基于BIXS方法的气体中高浓度氚在线测量技术

工艺气体中高浓度氚的在线测量要求探测器具有体积小、密封性好、稳定性高等特点。针对该需求,本工作基于氚β射线诱发X射线谱测量方法(BIXS)建立了高浓度氚在线测量实验系统,采用PENELOPE程序建立了理论计算模型,对系统中5个关键参数进行了设计优化,搭建了1.77 mL小体积BIXS实验系统,使用含氚的氢氩混合气体对实验系统进行了响应能谱测量,并对获得的BIXS能谱谱形进行了初步分析。实验结果表明,对于含氚的氢氩混合气体,BIXS系统重复测量结果显示全谱计数率偏差<0.8%,Ar的Kα峰计数率偏差<1.3%,Au的Mα峰偏差<3.8%,整体稳定性较好;不同压强下BIXS实验系统测量结果显示,BIXS能谱总计数率、Ar的Kα峰强度以及轫致辐射谱强度随压强增加呈线性上升趋势,但Au的Mα峰强度在该气氛下几乎不随氚的分压改变。     

加速器氚靶膜厚误差对BIXS方法反演的影响

BIXS(β-ray induced X-ray spectrometry)方法是一种氚β衰变诱发X射线谱的氚无损分析技术,在反演过程中会受到诸多因素的影响,氚靶膜厚误差的影响不可忽略。本文基于蒙特卡罗方法程序PENELOPE模拟和实验验证研究,表明加速器氚靶膜厚误差会对BIXS方法反演有一定的影响,其中对递增分布的影响最大,对递减分布的影响最小;氚在靶膜中的深度分布的斜率越大,膜厚误差对BIXS方法反演的影响也越大。     

基于BIXS方法的高浓度气态氚探测器设计

近年来,氚的监测在确保反应堆的安全运行、工作人员的健康安全有着重要作用,特别是对以氚为核燃料的聚变反应堆.基于β射线诱发的韧致辐射X射线谱仪(BIXS)由于记忆性效应低、探测器尺寸小已逐渐成为国内外研究的热点.利用蒙特卡洛方法(MCNP)对BIXS探测器的尺寸以及材料进行了优化设计.结果表明,在0.5 MPa的工作压力下,铍窗厚度为0.1 mm、铍窗镀金层厚度为125 nm的小型BIXS测量系统可实现氚气的在线测量和探测器的小型化,其中100 s探测限为1.79×108 Bq.     

钛膜中氘氚浓度的弹性反冲法测量

研究采用弹性反冲探测(ERD)方法测量钛膜中氘、氚的浓度。实验所用Ti膜用磁控溅射法制备,膜厚小于100nm,以石英玻璃（SiO₂）为底衬,Ti膜加镀了1层Ni保护膜,以防Ti膜氧化和增强Ti膜吸氢。以6.0MeVO粒子作为入射粒子,在30°方向上探测反冲粒子,在此实验条件下,O粒子对D、T的碰撞截面为卢瑟福截面。对两个样品用ERD方法测量钛膜中的D、T含量,获得了D、T的面密度。测量结果表明,采用如上方法测量Ti膜中D、T浓度的误差小于7％。     

氚钛膜中^3He释放的研究

在极限真空为２×１０＾７Ｐａ的超高真空全金属系统中，用四极质谱计分析了氚钛膜中释放的＾３Ｈｅ气体及其它杂质气体组分。对两块原子比分别为１．６８和１．６９的氚钛膜中释放的＾３Ｈｅ经过长达４１０ｄ的测量。结果表明，当样品中＾３Ｈｅ浓度达到０．１时，＾３Ｈｅ释放系数仍保持为１０＾－５量级。     

电离室氚活度浓度标定及稳定性测量

电离室测氚在氚工厂、核聚变实验堆、环境监测以及各种涉氚实验装置中得到了广泛的应用。通过PVT法配制一定氚活度浓度的含氚气体,利用自主研制的流气式丝壁电离室实验系统,进行电离室氚标定实验,通过正交实验验证影响因素,从而完成对电离室的刻度。结果表明,该类电离室测量稳定性优异,相对偏差均小于1%,压力影响线性相关性均约为1,记忆效应影响较小。电离室IC1、IC2、IC3刻度系数分别为1.35×10¹⁸、1.34×10¹⁸、1.33×10¹⁸。该电离室实验系统能够长期并在线实时准确测量氚,能很好地满足涉氚场所氚在线测量的要求。     

