热处理及植酸与脂肪对豆浆中大豆蛋白凝胶体系的影响研究进展

豆浆由于其优异的特性已经成为大豆食用的重要形式.热加工处理在豆浆加工工艺中起到至关重要的作用,不同程度的热处理会使豆浆中大豆蛋白发生不同程度的变性,从而会影响豆浆加工后产品的品质与特性.本文综述了近年来豆浆加工工艺中不同热处理条件对大豆蛋白结构、组分及其凝胶特性的影响规律,钙、镁、植酸盐、脂肪与大豆蛋白的互作对豆浆混合...     

Effect of soy protein subunit composition and processing conditions on stability and particle size distribution of soymilk

The influence of soy protein subunit composition on the particle size distribution and solid content of soymilk and various supernatant fractions was investigated. A well-established seed variety (Harovinton), containing all protein subunits, and eleven null soybean genotypes lacking specific glycinin and β-conglycinin subunits were investigated, to determine the effect of protein composition on the physico-chemical characteristic of soymilk. Soymilk made from Harovinton and soybean lines null in glycinin showed significantly higher total solid yields than the other genotypes evaluated. Soymilks prepared from soybeans null for glycinin or lacking glycinin's group I (A₁, A₂) showed a smaller particle size distribution compared to soybean lines containing glycinin. In general, unheated soymilk made from lines having glycinin showed a bimodal size distribution with large particles, with a decrease in the particle size distribution after heating and heating with homogenization. The results of this work will help in the evaluation of breeding lines with a specific protein composition tailored to a specific processing functionality.     

Selected odor compounds in cooked soymilk as affected by soybean materials and direct steam injection

ABSTRACT:  Soy odor is a major concern in the consumption of soymilk by Western consumers. The objectives of this study were to determine selected soy odor compounds as affected by soybean materials and direct steam injection and to determine if the steam-injection method affected overall cooked soy aroma of the soymilk and compared to the soymilk cooked by a traditional indirect method. Five varieties of soybeans with or without lipoxygenases were processed by direct-steam injection for up to 20 min at 100 °C. Eight selected odor compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography after extraction using a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) method. Hexanal, hexanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and trans-2-nonenal decreased whereas 2-pentylfuran and trans-2, trans-4-decadienal increased by boiling up to 20 min. The results showed that soybean variety was a significant factor to affect odor compositions. Direct steam injection cooked soymilk resulted in lower odor contents than a traditional indirect cooking method. The advantage of having a low odor composition in the heated soymilk products made from lipoxygenases-null soybean varieties could be attained by using normal soybean materials with direct steam injection.     

发酵豆制品的抗氧化活性研究

采用测定抗氧化活性值(AOV值)的方法,比较了市售几种豆制品的抗氧化活性。用不同的乳酸菌和霉菌菌株发酵豆乳,在不同的发酵温度和时间下,研究发酵豆乳的抗氧化活性变化。结果表明,豆制品水溶性组分的AOV值高于醇溶性组分的AOV值;发酵豆制品的抗氧化活性明显高于非发酵豆制品;乳酸菌和霉菌发酵都能够使豆乳的抗氧化活性提高,不同菌株提高的程度不同,霉菌发酵提高的程度更大。温度对总状毛霉和乳酸菌发酵豆乳的抗氧化活性变化有影响。     

增稠剂和乳化剂对豆浆稳定性的影响

为增加豆浆的稳定性,采用测定豆浆稳定系数、表面张力及进行感官评分的方法筛选适合用于豆浆样品的增稠剂和乳化剂,确定了最适宜的豆浆增稠剂和乳化剂的种类及其用量。经过黄原胶、刺槐豆胶、卡拉胶、结冷胶和海藻酸钠的单因素实验,黄原胶和刺槐豆胶的复配实验及黄原胶、刺槐豆胶和乳化剂(单硬脂酸甘油酯和蔗糖脂肪酸酯)的正交实验得出以下结果:黄原胶和刺槐豆胶对增加豆浆稳定性有着较好的效果,当它们的质量浓度分别为0.2g/L时,其稳定系数分别为0.737、0.742。单硬脂酸甘油酯和蔗糖脂肪酸酯复配后HLB=8、质量浓度为2g/L时,豆浆样品的稳定性最好,表面张力为41.7mN/m。当黄原胶、刺槐豆胶、乳化剂质量浓度(单硬脂酸甘油酯质量∶蔗糖脂肪酸酯质量=7∶4)分别为0.14、0.14、2g/L时豆浆的稳定性最好,此时豆浆样品的稳定系数为0.879,表面张力为41.6mN/m,感官评分为96。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOYBEAN COMPONENTS AND TOFU TEXTURE1

