百色水利枢纽工程的风险管理实践

介绍工程中风险的分类与识别 ,针对不同的风险采用不同的风险控制措施 ,结合百色水利枢纽工程的实际情况 ,论述了在工程建设中采用的风险管理机制 ,提出在工程风险管理中应以“防止为主、积极规避、合理转移”为指导思想     

An integrated system for nonpoint source pollution modelling and management.

Modelling the impact of nonpoint source pollution (NSP) is a complex problem that has troubled water resource managers for many years when trying to set up proper management practices in catchment areas. In this paper, an integrated decision support system, NPSDSS (nonpoint source decision support system), was introduced to resolve this problem in a relatively easy way. The system was developed in a unique platform and integrated with the IMPULSE (integrated model of nonpoint source pollution processes) model, a stand alone geographic information system (GIS) toolbox, a well-structured database, a measure screening model, and an expert system, as well. The system has been applied in the Dianchi Lake catchment area and shown to give a good perspective on providing useful recommendations for appropriate NSP management.     

百色水利枢纽地下洞室开挖安全管理

介绍百色水利枢纽地下厂房工程洞室群开挖期的安全管理情况及安全管理的一些做法 ,安全是地下洞室施工的关键 ,百色水利枢纽地下厂房工程开挖基本结束 ,面对复杂不利的地质条件 ,通过切实有效的安全生产管理 ,未发生重大安全事故     

基于水库流域非点源防治的用地规划

水体富营养化的一个重要原因是非点源污染。相对于点源而言,非点源控制难度较大。试图从非点源防治的角度,采用线性规划模型进行流域用地规划。列举横岗水库流域的用地规划进行污源预测以及环境容量计量。具体思路如下:①预测流域污染物产生量;②计算流域内纳污水体环境容量,分配点源与非点源环境容量;③通过线性规划,确定各种土地利用类型的面积大小;④根据纳污水体位置以及用地现状,确定各种用地类型的相对位置。     

Use of spatial surrogates to assess the potential for non‐point source pollution in large watersheds

Sediment represents a major non‐point source pollutant throughout the world. In addition to reduced agricultural productivity as the result of the loss of fertile soil, soil erosion also can have significant water‐quality impacts in downstream waterbodies, reducing water transparency, degrading aquatic habitats and reducing the operational life and water storage capacity of reservoirs producing hydroelectric power. Various other pollutants also can absorb to sediment particles, creating additional downstream water‐quality concerns for humans and the natural environment. In view of its human and environmental significance, two indices (an erosion index and runoff index) were developed to identify areas within the US portion of the Rio Grande Basin exhibiting physical characteristics conducive to producing significant non‐point source pollution loads, focusing on land erosion as a sediment source. The erosion index is an adaptation of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, being the product of rainfall erosivity (R factor), soil erodibility (K factor), and a topographic factor (LS factor). The erosion index correlated well with measurements of sediment yields from runoff plots. The Curve Number was used as the runoff index. In conjunction with identified pollutant‐generating land uses, or source landscapes, these indices were used to identify sub‐watersheds within the US portion of the Rio Grande Basin that merit further investigation for non‐point source pollution prevention and control via the use of hydrologic modelling techniques.     

小浪底工程2号孔板泄洪洞孔板段压力特性原型观测

为了充分论证小浪底水利枢纽工程2号孔板泄洪洞的可靠性，对其在上游库水位247.9m左右及100m级工作水头下的孔板段压力特性进行了原型观测分析。原型观测与模型试验和理论分析结果的对比研究，加深了对孔板泄洪洞消能机理及运行特性的认识，为孔板洞在更高库水位下运行提供了参考依据。     

Using a weight-of-evidence approach for management of watersheds.

This research used a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate sources of contaminants in a drinking water watershed that serves as part of the City of Boston's water supply. The approach incorporated land use analysis using GIS, sanitary surveys, traditional water quality monitoring and microbial source tracking (MST) tools. Case-study tributaries were selected based on elevated faecal coliform counts. Land use analysis and sanitary surveys were used to identify suspected microbial sources, including residential septic systems, agricultural animal operations, commercial/industrial operations and wildlife activity. Sampling sites were selected to hydrologically isolate potential contamination sources. Samples were collected seasonally over 1 year and analysed for traditional and MST parameters. Results demonstrated that both septic systems and a horse stable were contributing microbial loads in the first tributary. In the second tributary, septic systems from the townhouses were contributing microbial loads while a plant nursery was contributing organic matter. This evidence was used to evaluate best management practices to mitigate the contamination.     

Estimations of municipal point source pollution in the context of river basin management.

