β粒子痔疮治疗仪的开发

开发了一种近距β粒子痔疮治疗仪（或称β粒子痔疮敷贴器）。该仪器由照射器、定位器、升降器、屏蔽套和控制器等部件组成,可用于治疗内痔、外痔、混合痔、肛裂、肛窦炎等多种肛肠疾病。初步临床试验表明,与其他痔疮治疗术相比,β粒子腔内放疗术具有安全、有效、方便、无痛苦和无创伤等优点。     

医用辐射新技术应用中的辐射防护问题

目前的医用辐射防护研究已远远超出了单纯的职业人员和病人的防护范畴,而是与新的放射治疗技术融合在一起.由此不但深化了辐射防护研究,而且成为推动新治疗技术发展的重要动力.新的医用辐射诊断和治疗技术一出现,人们关心的是这些技术的应用和推广,而往往忽视这些辐射技术在医学中应用的正当性判断和防护最优化问题,从而带来了一些严重的问题,也就成了目前医用辐射防护中值得关注的新问题.本文重点讨论在导向治疗、腔内近距放射治疗和立体定位放射治疗等新技术中的有关辐射防护问题.     

90Sr敷贴治疗皮肤血管瘤的疗效观察

皮肤血管瘤是源于皮肤毛细血管的良性肿瘤,多发于刚出生或出生不久的婴儿,发生率为2%[1],也有报道[2]其发生率高达3%～8%.部分患者7岁前可自行消退,但仍有部分患者持续发展,引起畸形和影响其某些生理功能[3].目前治疗皮肤血管瘤的方法较多,包括硬化剂、外科手术及其他理化治疗等.90Sr敷贴器治疗是利用90Sr衰变后的90Y子体发射的β粒子产生的放射性生物学效应,使增生的毛细血管封闭、纤维化而达到目的.本工作拟利用90Sr敷贴器治疗皮肤血管瘤,以观察其疗效.     

β粒子腋臭治疗仪的研制

研制了一种专门用于治疗腋臭的新型近距放疗仪,即β粒子腋臭治疗仪,又称β粒子腋臭敷贴器。该治疗仪由照射器、护持器、屏蔽罩、升降器、控制器和治疗车组成,利用设置在照射器内的90Sr/90 Yβ放射源对患者腋窝下的大汗腺实施全覆盖敷贴治疗,达到消除腋臭的目的。初步临床试验表明,无论是直接进行大汗腺照射,还是术后残留大汗腺的辅助照射均取得了确切疗效。该治疗仪为腋臭患者提供了又一种非手术、无痛苦、无创伤的治疗手段,且具有安全、有效、简便和操作自动化等特点。     

^125I巩膜敷贴器的剂量学特性的研究

用经验公式按合适的几何模型作剂量学计算,可以得到对应于不同的几何形状和不同放射源活度的等剂量曲线。用LiF热释光片在水-有机玻璃体模及空气中,分别作     

^211At标记的放射治疗药物的新进展

介绍了近年来＾２１１Ａｔ标记的放射治疗药物研究的新进展，如＾２１１Ａｔ－胶体复合物、＾２１１Ａｔ标记化合物、＾２１１Ａｔ标记单克隆抗体（单抗）或其片段的应用研究等。对＾２１１Ａｔ标记放射治疗药物研究存在的问题、现状及应用前景也进行了探讨。     

放射性核素治疗的现状与未来

概述了目前放射性核素治疗的现状,及开展新的放射性治疗药物研究面临着的诸多的问题,并提出今后放射性治疗药物可能的若干研究方向。     

辐射诱导细胞凋亡及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用研究进展

细胞凋亡是一种生理性细胞死亡，其特征与细胞坏死不同。深入了解和研究细胞凋亡，对辐射生物学理论探讨及对指导辐射防护实践和肿瘤治疗实践都有重要价值。本文就辐射诱导正常细胞和癌细胞凋亡及其基因调控机制以及它在肿瘤放疗中的应用前景，作了简要介绍     

^90Sr／^90Y（β）腔内治疗器对前列腺增生患者治疗的实验研究

在动物试验的基础上，应用尿道型＾９０Ｓｒ／９０＾Ｙ（β）腔内治疗器对１２５例良性前列腺增生继发下尿路完全性梗阻和下尿路不完全性梗阻患者进行尿道前列腺腔内照射治疗。     

Recent Developments in Spark Chambers

The parallel developments of a variety of spark-chamber schemes have produced many workable systems with success in experimental applications. Major efforts have developed several methods for direct electrical readout of spark-chamber data. These include the use of magnetic cores for direct digitizing of information from wire spark chambers, as well as the use of Vidicon cameras to observe sparks, and of current division and acoustic transit time in analogue devices to measure spark position. For such systems the on-line use of computers, and (or) the construction of significant electrical interfacing circuitry, are important considerations in efforts to maximize the event rate. Conventional spark-chamber systems using film to record data have benefited from the continued development of automatic off-line scanning and measuring systems. There are also many experiments that will use the unique capabilities of wide-gap spark and streamer chambers.     

