Integrating expanders into heat exchanger networks above ambient temperature

The integration of expanders into heat exchanger networks (HENs) is a complex task since both heat and work are involved. In addition, the role of streams (as hot or cold), the utility demand, and the location of pinch points may change. With certain well‐defined conditions, four theorems are proposed for the integration of expanders into HENs above ambient temperature with the objective of minimizing exergy consumption. A straightforward graphical methodology for above ambient HENs design including expanders is developed on the basis of Grand Composite Curves (GCCs). It is concluded that to achieve a design with minimum exergy consumption, stream splitting may be applied and expansion should be done at pinch temperatures, hot utility temperature, or ambient temperature. In the majority of cases, however, and in line with the concept of Appropriate Placement from Pinch Analysis, expansion at pinch temperatures gives the minimum exergy consumption. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3404–3422, 2015     

Work and heat integration—A new field in process synthesis and process systems engineering

The extension from heat integration and design of heat exchanger networks (HENs) to including heating, cooling, and power effects from pressure changing equipment has been referred to as work and heat integration and design of work and heat exchange networks (WHENs). This is an emerging research area in Process Synthesis and Process Systems Engineering, and WHENs represent a considerably more complex design task than HENs. A key challenge is the fact that temperature changes and pressure changes of process streams are interacting. Changes in inlet temperature to compressors and expanders resulting from heat integration will influence work consumption and production. Likewise, pressure changes by compression and expansion will change the temperatures of process streams, thus affecting heat integration. The state-of-the-art of this new research area including insight, methodologies, tools, opportunities, challenges, and literature is presented. Key aspects are illustrated by simple examples, whereas smaller case studies indicate potentials for industrial applications. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: e16477 2019     

功热交换网络综合的研究进展

功和热是化工工业中使用能源的两种最主要方式,由于流股压力、温度操作需要消耗大量的功热,因此研究功热的协同利用对于提高过程整体能源利用率具有重要的意义。本文首先概述了基于热力学分析的功热交换网络综合的研究情况,以系统?耗最小为目标探讨压缩机、膨胀机优化配置与换热网络用能瓶颈的耦合关系,揭示了功热协同利用的作用机制。然后系统地总结了以年度总费用最小为目标的数学规划模型综合功热交换网络的研究进展,探寻压力操作路径、流股功/热交换匹配、公用工程消耗量及设备投资之间的有效权衡;最后对后续研究进行展望,指出可进一步探究考虑流股冷热性质判定的功热交换网络同步综合、公用工程系统优化与功热交换网络同步设计的耦合等。     

Process design methodology for energy‐efficient processes operating below and across ambient temperature

This article presents a targeting and design methodology that can be implemented for any process where pressure‐based exergy, also known as mechanical exergy, has an important contribution to the total exergy conversion and transfer. However, in this article it is applied to processes that operate at sub‐ambient conditions, or processes where the ambient conditions are crossed. Exergy efficiencies, new Exergetic Composite Curves, Cascades, and Extended Grid Diagrams are tools that had to be implemented, improved, or invented, to develop a methodology with considerable potential for energy‐efficient process design. The appropriate placement (correct integration) of compressors and expanders in heat exchanger networks is also analyzed to minimize the number of units. An example is used to demonstrate the methodology, where several simplifying assumptions are made to facilitate understanding and to explain the design method. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2324–2340, 2016     

乙烯分离与复叠制冷系统用能的综合优化

乙烯装置的分离过程要在低温下进行,由乙烯制冷系统提供所需冷量。乙烯制冷系统为封闭式循环,独立于分离单元之外。将乙烯分离单元与制冷系统同时优化,能有效提高装置用能效率。复叠式制冷级数是当前乙烯工业中使用最为广泛的制冷技术。本文针对乙烯分离过程和配套的复叠制冷系统,采用Aspen Hysys进行模拟并进行(火用)分析,发现系统主要的(火用)损失发生在换热与压缩两部分,其占总(火用)损失的83%,为节能的重点。进而通过夹点技术对冷剂配置进行分析,发现-56℃以上各温位的冷量配置不合理,远超过理论最小值,-56℃以下各温位的冷量基本达到理论最小值。提出了采用多股流换热器的换热网络理论设计方法,并对冷剂进行重新配置,该理论方案可以降低丙烯制冷压缩机约30%的功耗,并节约部分乙烯制冷压缩机功耗,显著降低了乙烯深冷分离能耗。     

