轧制导入角对AZ31镁合金薄板头部翘曲的影响

目的研究轧制导入角对镁合金薄板轧制过程中头部翘曲的影响。方法设计实验导入角分别为-4.8°,-1.4°,3.1°,4.3°,7.2°的5组方案,并进行轧制实验。结果当入射角为-1.4°时轧制板材翘曲程度最小,入射角为7.2°时翘曲程度最大。随着导入角的增加,轧件非对称咬入,上下表层与轧辊的接触面积差、延伸变形量差增大,附加应力也随之增加,结果造成轧件翘曲程度逐渐增大。结论当导入角为-1°~2°时,轧件的上下表层接触面积、延伸变形量相当,产生的附加压力较小,轧制效果最佳。     

爆轰波碰撞聚能效应及其数值分析

为了掌握爆轰波碰撞时的爆压和能量汇聚的规律,对爆轰波各种碰撞的爆压变化进行研究。首先基于爆轰波碰撞理论分析.得出爆轰波在正碰撞、斜碰撞和马赫反射三种条件下的爆压变化,确定马赫反射发生的条件,然后绘制入射角、偏离角和反射角间的关系曲线。应用Ls-dyna数值软件对爆轰波碰撞产生马赫反射的过程进行模拟。对比模拟和理论计算结果得知.对于多方指数为2.4的铵油炸药,马赫反射发生在斜爆轰波入射角为46.4°时,此时马赫波后压强达到最大值13.2 GPa,并在马赫波后形成高压区域。     

爆轰波碰撞聚能效应及其数值分析

为了掌握爆轰波碰撞时的爆压和能量汇聚的规律,对爆轰波各种碰撞的爆压变化进行研究。首先基于爆轰波碰撞理论分析.得出爆轰波在正碰撞、斜碰撞和马赫反射三种条件下的爆压变化,确定马赫反射发生的条件,然后绘制入射角、偏离角和反射角间的关系曲线。应用Ls-dyna数值软件对爆轰波碰撞产生马赫反射的过程进行模拟。对比模拟和理论计算结果得知.对于多方指数为2.4的铵油炸药,马赫反射发生在斜爆轰波入射角为46.4°时,此时马赫波后压强达到最大值13.2 GPa,并在马赫波后形成高压区域。     

某型轿车外流场模拟计算与实验验证

应用计算流体动力学技术, 选用 k-ε模型, 建立某款轿车的三维模型及其外流场模型, 对其进行了流体动力学模拟. 着重分析了高速行驶条件下前窗角分别为 20°,30°和 45°的汽车周围流场, 对比研究了气动阻力、升力系数与前窗角间的变化关系. 结果表明: 流动阻力系数和升力系数在前窗角为 30°时最小. 模拟结果与实验结果对比分析, 气动阻力系数、升力系数与试验值的误差在 5% 以内, 从而为汽车造型设计研究提供了理论依据.     

角位移Fabry-Perot干涉测量

提出了一种基于Fabry-Perot板干涉的角位移测量新方法。此方法采用函数近似,只需将初始入射角确定在40°到50°之间,即可由角位移与干涉信号条纹数变化间的函数关系,高精度测量角位移。解决了采用F-P板干涉法测量角位移需精确确定入射光初始角的问题。使用计算机处理采集的干涉信号,对干涉条纹进行细分,实现干涉信号相位测量的高分辨力。理论模拟和实验结果得出本方法可以实现精度为10-5rad数量级的角位移测量。该方法的测量装置采用带尾纤的半导体激光作为光源,由自聚焦透镜准直,出射光束直径为0.5mm,使探测头为小光斑。该装置结构简单,能实现小型化。     

检验平行度及棱镜角度的干涉法

举例说明了一种检验光学零件的简便方法:平面平行玻璃板的平行度;保罗棱镜(译者注一即普通直角棱镜,国内通称“直角棱镜DⅡ—180”,光轴转角180°,反射次数为2次。)90°角偏差及尖塔差;直角棱镜45°角偏差。用氦氖激光做光源,被测零件本身做为干涉仪。     

五角棱镜及其使用误差

五角棱镜属于反射棱镜的一种(代号为WⅡ—90°),由于它具有五个角和五条棱,所以常常被人称之为五棱镜或五角棱镜(如图1a、b所示)。当入射光线S垂直于AB面时,光线在BC和DE面上的入射角为22°30′,小于全内反射临界角,在DE和BC面上镀有反射层,成之为反射面。可见,它实际上是由两个互成45°的平面反射镜BC、ED组合而成。因此,它同样具有双平面反射镜组所具有的全部特性和直反射棱镜可使光轴改变90°的特性,它和直角棱镜相比较,其优点在于:五棱镜在其主截面内光线偏转角度只与两反射面的夹角有关,而与入射角无关,如图2所示,即使入射线     

表面等离子共振双光束差分研究和数值模拟

为提高光强调制型表面等离子共振传感器的灵敏度和抗干扰能力,本文提出了一种采用双光束差分光强的SPR检测新方法.通过对该方法的理论计算和数值模拟分析,得到了不同入射角和不同金膜厚度时,反射光强差与样品折射率之间的关系曲线.研究表明,与传统的光强调制方法相比,当两束光入射角相差5°,金膜厚度在40～50 nm时,该方法是有更高的灵敏度和更宽的测量范围,并且由于采用了光强差分技术,大大提高了传感器的抗干扰性和稳定性.     

