocarbon emissions, smoke opacity and particle emissions (both in mass and number), despite the increasing volatile organic fraction of the particulate matter. The type of alcohol used in the production process was found to have a significant effect on the total hydrocarbon emissions and on the particulate matter composition. As the alcohol used was more volatile, both the hydrocarbon emissions and volatile organic fraction of the particulate matter were observed to increase.     

Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel

With mutagenic and carcinogenic potential, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from mobile source exhaust have contributed to a substantial share of air toxics. In order to characterize the PAHs emissions of diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel (B100) and its blend (B20), an experimental study has been carried out on a direct-injection turbocharged diesel engine. The particle-phase and gas-phase PAHs in engine exhaust were collected by fiberglass filters and “PUF/XAD-2/PUF” cartridges, respectively, then the PAHs were determined by a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The experimental results indicated that comparing with diesel, using B100 and B20 can greatly reduce the total PAHs emissions of diesel engine by 19.4% and 13.1%, respectively. The Benzo[a]Pyrene (BaP) equivalent of PAHs emissions were also decreased by 15.0% with the use of B100. For the three fuels, the gas-phase PAHs emissions were higher than particle-phase PAHs emissions and the most abundant PAH compounds from engine exhaust were naphthalene and phenanthrene. The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between total PAHs emissions and particulate matter (PM) emissions for three fuels. Furthermore, the correlation became more significant when using biodiesel.     

Reduction of Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Plant for the Separation of Amines

The chemical industry comprises of the companies that produce industrial chemicals. It is central to the modern world economy, converting raw materials into more than 70 000 different products. However, environmental regulations and the risk of climate change are putting pressure on the chemical industry to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In this work, we use the concept of process intensification (using thermally coupled distillation) to reduce energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in a plant for the separation of amines. The results show that the use of thermally coupled distillation sequences can be related to a reduction in energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and good theoretical control properties in the re‐designed plant.     

Sensitivity of Diesel Particulate Material Emissions and Composition to Blends of Petroleum Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel

A number of investigations have examined the impact of the use of biodiesel on the emissions of carbon dioxide and regulated emissions, but limited information exists on the chemical composition of particulate matter from diesel engines burning biodiesel blends. This study examines the composition of diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions from a commercial agriculture tractor burning a range of biodiesel blends operating under a load that is controlled by a power take off (PTO) dynamometer. Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel was blended with soybean and beef tallow based biodiesel to examine fuels containing 0% (B0), 25% (B25), 50% (B50), 75% (B75), and 100% (B100) biodiesel. Samples were then collected using a dilution source sampler to simulate atmospheric dilution. Diluted and aged exhaust was analyzed for particle mass and size distribution, PM_2.5 particle mass, PM_2.5 organic and elemental carbon, and speciated organic compounds. PM_2.5 mass emissions rates for the B25, B50, and B75 soybean oil biodiesel mixtures had 20%–30% lower emissions than the petroleum diesel, but B100 emissions were about 40% higher than the petroleum diesel. The trends in mass emission rates with the increasing biodiesel content can be explained by a significant decrease in elemental carbon (EC) emissions across all blending ranges and increasing organic carbon (OC) emissions with pure biodiesel. Beef tallow biodiesel blends showed similar trends. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the study measurements are based on low dilution rates and the OC emissions changes may be affected by ambient temperature and different dilution conditions spanning micro-environments and atmospheric conditions. The results show that the use of biodiesel fuel for economic or climate change mitigation purposes can lead to reductions in PM emissions and a co-benefit of EC emission reductions. Detailed speciation of the OC emissions were also examined and are presented to understand the sensitivity of OC emissions with respect to biodiesel fuel blends.

Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Biodiesel combustion,emissions and emission control

The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel combustion process, pollutant formation and exhaust aftertreatment. Because its physical properties and chemical composition are distinctly different from conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel can alter the fuel injection and ignition processes whether neat or in blends. As a consequence, the emissions of NO_x and the amount, character and composition of particulate emissions are significantly affected. In this paper, we survey observations from a spectrum of our earlier studies on the impact of biodiesel on diesel combustion, emissions and emission control to provide a summary of the challenges and opportunities that biodiesel can provide.     