具有不同操作工况的装置的热集成

针对具有不同操作工况的连续过程,为了使装置在任一工况下均能达到最大节能潜力,基于夹点技术,根据各工况所对应的夹点位置,扩展了夹点设计原则,提出了一个具有不同操作工况的装置的热集成方法,该方法可以使装置中固定不变部分换热网络结构相同,并且在不同工况下装置的换热网络始终是最大能量回收网络.     

共冷凝器双循环有机朗肯发电系统㶲分析

有机朗肯循环（ORC）发电是将中低温热源转化为高品位电能的有效途径之一。本文针对热源温度为100~150℃的亚临界饱和有机朗肯循环系统,选用4种有机工质,首先分析热源温度和工质对单级/双循环发电系统?效率和加热器?效率的变化规律,进而对双循环系统窄点温差对系统和加热器?效率的影响进行分析。主要结论包括：在相同热源温度下,R245fa为工质时,双循环系统及加热器的?效率相对于单循环系统的?效率大幅提升,在热源温度为130℃时,系统?效率提高了14.45%。随着窄点温差的增大,系统和加热器?效率减少;不同热源温度下窄点温差增大时,系统和加热器?效率的减小量接近相等,当窄点温差增加2℃,系统?效率平均减少1.9%左右。分析双循环系统采用4种有机工质时系统和加热器?效率,发现?效率都随热源温度增加而增大;当热源温度为100℃和150℃时,工质R245fa相对于R601的系统?效率相差为0.89%和3.54%;对应加热器的?效率相差为0.49%和4.82%。     

Synthesis of heat exchanger networks at subambient conditions with compression and expansion of process streams

This article presents an optimization formulation for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks where pressure levels of process streams can be adjusted to improve heat integration. Especially important at subambient conditions, this allows for the interconversion of work, temperature, and pressure‐based exergy and leads to reduced usage of expensive cold utility. Furthermore, stream temperatures and pressures are tuned for close tracking of the composite curves yielding increased exergy efficiency. The formulation is showcased on a simple example and applied to a case study drawn from the design of an offshore natural gas liquefaction process. Aided by the optimization, it is demonstrated how the process can extract exergy from liquid nitrogen and carbon dioxide streams to support the liquefaction of a natural gas stream without additional utilities. This process is part of a liquefied energy chain, which, supplies natural gas for power generation while facilitating carbon dioxide sequestration. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

考虑间接换热额外换热温差的间歇过程储热集成

间歇过程流股间换热有直接换热和间接换热两种方式,通过储热介质进行间接换热会产生额外的换热温差。现有的夹点分析方法考虑间接换热额外换热温差后,难以得到经济且可行的储热集成方案。本文在夹点分析的基础上,提出了一种考虑间接换热额外换热温差的间歇过程储热集成方法。该方法首先使用不同的直接换热和间接换热温差进行热级联分析,确定储热集成后的最小冷、热公用工程用量,识别储热位置和储热量,并依据热级联分析结果,建立时间段温焓图确定储热介质温度,得到储热方案。然后,将储热流股转化为放热时间段的冷流股和需热时间段的热流股,进行换热网络综合与优化,得到符合实际应用的储热集成方案。最后,通过经典实例证明了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于热容流率的换热网络夹点设计法

以Linnhoff换热网络夹点技术理论为基础,提出了在进行换热网络设计时,考虑热容流率随温度发生变化时确定夹点位置的方法,并结合实例进行分析计算。该法对夹点位置、最小温差、公用工程用量的确定更加准确,对投资费用的估算也更接近于实际。     

A numerical‐indicator‐based method for design of distributed wastewater treatment systems with multiple contaminants