Tofu was prepared from samples of Amsoy 71 and Vinton or Vinton 81 soybeans grown in different environments. Relationships between soybean, soymilk and tofu protein, lipid, phytic acid, calcium, copper and iron were examined. All components except lipid in soybeans were significantly correlated with the same component in soymilk, but only phytic acid, copper and iron were significantly correlated in soybeans and tofu (moist basis). When relationships were examined on a dry basis, soybean and tofu protein were significantly correlated (r = 0.93). Soybean phytic acid was significantly correlated with tofu calcium (r = 0.90). Tofu calcium and hardness (r = 0.73) and springiness (r = 0.83). were significantly related, and tofu protein was significantly related to fracturability (r = 0.75). The higher-protein varieties (Vinton/Vinton 81) generally produced tofu that had a higher protein content and a firmer, more springy texture than that of the Amsoy 71 beans. Phytic acid may preferentially bind the calcium coagulant, altering the curd structure and the yield, composition and texture of the resulting tofu.     

The effects of freezing on soybean microstructure and qualities of soymilk

This study was to investigate the effects of freezing on soybean microstructure and the qualities of soymilk made from the soybean by direct grinding in water without soaking. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM), particle size distribution determination and SDS–PAGE were used for the examination. TEM images showed that freezing treatment could induce the coalescence of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) and oil bodies. Particle size distribution showed a trend that prolonging of freezing could decrease the average particle size of soymilk and increase the extraction efficiency of soybean. SDS–PAGE showed that extractable proteins were mainly composed of glycinin and β-conglycinin even after freezing. After freezing, soybean could be easily stored and could be used to make soymilk without soaking. The soymilk had a higher solid content and better stability than the soymilk from soybean without treatment. Thus, this study provided a convenient and short-time way to process soymilk at home.     

摄食不同来源磷脂对大鼠脂质代谢及脑内磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响

研究了摄食不同来源磷脂对大鼠脂质代谢及其脑内磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响。雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为大豆油对照组(添加9%)、牛乳磷脂组(添加5%)、大豆磷脂组(添加5%)、蛋黄磷脂组(添加5%),喂食3周。检测了血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)及肝脏TC、TG、磷脂(PL)的含量,并用气相色谱法测定了脑内磷脂脂肪酸的组成变化。结果显示:与大豆油对照组相比,3种磷脂均不同程度提高了大鼠体重、脏器指数,蛋黄磷脂效果显著;3种磷脂不同程度降低了血清TC、TG和FFA含量,牛乳磷脂降低血清FFA显著,大豆磷脂降低血清TC、TG显著,蛋黄磷脂降低FFA显著,大豆磷脂显著提升了血清HDL-C含量;3种磷脂不同程度降低了肝脏TC、TG、PL含量,牛乳磷脂与大豆磷脂降低肝脏TG、TC显著,而蛋黄磷脂降低肝脏TG显著;3种磷脂对脑内磷脂脂肪酸组成的影响各不相同,牛乳磷脂显著提高了脑内磷脂饱和脂肪酸含量,而大豆磷脂和蛋黄磷脂提高了DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸含量。研究表明,3种磷脂均有降血脂、肝脂作用,以大豆磷脂作用尤为明显,大豆磷脂和蛋黄磷脂的益智作用可能优于牛乳磷脂。     

豆浆制备过程中大豆脂肪氧化酶的抑制与豆腥味量的关系

探讨大豆加工制备豆浆的过程中,有效抑制大豆脂肪氧化酶对降低豆腥味量的影响,为生产低含量豆腥味的豆浆提供理论与技术支持.通过抑制大豆脂肪氧化酶实验,即热水研磨大豆、热处理或化学处理大豆原料后再沸水研磨、大豆脱皮后隔氧研磨,对得到的豆浆样品采用静态顶空气相色谱质谱法测定13种豆腥味物质,比较定量数据获得最佳抑制脂肪氧化酶的...     