天然油脂制备生物柴油新技术的研究--天然油脂共轭酸衍生物应用性研究进展

概述了以天然油脂为原料生物柴油与化工产品综合制备技术,介绍了由油脂双键衍生的3大系列化工产品C₂₁二元酸、C₂₂三元酸和C₃₆二聚酸的合成方法及其应用范围。结果表明,利用油脂部分双键结构可以制备许多具有较高利润的化工产品,用以弥补单纯生产生物柴油综合价值不高的缺点,提高生物柴油生产线的综合经济效益,具有很强的实用性。     

Effect of Biofuels on Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration

Under the terms of the Renewable Energy Directive, EU member states are required to use 10 % of transport energy sourced from renewable sources, mainly biofuels, by 2020. The purpose is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. However, biodiesel used as fuel has a significant impact on emissions, as related by most of the literature on the subject. In particular, nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions from current diesel technologies are critical factors because they are already close to the limits permitted by regulations and both limits will be even more stringent in the near future. Soot particles are trapped on a diesel particulate filter (DPF). If the DPF is catalyzed like in this study, the soot is then burned by reaction with NO₂ (CDPF continuous regeneration) which occurs at lower temperatures than reaction with O₂ (active regeneration). Tests of ultra-low sulfur diesel blended with rapeseed-biodiesel at 30 % (B30) and Fischer–Tropsch diesel (FT30) were conducted. The Fischer–Tropsch diesel was chosen to represent a biomass-to-liquid fuel. This work investigated the impact of these two biofuels on engine polluting emissions and the resulting CDPF ability to regenerate. When compared with similar inlet conditions on a synthetic gas bench, an impact of fuel was observed on soot reactivity: the CDPF loaded with FT30 soot regenerated slightly faster. Engine bench tests were also performed to combine the effects of fuel on engine emissions and soot reactivity and to evaluate the CDPF. The increase in NOx and decrease in PM emissions observed for B30 appeared to significantly improve CDPF continuous regeneration by NO₂.     

碳中和背景下工业副产气制氢技术研究与应用

我国工业副产气排放量大,在对环境造成污染的同时,副产气中H₂、CO等有效成分随排放而浪费。氢气既是重要的化工原料,也是无碳、高效的能源,用工业副产气制备或分离提纯氢气既减少资源浪费,又可减少CO₂排放。本文介绍了我国含氢工业副产气排放情况,详述了焦炉煤气制氢、炼厂副产气制氢、氯碱尾气制氢等三种典型工业副产气制氢工艺,对煤制氢、天然气制氢、甲醇制氢及三种典型工业副产气制氢工艺的成本和CO₂排放进行了计算和整理分析。文章指出,考虑二氧化碳排放和碳交易成本等因素,与煤制氢、天然气制氢、甲醇制氢和电解水制氢相比,现阶段下工业副产气制氢的综合成本优势更加明显。在碳中和背景下,工业副产气制氢是获取低碳氢气的有效和经济的途径,研究和开发工业副产气制氢技术,将为碳减排提供一条高效路径。     

New Biofuel Alternatives: Integrating Waste Management and Single Cell Oil Production

Concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have increased research efforts into alternatives in bio-based processes. With regard to transport fuel, bioethanol and biodiesel are still the main biofuels used. It is expected that future production of these biofuels will be based on processes using either non-food competing biomasses, or characterised by low CO₂ emissions. Many microorganisms, such as microalgae, yeast, bacteria and fungi, have the ability to accumulate oils under special culture conditions. Microbial oils might become one of the potential feed-stocks for biodiesel production in the near future. The use of these oils is currently under extensive research in order to reduce production costs associated with the fermentation process, which is a crucial factor to increase economic feasibility. An important way to reduce processing costs is the use of wastes as carbon sources. The aim of the present review is to describe the main aspects related to the use of different oleaginous microorganisms for lipid production and their performance when using bio-wastes. The possibilities for combining hydrogen (H₂) and lipid production are also explored in an attempt for improving the economic feasibility of the process.     

Reduction of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Pellet Boiler Using Primary Measures

The use of primary measures to reduce particulate matter, CO, and NO_x emissions can be feasible for pellet boilers fired with a standardized fuel with low quality variations. At the same time, the use of lower-quality pellets such as A2 or I2 can be realized without the need for secondary emission reduction measures. Here, the possibility of particulate matter reduction through the use of primary measures is discussed, demonstrating that particulate matter emissions can be significantly reduced with the aid of primary measures such as air staging and exhaust gas recirculation. However, the use of these measures also influences other emissions, such as CO and NO_x from the furnace.