Recent Developments in Magnetron Sputtering

The principle of magnetron sputtering is introduced andthe balanced and unbalanced magnetrons are compared andthe necessity of unbalanced magnetrons is explained as well. Several recent developments in plasma magnetron sputtering, i.e., unbalanced magnetron sputtering, pulsed magnetron sputtering and ion assisted sputtering, are discussed. The recent developments of unbalanced magnetron systems and their incorporation with ion sources result in an understanding in growingimportance of the magnetron sputtering technology, which makes the technology an applicable deposition process for a variety of important films, such as wear-resistant films and decorative films.     

Recent Developments in Air Particulate Monitoring

During the past 50 years, man has become acutely aware of the air pollution pervading our environment. Thus he has focused a considerable amount of scientific study on the chemical and physical properties of gaseous and particulate contaminants. A key element in the classification of particulate pollution is the sampling procedure used to collect particles, with the emphasis on separating the respirable from the non-respirable fraction. Generally, impaction techniques have been utilized for size collection of particulates, but these procedures can be affected by the nature of the impaction collection technique which can cause the particles to bounce from one stage to the next, particularly when larger sample quantities are desired for chemical analysis and gravimetrics. Recently EPA, working with several other investigators, perfected a dichotomous collection device, based on virtual impaction principles, which separates and collects particles into two size ranges, 0 to 3.5 microns and 3.5 to 20 microns. Particle bounce at the collection surface is not a problem with this sampler because particles are captured by filtration. The operation and design of manual and automated virtual impactors are discussed. In addition, the application of x-ray fluorescence to the analysis of particulates collected with the dichotomous sampler is described.     

Recent Developments in Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation

Nuclear Medicine instrumentation, as is the case for most sophisticated technologies, is constantly being improved through the introduction of new devices as well as through refinements in devices that are available from several manufacturers. The purpose of this text is to describe the recent developments that have led to improvements in the performance of instruments currently being used for routine diagnostic studies and to also describe some of the new devices that are becoming available.     

Recent Photomultiplier Developments at RCA

Data on transit time and rise time for numerous types of photomultipliers are presented. Two new photomultipliers designed to provide superior time resolution are discussed. The properties of existing types designed for energy spectroscopy are reviewed. New types designed to reduce dark noise due to radioactive contaminants, dark current, and leakage are described and performance data presented. Some of the advantages of the K2CsSb photocathode are shown. The development of photomultipliers for severe environments is reviewed. Two new families of tubes for this service are described.     

Recent Developments in Accelerator Based Atomic Physics

Much progress toward a detailed understanding of atomic collision phenomena and atomic structure has recently been made with the aid of accelerated ion beams. Beam foil Lamb shift measurements and the possible observation of spontaneously created positrons from quasi-superheavy atoms give promise for critical tests of QED. The mechanisms of innershell ionization and charge transfer in ion atom collisions have been intensively investigated and the results have brought together the various approaches - Coulomb excitation and MO treatments for these processes. That violent collisions at high energies can cause multiple ionization of the target atom has been known for some time. However, only recently have theoretical treatments been able to predict, e.g., the degree of L shell ionization accompanying K shell ionization. The highly charged ions formed in these collisions have themselves come under intensive investigation and are used for the study of the structure and collision physics of multiply charged species. Electron-Ion collision studies have also been started and initial results on dielectronic recombination are reported.     

Recent Waste Management Related Developments in Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany intends to dispose of all types of radioactive waste in deep geological formations. This waste comprises spent fuel elements, vitrified fission products, nuclear power plant operational and decommissioning waste as well as spent sealed radiation sources and miscellaneous waste originating from small waste generators. The Federal Government made a pronounced change in energy policy since 1998, the most important feature of which is the abandoning or phasing out of nuclear energy, finally set in force by the April 2002 amendment of the Atomic Energy Act. According to the new approach to waste management and disposal, further sites in various host rocks shall be investigated for their suitability. A special expert group was set up to develop repository site selection criteria and respective procedures on a scientifically sound basis. The objective of the site selection procedure is to identify—with public participation—potential disposal sites in a comprehensible and reliable way. Step by step and based on the said criteria, those areas, site regions and eventually sites shall be selected, which offer particularly favourable conditions for the later demonstration of the final site's suitability and its confirmation in a licensing procedure.     

Recent Developments in Heavy Ion Beam Probe Diagnostics

Heavy Ion Beam Probe diagnostic (HIBP) is a non-perturbative local multipurpose diagnostics that allows us to monitor the temporal evolution of 2D distributions of several plasma parameters, such as the electric potential Φ, the density n, the poloidal field B_p and the electron temperature T_e. HIBP allows us to measure the fluctuations Φ, B_p and n, which may cause the anomalous transport. The investigation of the plasma electric potential can be provided by HIBP only.     

Recent Developments in GaP(Cs)-Dynode Photomultipliers

Recent developments in GaP(Cs)-dynode photomultipliers are reviewed. The physics of secondary emission is discussed and models are described which explain secondary emission from conventional dynode materials and from GaP(Cs) dynodes. The concept of negative electron affinity is explained in terms of an energy diagram. Device performance is reported with regard to both electron and time resolution. A general discussion of the characteristics of GaP(Cs)-dynode photomultipliers is included.