6种食用植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸成分的比较研究

采用毛细管气相色谱法，以氢火焰为检测器，测定了菜籽油、花生油、玉米油、棉籽油、芝麻油和大豆油及其相应生物柴油中脂肪酸的组成。比较发现，植物油及其生物柴油中脂肪酸组成基本一致。因此，可以通过测定植物油中脂肪酸的组成来预测生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的分布。     

Monte Carlo simulation based prediction of blended oil composition containing mustard,rapeseed and soybean oil

High erucic acid rapeseed and mustard seed (HEARM) oils are popular cooking oil in various southeast Asian countries (e.g. Nepal, India, Bangladesh) due to the preference of the local consumer for its strong pungency. Low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil having lower pungency is frequently mixed with the pungent HEARM oil to increase its sensory appeal to the local consumer. Moreover, these oils are also prone to be adulterated with the cheaper oil available in the local market like soybean oil for economical reasons. In order to detect this fraud in a quick and easy manner, a Monte Carlo simulation based approach was developed for the estimation of blend composition using only the fatty acid composition of the sample. The limits of detection (LODs) of soybean oil in HEARM oil and LEAR oil were 14% and 13%, respectively. The LODs of LEAR oil in HEARM oil and soybean oil were 11 and 9%, respectively. Similarly, the LODs of HEARM oil in LEAR oil and soybean oil were 9% and 3%, respectively. The prediction from the developed method was evaluated both in real oil blends (prepared in the laboratory) and in theoretically simulated blends. The method was applied on forty-nine samples (labeled as mustard/rapeseed oil) collected from the Nepalese market. Among them, twenty-seven samples were found to be adulterated with soybean oil. The predicted adulteration was further supported by their δ-tocopherol content and trans fatty acid content, as an indicator for the adulteration with refined oil. The developed Monte Carlo simulation method is based on a single analytical run of determining the fatty acid composition of the suspected oil blend and thus useful for a quick segregation of samples in routine analysis.     

DEVELOPMENT AND PROPERTIES OF SOYBEAN SPREADS

Soybean spreads were developed by concentrating soymilk with the addition of sugar, sorbitol, sodium citrate, carrageenan and refined bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein. Soymilk was prepared by 3 extraction methods: soaking in water (control), blanching at 85C with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) solution and acid treatment using HCl. Three different types of soybean spreads were developed using these soymilks. The spreads were evaluated for their proximate composition, pH, water activity (A_w), color, spreadability, sensory characteristics and storage stability. Sensory and spreadability results showed that soybean spread from blanched and alkali-treated soymilk was most acceptable and showed better spreadability than the others. It was more yellowish in color, possessed lower A_w and firmer texture. The shelf-life of all three types of spreads at refrigerated temperature were at least 30 days.     

Soybean variety and storage effects on soymilk flavour and quality

Soymilk prepared from five soybean cultivars, grown in Ontario, were analysed for protein, oil, mineral composition, viscosity, colour, lipoxygenase (LOX) activities and flavour profile. Among the five soybean cultivars, the Vinton 81 variety contained the highest protein and the lowest fat. The yield of soymilk from all five cultivars was similar. Major differences were observed in viscosity and in the composition of both the soymilk and the okara. Higher protein and fat extractability was found in soymilk made from S08‐80 and Vinton 81 varieties. Their okara protein contents were also among the highest. Minimum extractability was observed with S03W4 cultivar. Soymilk made from S 03W4 and Vinton 81 cultivars had the whitest colour (lowest ΔE values). Viscosity values were the highest for S08‐80, FG1 and S20‐20 varieties. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography was used to analyse volatile compounds in soymilk. A total of fourteen volatiles were identified, among which aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols were the major compounds. Similar volatile compounds were identified in all the samples analysed but at different concentrations. The highest LOX activity was observed in the Vinton 81 and S20‐20 soybean cultivars, which had the highest total volatile and hexanal contents. A positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.82) between enzymatic activity and the total volatiles was observed. Vinton 81 cultivar was subjected to storage (at 18 °C and 50% relative humidity) for a period of 10 months. Soymilk was prepared at different times during storage. The results showed that the soymilk colour, LOX and total volatiles were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by the storage of the soybeans over time.     