Integrated presentation of total emissions on catchment scale is prerequisite for many tasks in integrated management of point and diffuse sources of pollution. This paper will focus on emissions of nutrients from municipal point sources. Based on calculations of discharges of N, P from households into wastewater and on the detailed evaluation of data from 76 municipal wastewater treatments plants, this paper presents ranges of specific loads of inhabitants and population equivalents in the raw wastewater. In addition data of these treatment plants have been evaluated in respect of the treatment efficiency for nitrogen and phosphorus (average reduction rates) dependent on the design characteristic (with or without nitrification, denitrification or enhanced phosphorus removal). The results of the investigation show that the specific N and P loads from households in Austria lie within the range 1.6-2.0 g P/(inhabitant.d) and 11- 13 g N/(inhabitant.d). The specific contribution of industries to municipal wastewater varies between 0.3 and 2.0 gP/(pe.d) and 0 and 13 g N/(pe.d) with average values of 1.3 g P/(pe.d) and 6.5 g N/(population equivalent (pe)/d). As average values for municipal wastewater (contributions from household and industry) this leads to specific influent loads of 1.5 g P/(pe.d) and 8.8 g N/(pe.d). Average treatment efficiencies of treatment plants are for instance 50% nitrogen removal in treatment plants with nitrification and 80% in treatment plants with nitrification/denitrification. For phosphorus a removal of about 85% can be expected where the treatment plant was designed for enhanced phosphorus removal. Finally a method for load estimations based on standard values as mentioned above was tested for the estimation of emission from municipal point sources of selected regions.     

碾压式沥青混凝土心墙在尼尔基水利枢纽工程的应用

尼尔基水利枢纽工程主坝为碾压式混凝土心墙砂砾石坝,心墙采用碾压式沥青混凝土心墙。通过碾压式沥青混凝土心墙施工试验、施工技术工艺的改进、完善和施工质量的严格控制,工程施工进度和质量达到设计要求,创造性地取得了北方高纬度严寒地区恶劣气候环境下,进行沥青混凝土施工的宝贵经验。     

黄金峡水利枢纽施工导流设计与泄洪底孔布置的研究

施工导流设计是枢纽工程施工组织设计的中心环节,根据坝址区域的地形地质条件,枢纽布置特点以及汉江水文特性,结合永久泄洪冲沙底孔布置进行导流方案的比选和导流程序设计。     

黄河中游淤地坝坝系相对稳定研究

淤地坝是黄河中游一项重要的水上保持措施，在蓄水拦沙和促进农业发展方面发挥了显著效益，本文从理论上 坝系相对稳定问题，论述了坝系相对稳定的标准、条件和定量方法，提出了黄河中游不同地区坝系相对稳定临界值，通过典型实例，分析了坝系相对稳定的形成过程及发展前景。     

基于SWAT模型的尼山水库面源污染最佳管理措施研究

为了更好地防控尼山水库的面源污染,采用已构建并通过率定的SWAT模型模拟最佳管理措施在尼山水库流域的减排效果,并分析其削减氮、磷负荷的时空变化特征。结果表明：化肥使用量减少50%、生态沟、植被缓冲带及退耕还林措施对氮、磷具有很好的削减效果,各措施分别对氮、磷的削减量为48.22%和52.41%、36.86%和52.73%、38.31%和51.00%、45.17%和38.53%;各措施对年内丰水期（6-9月）的总氮和总磷的入库削减效果最为明显,对总氮和总磷削减的空间分布影响较大。根据尼山水库流域的实际情况,对耕地多、降雨量大、坡度大的氮、磷流失高风险区应采取削减化肥使用量并布设生态沟、植被缓冲带等工程措施;在氮、磷输出负荷占比较小的区域应实行削减化肥使用量和等高种植等投入成本相对较低的管理措施,并积极开展退耕还林工作。     

率水流域非点源污染分析及施肥措施模拟

率水流域周边农业用地施用的大量化肥为流域内非点源负荷主要来源之一,研究该流域内不同施肥措施对其下游千岛湖水体中氮磷污染控制具有重要意义。通过搭建率水流域SWAT模型,设置化肥减量,粪肥替代和深层施肥3种施肥情景,探究其对流域非点源污染输出的响应特征。结果表明:化肥减量50%可减少约9. 77%的总氮负荷和4. 42%的总磷负荷,粪肥替代化肥对于氮磷负荷的削减率较低,深层施肥的总氮负荷削减率远低于总磷,化肥减量和深层施肥联合措施可分别降低10. 11%和3. 38%的总氮、总磷负荷,即为流域内施肥措施的最佳方案,同时基于SWAT模型的施肥情景模拟对削减流域非点源污染具有参考意义。     