氚衰变对氚化钛结构影响的XRD分析

氚自然衰变生成3He,3He的聚集会引起贮氚材料物理和化学性质的明显变化。本文以氚化钛为研究对象,运用XRD研究其晶体结构在贮存初期的演化规律,对氦在氚化钛贮存初期的时效行为进行了研究。结果表明:氚化钛特征峰的宽化是由氚衰变生成的3He累积所引起,氚化钛晶体结构保持fcc结构不变。     

氚化水放射性活度的绝对测量

液体闪烁计数器具有无自吸收、制源简单、操作简便等特点,测量氚化水具有一定优势。利用液闪CIEMAT/NIST方法和三双符合比(TDCR)方法校准氚化水的比活度,旨在为氚化水标准物质的研制提供定值手段。以54 Mn作为示踪核素应用CIEMAT/NIST方法标准化氚化水比活度,合成标准不确定度为0.80%。液闪TDCR方法应用装配有3个光电倍增管的计数器,根据测量的符合信息直接计算得到探测效率,绝对测量氚化水比活度,合成标准不确定度为0.66%。应用这两种方法测量了同一组氚化水淬灭系列源,测量结果 En数检验满意。     

时效氚化锆的氦释放及结构变化

实验测量了氚化锆时效过程中的3He释放以及结构变化。实验结果表明,面心四方结构ZrH1.801相的氚化锆在n(3Hegen)/n(Zr)小于0.27的时效期间,3He的释放系数处于10-6～10-5量级,生成的3He几乎全部被氚化物捕获。受季节温差的影响,3He的释放系数呈波浪式变化。随n(3Hegen)/n(Zr)的增加,氚化锆的晶胞体积经历了增大、维持恒定以及减小3种变化。     

氚气标准源活度浓度测量不确定度分析

氚气标准源的活度浓度量值对于氚活度浓度监测与校准的溯源非常重要,对于氚气活度浓度的测量,通常采用长度补偿法,本研究基于内充气正比计数器测量氚活度浓度的方法,对测量结果不确定度的来源进行了分析,并给出了评定结果。氚活度浓度的不确定度主要来源于本底与计数的统计涨落、体积测量、死时间修正、壁效应修正、以及测量重复性与稳定性。结果表明,对于7×10³ Bq/L的氚气标准源,其活度浓度测量结果的合成标准不确定度u_c=1.6%。     

Tritium Depth Profiling Study on Titanium Tritide Target for Generating 14-MeV Neutrons

In-situ measurements of the depth profiles of tritium in a titanium tritide target for generating 14-MeV neutrons have been made with the method of the ion beam analysis using the T(d, α)n nuclear reaction. The initial distribution of tritium in the unirradiated target has been observed to be nearly uniform over the depths. After the irradiation of 390-keV D₃ ⁺ ions at a temperature of about 10°C a dip has been found in the depth profile around the depth of the projected range of the ions. By the successive isochronal anneal-ings at temperatures below 130°C the tritium has been uniformly redistributed. The behavior of tritium in the target and the effectiveness of the depth profiling for evaluating the energy spectrum and the yield of source neutrons are discussed.     

3He的产生对钛氚化物性能的影响

文章基于第一原理对T衰变成3He后钛氚化物体系的电子结构及弹性模量进行计算。计算结果表明:TiT2中衰变产生的3He将占据体积较小的四面体间隙,并非占据体积较大的八面体间隙;3He的产生加强了最近邻的T原子与Ti原子的成键作用,Ti—T总的平均成键作用增强,这是氚化物时效后平衡压降低的原因;3He产生后,体系Ti—T键的大量损耗是体系体模量急剧下降的原因。     

钛吸氕、氘和氚的热力学同位素效应

在金属氢化物热力学及动力学测试系统上测定了钛吸收氕、氘和氚单质气体的压力-组成等温线(p-c-T曲线),并根据范德荷夫方程得到了钛吸收氕、氘和氚形成不同物相时的热力学参数△H^0和△S^0。实验证明,钛吸收氕、氘和氚单质气体时有显著的热力学同位素效应,在相同温度、相同原子比下,吸气平衡压力从低到高依次是氕、氘和氚,但其反应焓变和熵变从小到大依次是氚、氘和氕。     

Standardization of Tritium Water by TDCR Method

The triple-to-double coincidence ratio （TDCR） method of liquid scintillation count- ing is an absolute measurement method of radioactivity. The formulation of the TDCR method and the established TDCR liquid scintillation counter are presented in this paper. The NIST standard reference material （SRM） of tritium water was measured to verify the performance of the TDCR liquid scintillation counter.     