一种家庭豆浆机豆片原料的研制

为了制备专用于家庭豆浆机、不产生豆渣的大豆原料,利用干法粉碎制备脱皮大豆豆粉,然后利用单冲压片机压制成豆片。以豆片为原料利用家用豆浆机按照干豆豆浆程序制备豆浆,以残渣率、粗蛋白含量、蛋白体外消化率及感官评分为指标对豆浆品质进行评价,结果表明将豆粉压制成片可避免以豆粉直接制备豆浆产生的加热管焦糊现象;与脱皮豆相比,豆浆残渣率从8.51%降低到1.30%,感官试验表明,利用豆片制备豆浆,不分渣在口感上亦可完全接受;粗蛋白从2.26%提高到3.08%;体外消化率(氮释放量)从49.82%提高到64.35%;感官评分从82.3分提高到91.8分。因此,利用豆片作为家用豆浆机专用原料可以提高原料利用率、蛋白质消化率及感官品质,且不用分渣,可实现原料(大豆子叶)全利用。     

大豆浸泡过程中腐败微生物对豆浆品质的影响

通过对大豆浸泡过程中腐败微生物种类及数量开展研究,经致腐细菌回接实验进一步探明豆浆腐败现象与致腐细菌的关系,为豆浆稳定性控制及豆制品加工自动化提供依据。从大豆浸泡水中分离3 株优势菌DF-1、DF-2和DF-3,结合形态学及16S rDNA序列分析,分别鉴定为短稳杆菌、产气肠杆菌和乳酸乳球菌。将优势菌分别回接至灭菌豆浆,于25 ℃保藏12 h,理化指标结果表明3 种微生物对豆浆品质影响有较大差异：短稳杆菌产黄色素,在豆浆表面形成黄色菌膜并产生腐臭味;产气肠杆菌产酸产气,使豆浆形成蜂窝状凝乳,腐败变馊;乳酸乳球菌产酸使豆浆凝固。本研究为豆制品自动化生产过程中控制豆浆品质及加工稳定性提供参考。     

Chemical Characteristics of Low-Fat Soymilk Prepared by Low-Speed Centrifugal Fractionation of the Raw Soymilk

Abstract: Large oil–protein particles (2 to 60 μm) were found in raw soymilk (or water extract of soybean), which was prepared in specific conditions. The large particles could be separated by sedimentation by centrifuging raw soymilk for 5 to 30 min at a low gravitational force ranging from 96 to 2410 × g. Chemical analysis showed that 80% to 90% of the total lipids and 30% to 40% of the total proteins were located in the precipitated fraction. The supernatant fraction had a dramatically higher protein-to-lipid ratio than the whole soymilk. The ratio of 11S/7S proteins and the ratio of 11S acidic/basic subunits were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the precipitate than that either in the whole soymilk or in the supernatant. Besides centrifuging conditions, other factors, including soymilk concentration, grinding method, soybean variety, and soybean storage, also significantly (P < 0.05) affected the centrifugal fractionation. This study showed that low-speed centrifugation facilitated the separation of oil-protein particles from raw soymilk, and can be used as an innovative method for preparing low-fat soymilk and 11S protein-enriched ingredients. The findings also increased our understanding of the association or aggregation between proteins and lipids in raw soymilk after grinding. Practical Application: Soymilk has become a popular beverage in the Western world due to its health benefits. Consumer demands for low-fat and organic foods have been increasing in the recent years. Currently, there are no alternative methods for manufacturing low-fat soymilk from whole soybeans. We found that most, if not all, of lipids in the raw soymilk were located in large particles, which could be separated by low-speed centrifugation. This centrifugal fractionation was investigated by varying processing parameters, soybean varieties, and soybean storage conditions. The approach has potential to be used for manufacturing low-fat soymilk. This study also has increased our understanding of the interactions between lipid and protein in raw soymilk.     

