不流动水对包气带溶质运移的影响研究进展

本文对考虑不流动水影响下的溶质运移模型、可动-不动区溶质运移模型、考虑吸附与降解作用的不流动水溶质运移模型进行了综述。指出对不流动水的研究已从盲端水扩展到内聚体间不动的水和远离流动区的水。其中，用可动-不动区模型可解释溶质运移中穿透曲线不对称的现象；用压力圆盘渗透仪可直接测量不动区的含水量使上述模型易于操作。并指出今后不流动水研究的方向应为不流动水分类的完善、不流动水对包气带水流的影响研究、参数的不确定性和尺度效应研究。     

基于遗传算法的田间尺度土壤水力参数与溶质运移参数优化

合理确定田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数是保证农田土壤水盐动态模拟正确性的重要前提。本文开展了基于遗传算法(Genetic Algorithms,GA)与农田水文模型SWAP(Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant)耦合进行土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数优化的方法研究。在已有GA基础上引入了子体优生策略,并以完全嵌入方式耦合GA与SWAP模型。采用河套灌区曙光实验站的土壤剖面分层含水率(θi)和溶液浓度(cmli)、表土含水率(θsur)、实际腾发量(ETa)等观测资料,开展了田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数优化的数值试验与相应分析。结果表明:(1)采用土壤分层信息(θi和cmli)作为观测数据,GA参数优化效果很好;(2)仅采用ETa作观测数据时,参数优化效果相对欠佳,需慎重使用,而结合ETa与θsur后可提高优化精度;(3)引入子体优生策略可提高GA的参数优化效率和精度。综上,结合GA与SWAP模型是优化田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数的一种实用方法。     

基于遗传算法的田间尺度土壤水力参数与溶质运移参数优化

合理确定田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数,是保证农田土壤水盐动态模拟与预测正确性的的重要前提。本文开展了基于遗传算法（Genetic Algorithms, GA）与农田水文模型SWAP（Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant）耦合进行土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数优化的方法研究。GA以选择、交叉和突变三个算子为基础,融入小生境技术、精英保留策略、Micro-GA算子、蠕式突变等改进算法,同时我们引入了子体优生策略。本研究以完全嵌入方式耦合了GA与SWAP模型,以河套灌区曙光实验站为背景,采用土壤剖面分层含水率(θi)和溶液浓度(cml i)、土壤表层含水率(θsur)、实际土壤蒸腾蒸发量(ETa) 作为观测资料,开展了田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数优化的数值试验与相应分析。结果表明：(1) 采用土壤分层信息 (θi和cml i) 作为观测数据,GA参数优化效果很好;(2) 仅采用ETa作观测数据时的参数优化效果欠佳,需慎重使用,而结合ETa与θsur后可提高优化精度; (3) 引入子体优生策略可提高GA的参数优化效率和精度。综上,结合GA与SWAP模型是优化田间尺度土壤水力参数和溶质运移参数的一种实用方法。     

非稳定流条件下非饱和均质土壤溶质运移的传递函数解

根据溶质运移的传递函数模型Tromsfer Function Model, TFM理论，研究了非稳定流条件下非饱和均质土壤中表施和原有NO-3 N及原有Cl-的运移。由极大似然法估算了模型参数μ和σ2，求出了溶质运移的概率密度函数，计算了NO-3 -N的淋失量，并利用土壤中原有Cl-的动态，对NO-3 N的迁移过程进行了模拟，同时还估算了溶质的中值迁移时间tm和均值迁移时间相应的运移体积θst和θst。     

渗透系数的非均质性对地下水溶质运移的影响

本文应用贝叶斯推断方法和随机模拟技术,定量研究了渗透系数的非均质性对地下水溶质运移的影响,并进行了二维理想流的分析计算。计算时分别考虑了随机模拟引起的不确定性和随机模型中参数的不确定性的影响。计算结果表明,贝叶斯推断的参数后验分布是不对称的;当条件数据较多时,参数后验分布的标准方差较小,参数分布的集中趋势较明显;地下水溶质运移的不确定程度随着时间的推移而增加,随着条件数据数量的增多而减少;当考虑参数不确定性时,溶质运移的不确定程度明显增加。     

土壤中溶质运移的特性及模型研究

综述近年来土壤中溶质运移的机理、溶质的吸附模型和溶质运移数学模型等方面的研究现状,并在现有数学模型的基础上,探讨了这些模型目前需要解决的问题及未来发展趋势.     