In the design of distributed wastewater treatment systems with multiple contaminants, it is very important to minimize unnecessary stream mixing to reduce total treatment flow rate as much as possible. A new numerical indicator, total mixing influence potential (TMIP), to reflect the influence of the stream mixing caused by performing a process on the total treatment flow rate of a distributed wastewater system is introduced. In design procedure, the TMIP value is calculated based on pinch principle. The process with the smallest TMIP value will be performed first. The results of a few literature examples show that designs with very low (even minimum) total treatment flow rates can be obtained with the method proposed. In addition, the method proposed is simple and of clear engineering insight. The calculation effort does not increase significantly when the number of streams, contaminants, and/or treatment units increases. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3223–3231, 2015     

非共沸工质换热匹配特性影响热泵性能的高级分析

针对非共沸工质非线性复杂相变传热过程,基于高级分析方法,推导出表征热泵系统性能的评估指标模型——温度匹配度（TMD）,探讨了非共沸工质与换热流体之间的换热匹配特性,实验验证了模型的准确性与适用性。选用了三组不同温度滑移程度的非共沸工质（M1、M2、M3）为对象,探究了TMD与换热夹点、系统COP、效率η以及换热器实际损占比ε之间的关系。结果表明：TMD越小,换热流体间的温度匹配越好,系统COP、效率越大,换热器实际损占比越小,反之亦然;且当TMD最小时换热器内夹点总是出现在饱和气态点处。     

三元制冷系统分析

乙烯装置产品分离过程需要在低温下进行,为此需配置压缩制冷系统为深冷分离提供冷量。三元压缩制冷由于能提供温位连续的制冷曲线,与工艺物流降温曲线更好地匹配,相比传统的复叠制冷具有热力学效率高、制冷能耗低的特点。为了分析三元压缩制冷的节能潜力,本文对某乙烯装置的三元制冷系统进行了(火用)分析。从(火用)总复合曲线(EGCC)图的分析可以得出该系统三元冷剂配置是比较合理的,(火用)损失较小。将该制冷系统划分为换热器、压缩机、节流阀、闪蒸罐等子系统,并分别计算了各子系统的(火用)损失。三元制冷系统的(火用)损失总计为24238.1kW,90%(火用)损失集中在换热器和压缩机两个子系统。然后将(火用)损失分为可避免的和不可避免的(火用)损失两类,其中不可避免的(火用)损失为13539.9kW,可避免的(火用)损失为10698.2kW,最后指出节能重点应该放在降低可避免的(火用)损失。     

具有多个不同质量资源网络的设计与目标值确定

This paper presents a new design procedure for the networks with multiple resources, such as hydrogen and water, of different qualities. The minimum consumption targets of the resources and pinch-causing sources can be identified as well during design. The objective of this work is to reduce the consumption of the resources with higher quality due to their higher cost. A few examples are investigated to show the proposed method. For a net-work of single resource with single contaminant, there is often only one pinch point for the resource. On the other hand, for a network of multiple resources with single contaminant, there might be a few different pinch points. Each resource might have its own pinch point, if its amount is sufficient. The contaminant concentration of the pinch-causing source for a resource with lower concentration will be below that of the higher-concentration resource(s).     

机械蒸汽再压缩硫酸铵废水处理系统的分析

为全面反应机械蒸汽再压缩硫酸铵废水处理系统的用能情况,提高系统的效率,采用以热力学第二定律为基础的分析方法,对系统进行了分析。将硫酸铵废水视为实际溶液,建立了实际物流的分析模型,运用工厂实测数据对系统进行了分析计算,研究了参量:压缩比、蒸发温度和一效排出浓度对系统效率的影响并根据测算结果提出了改进建议。分析结果表明,该系统总的效率约为12.04%;各设备分析表明,换热器及压缩机是主要的损失部位,二者的损失约占总数的79.5%;参量分析表明,系统的效率随着压缩比的增大而减小,随着蒸发温度的升高而增大,在其他条件允许的情况下,应尽量采用压缩比小的压缩机和维持高的蒸发温度;在文中条件下,当一效排出质量分数为32%时系统的效率最大,应尽可能地维持在该质量分数下排料;消除进入加热器蒸汽的过热可以提高系统的效率。     

