浅谈电子天平在PM2.5-PM10检测中的应用

空气动力学直径小于等于100μm的颗粒物称被为总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）,一般按直径可分为PM10、PM5和PM2.5。总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）一旦吸入到人体呼吸道内,对人体有巨大危害。因此,精确测定这些空气中的微小颗粒物质量尤为必要。     

室内PM2.5浓度标准的探讨

PM 2.5在室内颗粒物中占有很大比例,由于具有比表面积大的特点,对多种有机物具有较强的吸附能力,可以直接进入肺泡,导致年总死亡率、心肺疾病死亡率以及肺癌死亡率的增加,对人体产生全方位的影响。所以将PM 2.5纳入我国室内空气质量检测范围和评价体系是加强空气污染防治、保障人体健康的必然要求。通过分析一些国家和国际组织的PM 2.5标准、我国《环境空气质量标准》及室内PM2.5的检测标准,对我国《室内空气质量标准》中PM2.5的浓度标准值进行探讨,为室内PM 2.5浓度的控制提出明确的目标与方向。     

PM2.5对环境的影响及治理对策

PM2.5是指大气中颗粒物直径小于2.5微米的漂浮物,也称可入肺颗粒物,因其富含大量的有毒、有害物质且可在大气中停留时间长、流动距离远的特点,造成对人体健康损害及环境的污染。本文主要对PM2.5的主要来源、及其对环境及人体健康的影响进出阐述,提出相应的治理对策。     

烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)采样技术及PM2.5监测问题的研究

烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)用于对大气固定污染源排放的烟尘、气态污染物进行排放浓度以及其它烟气参数的连续监测。简要介绍了燃煤产生的颗粒物,尤其是PM2.5给人体造成的危害,着重分析了CEMS系统的采样方法和PM2.5的重量测定,比较其各自的特点,最后,对有关现场校准的问题及PM2.5监测的问题进行探讨。     

PM2.5颗粒物采样器校准装置设计及技术关键

正一、研究的目的意义PM2.5是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物,也将PM2.5等同于气溶胶。所谓的气溶胶、细颗粒物其实就是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的细颗粒物,简称PM2.5。虽然PM2.5只是地球大气成分中含量很少的组分,但它对空气质量等有重要的影响。研究表明,颗粒越小对人体健康的危害越大。气象专家和医学专家认为,由细颗粒物造成的灰霾天气对人体健康的危害甚至要比沙尘暴更大。粒径10微米以上的颗粒物,会被挡在人的鼻子外面;粒径在2.5微     

车载监测系统在PM2.5监测质量控制方面的应用

城市环境空气自动站的颗粒物自动监测设备质量保证和质量控制过程较为复杂,通过新型的车载环境空气自动监测系统与城市环境监测自动站颗粒物监测系统的比对,探讨了车载系统用于自动站颗粒物设备的质控比对的可行性。     

基于显微图像处理PM2.5尺寸的分布研究

了解大气中PM2.5颗粒物的大小分布对人体健康的影响有重要意义,本文中分析了大气颗粒物的图像特征,图像的识别和处理方法,用提取颜色通道、直方图均衡化、有选择保边缘平滑、开闭操作以及阈值分割等处理,分割图像中的颗粒,并有效地识别和分类颗粒物的大小;并在Image-Pro Plus 4.0(IPP)软件平台上实现了这一图像处理过程,这种处理和识别方法为PM2.5和其他微米、亚微米颗粒材料的图像分析提供了参考.     

沙尘暴对人体健康影响

我国北方的沙尘暴天气是特殊的地理环境和气象条件所致的自然现象。研究沙尘暴的危害及对人体健康的影响有重要的科学意义和应用价值。本文阐述了沙尘暴的成因及沙尘暴颗粒物特性。着重分析了沙尘暴对人体健康的危害。沙尘暴可对人体产生刺激症状，对肺部、眼部、皮肤及其他器官、系统均可造成损害。深入研究沙尘暴对环境及人体健康的影响是十分必要的。     