基于Bayes理论的田间层状土壤水分运动参数识别及不确定性分析

土壤水分运动参数是非饱和带水分及污染物运移研究的核心参数,根据点尺度土壤样本的室内稳态试验得到的水分运动参数往往不能准确反映天然条件下田间尺度土壤水分运动特征。本文基于为时2年的田间土壤含水量观测数据(2013年为率定期,2014年为验证期),通过土壤转换函数得到了VGM(van Genuchten-Mualem)模型水力参数的先验分布,建立了反演层状土壤持水和导水特征的贝叶斯模型,采用自适应差分演化(DREAMZS)的采样方法,结合Hydrus_1d模型,对田间尺度土壤水分含量预测模型进行优化及不确定性分析,获得了水分特征参数的后验分布,分析了最优参数组的模拟效果及模型预测的95%的置信区间。结果表明,基于DREAMZS采样的Bayes方法可以实现田间尺度层状土壤水分特征参数的率定及土壤水分动态的模拟预测。率定结果显示饱和导水率Ks最不敏感,饱和含水量θs最为敏感,可识别性较高,室内试验反演得到θs可用于田间土壤水分运动的模拟。随着土壤含水量模拟深度的增加,PUCI(单位平均相对宽度所包含的实测点数据比例)值越大,模型预测的性能越高。模拟结果的不确定性主要由模型结构所引起,所以对模型结构的修改完善是未来提高模型预测的关键。     

VG模型参数对灌溉补给系数的敏感性分析

运用模型手段,计算灌溉补给系数时,VG 模型中水力参数的不确定性严重影响了灌溉入渗补给系数的可靠性,且目前针对非均质岩土层入渗及其水力参数敏感性的研究较少。基于新疆伊犁霍城县原位试验场灌溉试验,运用 HYDＲUS－2D 软件建立二维饱和－非饱和带水分运移数值模型,利用EFAST 法和 Morris 筛选法分析了 VG 模型中水力参数对灌溉补给系数的敏感性,并分析比较两种方法的一致性。研究表明: 当包气带岩性为均质结构时,θs( 土壤的饱和含水率) 及 n( VG 模型的形状参数) 共同影响着灌溉补给系数。当包气带岩性处于上粗下细的结构时,θs 对灌溉补给系数影响最大,即表明 θs 最为敏感,而且细颗粒 θs 相对于其他水力参数的耦合程度最大。n 直接影响着土壤水分特征曲线的整体形状。同时 EFAST 法和 Morris 筛选法对参数敏感性分析结果呈现较高的相关性。由于VG 模型中水力参数数量适中,EFAST 法较 Morris 筛选法工作量合理,同时对模型参数敏感性分析更加贴近实际。研究成果对获取包气带水分运移模型参数有着重要意义。     

奎河周边浅层地下水流及溶质运移数值模拟

根据典型地区地下水动态和溶质运移情况,结合水文地质条件和其他资料,建立了相应的水文地质概念模型。利用有限元数值模拟软件FEFLOW实现了对研究区地下水流系统和溶质运移的模拟。在水位过程线拟合、水位误差分析和溶质相关性分析的基础上,对地下水流系统和溶质运移模型进行了识别、校验,并利用所建立的数值模型预测了研究区地下水溶质运移演化情况。     

河流潜流带氮素迁移转化数值模拟研究进展

系统归纳了描述潜流带氮素迁移转化行为的水动力、溶质运移、微生物生长数学模型及其耦合关系,分析了耦合模型的主要参数及其影响因素,探讨了试验数据获取、过程耦合关系建立、模型参数识别对数值模拟不确定性的影响。针对现有研究的不足,提出了未来应加强潜流带原生环境监测、热传输过程与其他过程耦合、多维度多过程耦合模型优化计算等方面的研究。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。