以(火用)最小为目标的氢气分配网络优化

优化氢气分配网络,合理利用氢气资源,对炼化企业的节能降耗、降低生产成本具有重要意义。在氢气分配网络中,除了氢气的消耗,最主要的能耗就是压缩气体时所消耗的功。为了将氢气的消耗和压缩功的消耗从节约能源的角度统一优化,提出以“火用基准”为基础对氢气分配网络模型进行优化设计,即将新氢用量和压缩过程的功耗都转换成火用耗,以总的火用消耗量作为衡量氢网络优劣的基准。同时利用网络结构调优策略,以有效地减少压缩机的数目,保证了系统的能量性能和经济效益。通过一个精炼厂实例的成功应用,证实了此种方法的有效性。     

有机朗肯循环系统最佳蒸发温度和分析

随着能源问题日益突出,低温烟气余热深度利用成为了研究热点领域。其中,有机朗肯循环是实现低品位余热转换为电能的一有效途径。基于热力学基本定律,以有机朗肯循环系统最大做功能力和效率为目标函数,计算分析了10种不同工质在亚临界状态下以上两种目标函数的特性。结果表明,每种工质均存在一最佳蒸发温度使循环净输出功最大,而且工质临界温度越高,对应的最佳蒸发温度也越高;热源温度相同时,系统效率随窄点温差增大而减小;同一窄点温差时,当热源温度不超过临界温度两倍的窄点温差时,效率有一最大值;反之,则随蒸发温度升高不断增大。这些将为有机朗肯循环工质选择和性能优化提供理论指导。     

大型复杂过程系统用能的诊断与调优

针对大型复杂过程系统用能的诊断与调优，发展了夹点分析（夹点技术）方法。提出采用虚拟温度法，确定各流股匹配换热的传热温差；将过程的夹点分析区分为操作型夹点计算与设计型夹点计算两个层次：操作型夹点计算用于过程用能的诊断；设计型夹点计算指导过程用能的调优。基于以上改进，开发了大型复杂过程系统用能诊断与调优策略，并应用于国内某厂乙烯装置的节能改造，可使该装置吨乙烯能耗降低４．１８７ＧＪ。应用表明本文提出的方法是指导大型复杂过程系统用能诊断与调优的有利工具。     

Framework for work‐heat exchange network synthesis (WHENS)

Work and heat are the two predominant forms of energy in the process industry. Considerable savings can be achieved by synergizing the work and heat requirements of process streams. A generalized framework for integrating heat and work simultaneously is proposed based on a mixed‐integer nonlinear programing model for work‐heat exchange network synthesis. Starting with a set of streams with known flows, temperatures, and pressures, a network of single‐shaft‐turbine‐compressors with motors/generators, valves, heat exchangers, and utility heaters/coolers is synthesized for minimized total annualized cost. In contrast to existing works, (1) streams are not preclassified as hot/cold or high/low pressure, (2) pressure changes are allowed for streams with no net pressure change, (3) liquid‐vapor phase changes are allowed, and (4) phase‐based property correlations are used. Successful application of our approach to C3 splitting yields a nonintuitive configuration. Another application of an offshore natural gas liquefaction process is also studied. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2472–2485, 2018     

换热网络操作夹点分析与旁路优化控制

换热网络夹点设计法是从设计的角度,针对某一给定的典型操作条件而进行的,而炼油化工过程的生产条件经常在一定范围内波动。在实际的生产中,换热网络的操作夹点和最小温差与设计值往往不尽相同,为换热网络的优化控制带来了一定困难。因而近年来对于换热网络夹点技术以及旁路优化控制方面的研究不断深入,但将夹点技术与换热网络控制集成的方法仍不成熟。本文从操作的角度求解并分析换热网络结构已定或网络正在运行情况下的操作夹点,定性分析操作夹点的变化规律,并提出在操作夹点附近设置旁路实现网络的旁路优化控制,从而将夹点技术应用于换热网络旁路优化控制中。实例仿真表明,这一旁路优化控制方法在满足控制要求的同时明显降低了网络的总公用工程,验证了其有效性。