陕西省榆林市冬季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的污染特征

为了探讨陕西省榆林市冬季大气颗粒物的污染特征,2013年11月对榆林市3个采样点进行可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)同步观测,利用离子色谱法和热光分析法测定PM10和PM2.5中无机水溶性离子和碳组分的浓度。结果表明:3个采样点PM10和PM2.5日均质量浓度分别为162、74μg/m3,颗粒物浓度由大到小的采样点为环保旧站、实验中学和环保大厦;PM10中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度空间分布与颗粒物的相同;PM2.5中有碳组分在环保旧站和实验中学的浓度接近,都大于环保大厦的;无机离子中SO42-和Ca2+浓度最大;PM10与PM2.5整体偏碱性,亏损的阴离子主要是CO32-;扬尘在PM10中的比例远远大于其他组分;PM2.5中碳组分含量较大,其次是土壤尘、硫酸盐、氯化物和硝酸盐等;治理PM10和PM2.5污染应以加强扬尘控制和减少燃煤污染物排放为主。     

人为活动对室内空气质量的影响

为了探讨人为活动对导致室内环境空气质量恶化的影响程度,分析研究不同人为活动对室内颗粒物的影响,选择某高校5个代表性人为活动点为监测点,同步实时监测室内颗粒数浓度和细颗粒物PM2.5质量浓度的变化,并记录人为活动和相关通风信息。结果表明,不同人为活动产生的颗粒数浓度和PM2.5质量浓度有所差异,其中食堂所测的平均颗粒数浓度和平均质量浓度分别为242 266 cm-3、124.2μg/m3,远远高于其他室内活动对颗粒物浓度的影响;在各项人为活动中,拖地时产生的颗粒数浓度和质量浓度最小;在进行室内活动时,特别是烹饪等污染物排放量较大的活动,应尽量缩短工作时间,同时加强通风,降低在高危污染环境中的暴露风险。     

Nicht‐thermische Plasmen zum Emissionsschutz

Non‐thermal plasma for emission protection: State of the art and future prospects The reduction of emissions from exhaust gas streams is becoming more and more important issue in the highly industrialised society. Due to its impact on air, soil and water exhaust pollutions affect the whole environment and thus human health. Therefore environmental norms and standards are constantly increased by national and international authorities. The possibilities of air‐pollution control by means of non‐thermal plasmas are well known. Plasmas contain active and highly reactive species, in particular electrons, ions, atoms, molecules, and radicals, which can decompose of filter pollutant molecules and particulate matter. This contribution intends to summarize the possibilities or pollution control by means of non‐thermal plasmas. Commercially available plasma based and plasma assisted processes for flue gas treatment and deodorization are described. Current trends and concepts will be discussed.     

Air pollution control in ferroalloy manufacturing industries: an Indian regulatory assessment

Ferroalloy manufacturing involves many unit operations and unit processes. Commencing from the material handling to manufacturing and product collection, a ferroalloy plant emits a wide range of air pollutants. The selection of appropriate air emission control technology is, therefore, very important in such a situation. In this article, few case studies from Indian operating plants are analyzed from the standpoint of installed air pollution control devices. Analyses revealed design flaws in many of these air pollution control devices leading to their collapse with the deterioration of the ambient air quality. As regulatory measures, recommendations are made specifying the air pollution control devices to curb air emission from various stages of the ferroalloy making operations for meeting the air emission standards. Prior to putting forward recommendations in this article, described are the different aspects of the ferroalloy manufacturing with the emphasis of source of emission for both particulate matter as well as gaseous pollutants.     

关于氨制冷机房氨气气体浓度报警装置报警浓度的设置

文章对GB50072-2010《冷库设计规范》中规定的氨制冷机房设置的氨气气体报警装置的报警浓度存在的问题进行了分析。并根据分析和计算,发现采用该浓度可能对人体造成危害,建议未来修订标准时根据《工业企业设计卫生标准》和《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》中的相关规定来确定氨气气体浓度报警装置的报警浓度。     

悬浮颗粒物海水及其声吸收

通过对悬浮颗粒物粘滞性声吸收的分析,指出了在悬浮颗粒物海水声传播研究中所需要的悬浮颗粒物参数;经海水中声吸收计算分析,给出了能够对声传播产生影响的悬浮颗粒物参数的范围。为应用于声学研究的悬浮颗粒物海水海洋调查、数据积累及海区划分提供依据。     

Transparent Nanofibrous Mesh Self‐Assembled from Molecular LEGOs for High Efficiency Air Filtration with New Functionalities