万家寨水利枢纽排沙系统试运行振动测试分析

黄河万家寨水利枢纽通过对排沙系统试运行振动测试试验,了解排沙系统运行时对电站厂房水工建筑物及相关设备的振动特征及振动指标,分析排沙系统在各工况下运行时对厂房结构的振动影响,证实了水电站厂房结构及相关设备满足振动规范要求。对排沙系统运用提出改进措施及建议。     

Detecting effects of Best Management Practices on rain events generating nonpoint source pollution in agricultural watersheds using a physically-based stratagem

Nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) is the export to receiving waters of nutrients originating from diffuse sources. This research documents a methodology for confirming reductions in NPSP resulting from implementation of agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs). It employs that methodology to confirm the success of BMPs implemented in Graywood Gully, a study sub-watershed that drains into Conesus Lake, NY. Evaluating the effects of BMPs in agricultural watersheds is often complicated by significant temporal variability in weather and hydrologic conditions. In many cases NPSP demonstrates much greater variability in response to antecedent hydrologic/meteorologic conditions than to commonly implemented BMPs. In essence, weather variability can mask the beneficial effects of the BMPs. By using the Thornthwaite–Mather procedure to model soil moisture status in addition to event rainfall total, it is possible to remove the major sources of weather/hydrologic-related variability, essentially reducing the number of experimental variables to the BMP itself. Application of this method to the Graywood sub-watershed reveals that BMPs can greatly reduce export of NPSP generated pollutants to receiving waters. Estimates of NPSP reductions range from 53% for soluble reactive phosphorus to 89% for nitrate.     

Workshop 1 (synthesis): multipurpose stream management strategies.

For a meaningful dialogue on balancing water uses between stakeholders in a river basin, adequate information and proper understanding, knowledge and access to reliable data are essential for all parties. Technological and economic components in water resources management have limited significance without the social context, and the legal framework plays a key role in the dialogue between stakeholders at all levels. Other aspects that fit into strategic planning and management of water resources projects are risk assessment, ecosystem requirements, credibility and trust building.     

大坝安全管理信息化

大坝安全管理信息化是水利信息化的重要组成部分。通过信息化，实现大坝安全管理信息在水利行业内共享和社会范围内有限共享，使大坝安全管理最大限度地造福社会。大坝安全管理信息系统架构可分为四类，即调度决策、分析评价预报顸警、监测控制和基础信息，包括大坝安全法规与标准管理系统、水文自动测报系统等13个系统。在实施信息化之前，需要进行规划，规划主要考虑已有系统、投资和技术力量等因素。     

控制农业非点源污染的税费理论

针对我国目前的农业非点源污染特点和成因,借鉴吸收国外相关领域的研究成果及经验,着重从理论上对控制农业污染的经济政策体系进行了阐述和探讨,提出基于限制和约束功能的税费政策,包括输入税以及费用分摊等,并对征收对象、思路以及各经济政策的功能和适用情况进行了分析。讨论不同信息条件下农用化学品输入税的确定方法。     

农业非点源污染控制的补贴政策

针对我国目前的农业非点源污染特点、成因,借鉴吸收国外相关领域的研究成果及成功经验,从理论上对控制农业污染的补贴政策进行了阐述,着重从正外部性行为的补贴、对减少负外部性行为的补贴及产品价格补贴等方面,对补贴对象、资金来源和补贴额度等方面进行探讨。最后选择北京市重要水源地的潮河流域(密云县境内)为政策设计示范区,估算了对农民环保行为给予补贴、补偿的额度,提出本区以鼓励扶持引导为主、收费惩罚为辅控制削减农业污染的经济政策构想,对政策的经济、技术及制度方面进行了分析评价。     

Estimating point and non-point source nutrient loads in the Saginaw Bay watersheds

Databases of point sources including combined sewer overflows (CSOs) were acquired from the governmental agencies to map the occurrences and magnitude of the CSOs. Multiple databases of land use, topography, hydrography, soils, and agricultural statistics were used to estimate nonpoint source loading potential in the Saginaw Bay Basin, Michigan. Animal manure production was computed from tabulations of animals by 5-digit zip code area for the census years of 1987, 1992, 1997, and 2002. Fertilizer applications for both urban and agricultural land uses were calculated from county fertilizer estimates for the same periods. Results indicate that point sources from municipalities, industrial sectors and business entities contribute approximately 25% of the total phosphorus load to Saginaw Bay, with the remainder being accounted for by nonpoint source contributions. While the total amount of nutrients (N and P) from animal manure and fertilizer applications and atmospheric deposition declined in the Saginaw Bay Basin, fertilizer applications in non-farmland increased significantly. Estimation of nutrient loading potential at 5-digit zip code level reveals more detailed spatial variation and critical areas of nutrient loading than county level data for implementation of targeted water quality programs.