分子动力学模拟不同入射角度的SiF3+对SiC表面的作用

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了300K入射能量150eV时,以不同角度(5°、30°、60°和75°)入射的SiF3+与SiC表面的相互作用过程。模拟中使用了用于Si-F-C体系的Tersoff-Brenner势能函数。模拟结果显示,入射SiF3+与SiC表面相互作用后会分解,分解率随着入射角度的增加而减小。分解产物除少量散射外,大部分会沉积在SiC表面,Si和F在SiC表面的平均饱和沉积量随入射角度的增加而减少。随着SiF3+不断轰击SiC表面,SiC表面会形成Si-F-C反应层,且反应层厚度随着入射角度的增加而减少。同时发现SiC中的Si原子较C原子更容易被刻蚀,与实验结果一致。当刻蚀达到稳定,入射角度为5°、30°、60°和75°时,C的刻蚀率分别约为0.026、0.038、0.018、0.005,Si的刻蚀率分别约为0.043、0.051、0.043和0.023。各入射角度下,产物分子种类主要为F、SiF和SiF2。F和SiF产物量随入射角度增加而增加,而SiF2产量随入射角度增加而减少。在入射角度等于5°和30°时,SixFyCz是主要的含C产物;而在入射角度等于60°和75°时,CF是主要的含C产物。在入射角度等于5°和30°时,SiF2是主要的含Si产物;在入射角度等于60°和75°时,SiF是主要的含Si产物。刻蚀主要通过化学增强的物理溅射进行。     

一种球锥结合药型罩石油射孔弹研究

设计了一种球锥结合药型罩石油射孔弹,在半球形主药型罩基础上增加了锥形前驱罩结构,利用ALE方法,模拟了药型罩材料为铜,锥角角度分别为30°、35°、40°、45°和50°时对其射流的速度和形状、射流头部速度和杵体质量的影响,并与半球形药型罩模拟结果进行对比.结果表明前驱罩锥角40°比锥角30°射流速度降低了26％,直径提高了8.1％,锥角40°比锥角50°射流速度提高了4.1％,直径降低了3.4％.前驱罩锥角为40°和50°的球锥形药型罩的射流头部速度比半球形药型罩分别提高了25％和20％,直径分别提高了2.6％和6.1％.试验结果与模拟结果大致相符,为大孔径、深穿孔石油射孔弹的设计开发提供了一定的参考.     

Analysis and design of modified Wollaston prisms

An exact analysis of the working parameters of a modified Wollaston prism is presented. Parameters include the output splitting angle, the retardation, and the location of the plane of the interference fringes (plane of apparent splitting). Results are presented for the entire range of optical axis inclinations and wedge angles. Approximate expressions from the literature are evaluated. An angle of incidence that causes the plane of the interference fringes to be perpendicular to the axis of the optical system is found for each configuration analyzed. This is then applied to the design of modified Wollaston prisms for Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy.     

Spectroscopic ellipsometer based on direct measurement of polarization ellipticity

A polarizer-sample-Wollaston prism analyzer ellipsometer is described in which the ellipsometric angles ψ and Δ are determined by direct measurement of the elliptically polarized light reflected from the sample. With the Wollaston prism initially set to transmit p- and s-polarized light, the azimuthal angle P of the polarizer is adjusted until the two beams have equal intensity. This condition yields ψ=±P and ensures that the reflected elliptically polarized light has an azimuthal angle of ±45° and maximum ellipticity. Rotating the Wollaston prism through 45° and adjusting the analyzer azimuth until the two beams again have equal intensity yields the ellipticity that allows Δ to be determined via a simple linear relationship. The errors produced by nonideal components are analyzed. We show that the polarizer dominates these errors but that for most practical purposes, the error in ψ is negligible and the error in Δ may be corrected exactly. A native oxide layer on a silicon substrate was measured at a single wavelength and multiple angles of incidence and spectroscopically at a single angle of incidence. The best fit film thicknesses obtained were in excellent agreement with those determined using a traditional null ellipsometer.     

Design of a static Fourier-transform spectrometer with increased field of view

We present several novel designs of static Fourier-transform spectrometers based on Wollaston prisms. By numerical modeling we show the increased field of view that can be obtained when an achromatic half-wave plate is included between the prisms or when prisms fabricated from positive and negative birefringent materials are combined. In addition, we model how a single Wollaston prism with an inclined optic axis produces a fringe plane localized behind its exit face, thus enabling the design of a static Fourier-transform spectrometer based on a single Wollaston prism.     