Alarming levels of particulate matter pollution in air pose a serious health threat in several countries, therefore intriguing a strong need for an economic and a viable technology of air filtration. Current air purification technology is rather expensive with certain types even having the risk of emitting hazardous by‐products. The authors have developed a multifunctional air filter inspired from the nasal hairs possessing an ability to specifically trap/exhale the foreign particles and allergens while still letting the air flow. This design is achieved by introducing different functionalities at different dimensional scale employing a bottom‐up approach starting with an organic molecule which is further self‐organized to form nanoparticles and ultimately to a nanofibrous mesh. While the molecular building block inherently possesses the property of shielding Ultraviolet (UV) rays, the nanofibrous mesh built up from it aids in trapping the particulate matter while maintaining good air flow. By controlling the concentration of the organic molecule, the formation of fibers has been enabled in the nanoscale regime to obtain high particle‐capture possibilities. The self‐assembled nanofibrous filter thus designed has achieved a high filtration efficiency of ≈90% for the PM 2.5 particle in congruence with the ability to block the harmful UV radiations.     

Ovarian Dysfunction Induced by Chronic Whole‐Body PM2.5 Exposure

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution arouses public health concerns over the world. Increasing epidemiologic evidence suggests that exposure to ambient airborne PM2.5 increases the risk of female infertility. However, relatively few studies have systematically explored the harmful effect of chronic PM2.5 exposure on ovarian function and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, female C57BL/6J mice are exposed to filtered air or urban airborne PM2.5 for 4 months through a whole‐body exposure system. It is found that PM2.5 exposure significantly caused the alteration of estrus cycles, reproductivity, hormone levels, and ovarian reserve. The granulosa cell apoptosis via the mitochondria dependent pathway contributes to the follicle atresia. With RNA‐sequencing technique, the differentially expressed genes induced by PM2.5 exposure are mainly enriched in ovarian steroidogenesis, reactive oxygen species and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Furthermore, it is found that increased PM2.5 profoundly exacerbated ovarian oxidative stress and inflammation in mice through the NF‐κB/IL‐6 signaling pathway. Notably, dietary polydatin (PD) supplement has protective effect in mice against PM2.5‐induced ovarian dysfunction.These striking findings demonstrate that PM2.5 and/or air pollution is a critical factor for ovarian dysfunction through mitochondria‐dependent and NF‐κB/IL‐6‐mediated pathway, and PD may serve as a pharmaceutic candidate for air pollution‐associated ovarian dysfunction.     

养殖海水固体颗粒物含量分布及其对铜质板式换热器腐蚀影响分析

铜质板式换热器是一种新型换热节能材料,在水产养殖、船舶运输、地热资源、化工等领域,具有广阔的应用前景。本文结合其在海水养殖领域的使用情况,对养殖海水固体颗粒物含量和分布进行了调查,并通过现场调查和模拟冲刷实验分析了固体颗粒物对铜质板式换热器的腐蚀影响。结果表明:养殖系统海水固体颗粒物含量很低,其中天然、砂滤和养殖池内3种海水颗粒物含量范围分别在1.3~2.7 mg/L,0.04~0.4mg/L,0.02~0.26 mg/L。天然海水含有大量不规则细小颗粒,池内海水含有大量片状颗粒物,砂滤海水的颗粒特征不明显。许多大颗粒是由纳米颗粒团聚堆积而成的。由于颗粒物含量低,海水流速小,冲刷力小,养殖海水固体颗粒物对铜质板式换热器腐蚀影响轻微。现场腐蚀调查和模拟冲刷实验结果也证明这一点。该研究结果可为铜质板式换热器在海水养殖领域的推广应用提供参考。     

地下加工间颗粒物分布特性及控制措施研究

施工现场的地下预制加工间普遍存在施工强度大,作业人员密集,不规律的气流组织导致施工环境质量恶劣等问题.对西安市某施工项目的地下预制加工间内可吸入颗粒物进行了实测和数据分析,其中通风加工间和给捧水加工间分别有等离子切割机、共板式法兰机、型材切割机和台式砂轮机等加工部件装置.经测试,等离子切割机为产尘量最高的机械装置,该装...     

中子活化分析测定大气颗粒物的质量保证

仪器中子活化分析具有灵敏度高、无需样品预处理、可测元素种类多等优点,是大气颗粒物元素含量分析的常用方法之一,为污染源解析提供重要的数据基础。本文归纳整理了NAA实验室利用相对比较法和单比较器k0法分析大气颗粒物样品工作中各实验流程的质量保证过程,以及内、外部质量控制方法。