Effect of Soybean Varieties and Growing Locations on the Flavor of Soymilk

ABSTRACT: The volatile compounds of soymilk prepared from 5 soybean varieties grown in 2 locations were isolated and separated by a dynamic headspace analyzer and capillary gas chromatography. The coefficient of variation for the quantitative analysis of volatile compounds of soymilk by dynamic headspace analysis was less than 3.0%. Soybean varieties and growing locations had significant effects on the volatile compounds of the batches of soymilk at α= 0.05. The higher the soybean protein, the higher was the volatile compounds of soymilk. Correlation coefficient between the protein content and the volatile compounds of the milk was 0.99. Thirty-eight volatile compounds of soymilk were identified by a combination of mass spectrometry and gas chromatographic retention times of standard compounds. Most of the identified compounds were formed by the lipid oxidation of soymilk. However, 2-pentylfuran, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl sulfide were formed by singlet oxygen. The beany or green flavor that makes the soymilk unpleasant or unacceptable to Westerners may be due to 2-pentylfuran, which is formed from linoleic acid by singlet oxygen. The beany flavor can be eliminated by processing the soymilk with a minimum exposure to light and air.     

不同11S/7S比值原料豆乳的乳液特性研究

为探明大豆蛋白11S/7S比值对豆乳乳液特性的影响,选取7个不同11S/7S比值(0.55~5.09)的大豆品种制备豆乳,并检测豆乳中蛋白溶解度、粒径、Zeta电位、豆乳粘度、游离巯基、表面疏水性和沉淀率等与豆乳乳液特性紧密相关的指标。结果表明:大豆中11S/7S比值较小时,豆乳中蛋白溶解度高,粒径小,豆乳粘度小,蛋白Zeta电位绝对值高,游离巯基含量多,表面疏水性高,豆乳沉淀率低,豆乳稳定性高。反之,大豆中11S/7S比值较大时,蛋白溶解度低,粒径偏大,豆乳粘度大,蛋白Zeta电位绝对值低,游离巯基含量少,表面疏水性低,造成豆乳沉淀率高,豆乳稳定性低。但当原料中11S/7S比值处于3.0~3.49时,各豆乳上述指标之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

大豆益生元发酵豆乳的制备及其对益生菌数量的影响

该文采用干酪乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌混种发酵大豆低聚糖,优化大豆益生元发酵豆乳制备工艺。通过单因素及正交试验,得到最佳工艺为:干酪乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌比例1∶1、果胶的添加量0.3%、豆粉与水质量体积比1∶12(g/mL)、脱脂乳粉添加量24%、大豆低聚糖添加量25%、接种量5%、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间7 h、后熟时间18 h^24 h。食用150 mL/d此条件下制备的大豆益生元发酵豆乳不仅感官品质最佳,并且对益生菌的生长具有显著的增殖作用。     

基于模糊感官评价的大豆品种对豆浆加工品质影响分析

以黑龙江产区6?个大豆品种为原料,测定了大豆籽粒的百粒质量和粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、磷水平等理化指标以及加工制成豆浆的得率、理化品质,并基于模糊感官评价方法分析了不同品种大豆的豆浆感官品质,进一步分析了大豆籽粒与豆浆理化指标和感官品质之间的相关性。结果表明：6?个大豆品种中‘中龙606’制得的豆浆综合感官品质最佳,且具有甜度高、豆香味浓郁、色泽良好、豆腥味和涩感相对较弱的特点;在现有的品种中蛋白质量分数低于40%,且脂肪质量分数较高的品种更有利于加工高品质豆浆。