Illumination-induced surface charges on thin diamond films at different wavelengths

Contact angle studies of pure water droplets were carried out on thin diamond films. The films were deposited on a fresh Si 111 wafer by plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) and confirmed to be diamond by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Advancing and receding contact angles were measured as a function of droplet volume by using different incident wavelengths: red, green and violet. Large differences in the contact angles were observed, depending on the wavelength of the incident light. These differences are usually related to the existence of illumination-induced surface charges or electromagnetically active inhomogeneities in the diamond films. The results show that this technique is sufficiently sensitive to correlate changes in the contact angle with changes in the wavelength used.     

Wollaston prism with large split angle

The image formation through a Wollaston prism with large split angle is studied. Formulas for the split angle, approximate calculations of aberrations, and ray tracings are used. The most important aberrations found are astigmatism and anamorphic distortion. Tilting the Wollaston with respect to the incident beam may reduce these aberrations, and if the orientation of the optical axis in the first element is varied it is possible to cancel one of the two aberrations for both images simultaneously, while the other one is substantially reduced. With an adequate adjustment of all the construction parameters the images become sharp enough to allow the use of large split angles (approximately 15 degrees).     

长距离同轴度测量方法及实验

本文介绍了一种新型的自适应双频激光同轴度测量系统，该系统利用两个完全对称的渥拉斯顿棱镜，一个作为测量元件，另一个作为补偿元件，采用比相技术处理测量信号，因而测量元件可以暂时移出光路，能够进行同轴度的测量，系统的光学设计使激光光束的平衡和角漂不影响测量结果，对激光的漂移有自适应性，两束干涉光基本符合共光路原则，因而对大气湍流，空气扰动的影响具有更强的适应性，可用于长距离直线度，同轴度的测量。该系统与     

Coefficients of transformation of long-wavelength perturbations of a supersonic incident flow around a wedge into pressure fluctuations on its surface

The interaction of different types of long-wavelength perturbations of a supersonic incident flow around a wedge with an arising shock wave is simulated numerically. The results of parametric calculations are compared with the data of the linear theory for the interaction of perturbations with a shock wave in the absence of a body. Data on the structure of pressure fluctuations behind the shock wave on the wedge and data on the coefficients of transformation of external perturbations represented in the form of analytical dependences on the angle of inclination of the shock wave, the angle of propagation of external perturbations, and the incident Mach number are obtained.     

Experimental and simulated angular profiles of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance emission from turbid media

Given the wavelength dependence of sample optical properties and the selective sampling of surface emission angles by noncontact imaging systems, differences in angular profiles due to excitation angle and optical properties can distort relative emission intensities acquired at different wavelengths. To investigate this potentiality, angular profiles of diffuse reflectance and fluorescence emission from turbid media were evaluated experimentally and by Monte Carlo simulation for a range of incident excitation angles and sample optical properties. For emission collected within the limits of a semi-infinite excitation region, normalized angular emission profiles are symmetric, roughly Lambertian, and only weakly dependent on sample optical properties for fluorescence at all excitation angles and for diffuse reflectance at small excitation angles relative to the surface normal. Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance within the emission plane orthogonal to the oblique component of the excitation also possess this symmetric form. Diffuse reflectance within the incidence plane is biased away from the excitation source for large excitation angles. The degree of bias depends on the scattering anisotropy and albedo of the sample and results from the correlation between photon directions upon entrance and emission. Given the strong dependence of the diffuse reflectance angular emission profile shape on incident excitation angle and sample optical properties, excitation and collection geometry has the potential to induce distortions within diffuse reflectance spectra unrelated to tissue characteristics.     

溅射沉积Cu膜生长的Monte Carlo模拟

在本文中,我们建立了一个较完整的基于动力学晶格蒙特卡罗方法的模拟薄膜生长的三维模型,利用该模型我们研究了溅射沉积条件下粒子的沉积角度、沉积速率以及入射能量对Cu膜生长的影响.模拟结果表明Cu膜表面粗糙度会随沉积角度和沉积速率的增大而增大,而相对密度随之减小.模拟的薄膜的三维形貌显示,在薄膜的表面存在着柱状结构,这与实验是相符的.     

A Multimode Fibre-coupled Compact Optical Wavelength Meter based on Wollaston Prisms

Abstract: We present a compact, portable, and mechanically robust instrument for measuring optical wavelength based on an arrangement of four Wollaston prisms that forms spatially localised fringes in a plane perpendicular to the optic axis. The wavelength is determined from the fringe period. After calibration, the instrument had an accuracy of c. 1 of 10⁶, and was immune to fluctuations in output intensity of a light source of up to 10 dB.