液闪谱仪在低水平测氚中测量条件选择

在低水平测氚中,分别从闪烁液、计数区间、有机相(闪烁液)与水相(试样)的体积比和计数时间的影响因素考虑,对测量条件做出选择,从而达到降低液闪谱仪的探测下限和提高仪器的使用效率的目的。     

复合膜对316L不锈钢氚渗透性能的影响

利用物理气相沉积（ＰＶＤ）方法在３１６Ｌ不锈钢表面分别镀制微米量级厚的ＴｉＮ＋ＴｉＣ＋ＴｉＮ、ＴｉＮ＋Ｔｉｃ＋ＳｉＯ２复合膜。扫描电镜观察表明：膜致密,与基体结合牢固,抗氧化,抗热冲击。二次离子质谱（ＳＩＭＳ）和红外光谱（ＩＲ）分析结果证实：ＴｉＣ和ＳｉＯ２的膜在３００℃以上的氢中退火可形成抗氚爱阻挡层。测量了不同温度下氚在带膜３１６Ｌ中的渗透率。在２００～６００℃范围内,镀有ＴｉＮ＋ＴｉＣ＋Ｓｉ     

Fabrication of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films by DBD-CVD Under Atmosphere

Titanium dioxide films were firstly deposited on glass substrate by DBD-CVD （dielectric barrier discharge enhanced chemical vapor deposition） technique. The structure of the films was investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. TiO2 films deposited under atmosphere pressure show preferred orientation, and exhibit columnar-like structure, while TiO2 films deposited under low gas pressure show no preferred orientation. The columnar-like structure with preferred orientation exhibits higher photocatalytic efficiency, since the columnar structure has larger surface area. However, it contributes little to the improvement of hydrophilicity. DBD-CVD is an alternative method to prepare photocatalytic TiO2 for its well-controllable property.     

中子辐照后6Li-Al合金靶片中氚的测量方法研究

建立了流气式系统捕集和化学转移法测量^6LiAl合金靶片在中子辐照过程中的渗漏氚和辐照后靶片中总氚量的方法。渗漏氚的捕集方法是：在流气式系统中，用含少量氢的惰性载气将渗漏氚载带出来，经高温催化氧化后被乙二醇鼓泡器捕集；靶片中的氚转移法是用NaOH溶液将合金靶片溶解，气相中的氚采用渗漏氚的捕集方法捕集，液相中的氚则蒸馏到馏分中。最后用液体闪烁计数器分别测量乙二醇鼓泡器和馏分中的氚量。测量结果与理论氚产量基本相符。     

Plasma-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of Titanium Oxide Films by Dielectric Barrier Discharge in TiCl_4/O_2/N_2 Gas Mixtures

Low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge（DBD） TiCl4/O2and N2 plasmas have been used to deposit titanium oxide films at different power supply driving frequencies. A homemade large area low pressure DBD reactor was applied, characterized by the simplicity of the experimental set-up and a low consumption of feed gas and electric power, as well as being easy to operate. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy,and contact angle measurements have been used to characterize the deposited films. Experimental results show all deposited films are uniform and hydrophilic with a contact angle of about 15 o.Compared to titanium oxide films deposited in TiCl4/O2gas mixtures, those in TiCl4/O2/N2gas mixtures are much more stable. The contact angle of titanium oxide films in TiCl4/O2/N2gas mixtures with the addition of 50% N2 and 20% TiCl4 is still smaller than 20 o, while that of undoped titanium oxide films is larger than 64 owhen they are measured after one week. The low-pressure TiCl4/O2plasmas consist of pulsed glow-like discharges with peak widths of several microseconds, which leads to the uniform deposition of titanium oxide films. Increasing a film thickness over several hundreds of nm leads to the film’s fragmentation due to the over-high film stress. Optical emission spectra（OES） of TiCl4/O2DBD plasmas at various power supply driving frequencies are presented.     

Recovery of Tritium in Room Air by Precious Metal Catalyst with Hydrophilic Substrate

The catalytic oxidation and adsorption method is considered to be a potential and reliable measure to recover tritium released into room air in fusion power plants. The activity of precious metal catalysts that are expected to be useful in recovery of tritium released into the room air is affected by moisture in the air, and tritium in the gas phase can be captured into the catalyst substrate not only through adsorption but also through isotopic exchange reaction. The simulation study on tritium behavior in the catalyst bed was carried out quantitatively on the basis of experimental results. It is confirmed by the simulation study that the installation of the preadsorption bed decreases water vapor before the gas is passed through the precious metal catalyst bed; this is an effective countermeasure against the deterioration of the catalytic oxidizing performance caused by moisture. It is also shown that large amounts of tritium can be captured by the catalyst itself when the preadsorption bed is introduced.