苯酐气体冷却器事故原因分析及预防技术

气体冷却器的事故是苯酐生产中频繁发生的重要事故,事故的原因很多,氧化反应器催化剂的性能是一方面,而设备本身的隐患及征兆也很多,如何对装置进行技术改造,事故前的隐患诊断是一门基本功,从气体冷却器这个表象问题入手,综合分析问题的种种原因,寻求解决问题的高效措施,维持装置平稳运行是苯酐行业专业技术人员必须攻克的举足轻重的难题。     

基于生命周期评价的离子液体产品设计

离子液体因其优良的物化性质受到越来越多的关注,而生命周期评价(LCA)和生命周期产品设计(LCPD)是实现离子液体产品和过程绿色生产的两大重要工具.本文分别介绍了生命周期评价和生命周期产品设计的内涵和特征,初步建立了离子液体产品生命周期设计评价体系,提出了离子液体产品设计的实施步骤,有助于离子液体设计人员开发出环境友好...     

Global optimization for sustainable design and synthesis of algae processing network for CO2 mitigation and biofuel production using life cycle optimization

Global optimization for sustainable design and synthesis of a large‐scale algae processing network under economic and environmental criteria is addressed. An algae processing network superstructure including 7800 processing routes is proposed. Based on the superstructure, a multiobjective mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is developed to simultaneously optimize the unit cost and the unit global warming potential (GWP). To efficiently solve the nonconvex MINLP model with separable concave terms and mixed‐integer fractional terms in the objective functions, a global optimization strategy that integrates a branch‐and‐refine algorithm based on successive piecewise linear approximations is proposed and an exact parametric algorithm based on Newton's method. Two Pareto‐optimal curves are obtained for biofuel production and biological carbon sequestration, respectively. The unit annual biofuel production cost ranges from $7.02/gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) to $9.71/GGE, corresponding to unit GWP's of 26.491 to 16.52 kg CO₂‐eq/GGE, respectively. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3195–3210, 2014     

Cleaner production of cellulose nanocrystals and calcium sulfate whiskers: Process design and life cycle assessment

The commercialization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is currently limited by its environmental impact of high water consumption and brine wastewater generation. Here, a combined process integrating the production of CNCs and calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs) was proposed to achieve complete utilization of the waste acid, and the corresponding environmental performance was evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA). Accordingly, we prepared fibrous CSWs with an average length of 309 μm and an average aspect ratio of 57 under optimum conditions. The LCA results demonstrated the superior environmental performance of the combined process, especially for CNC production, and the impact values reduced by 45.6% on average. Moreover, the cost of producing 20 g of CNCs decreased from 3.04 CNY (traditional process) to 1.66 CNY (combined process). Therefore, this combined production process is eco-efficient and economically scalable for the industrial production of CNCs.     

生命周期评价的应用

生命周期评伤（LCA）是一种有效的清洁生产诊断和评价工具,其理念已经逐步引入全世界。并在诸多领域得到不同程度的应用。本文就生命周期评价产生的背景、定义、框架进行了简单的介绍;并且介绍了生命周期评价的几个不同程度的应用,揭示了其广泛应用领域。最后介绍其应用发展趋势。     

生命周期评价的发展新方向:基于GIS的生命周期评价

综述了生命周期评价(LCA)区域化研究的进展,论述了将空间信息数据引入LCA的必要性与可行性,以及GIS(geographical information system)在LCA地域化的重要作用。综述表明GIS能系统有效地组织和管理空间数据,能够管理LCA明细的地域信息、LCA影响的地域信息,从而实现GIS与LCA的结合。在此基础上,进一步提出了基于地理信息的LCA的架构,分析了基于GIS的LCA发展的机遇和挑战。基于地理信息的LCA将突破传统LCA缺乏空间信息的致命缺陷,其结果将更具准确性和科学性,基于地理信息的LCA的绿色设计和管理对企业以及政府将更具可操作性,是生命周期评价方法发展的新方向。     

化工产品生命周期设计的理论和方法

生命周期评价(LCA)和生命周期成本分析(LCC)是实现化工产品和过程清洁生产的两大支持工具。分别介绍了生命周期评价和生命周期成本的内涵和特征,提出了产品生命周期设计(LCD)的概念和实施步骤,有助于设计人员做出正确的决策,开发出环境友好、经济节约的产品。     

水处理集成微藻生物柴油生命周期系统环境影响评价

采用生活废水的二级出水培养微藻可有效提高微藻生物柴油生产过程的环境效益,降低其环境影响。本文基于生命周期分析原理,针对结合了废水培养微藻的两种微藻生物柴油生产技术路线,即传统路线和热解酯化路线,建立了环境影响评价模型;提出了水处理集成微藻生物柴油生命周期系统评价的水处理过程替代效应的概念及其环境效益定量评价方法;通过计算对比了基于新鲜水培养微藻的两种技术路线的总环境影响指数和废水培养微藻的两种技术路线的环境效益,表明热解酯化工艺结合废水培养微藻路线相较其他工艺路线具有最小的环境影响,表明水处理过程替代效应在水处理集成微藻生物柴油生命周期系统评价中的有效性和必要性。     

对苯二甲酸生命周期清单分析

概述了对苯二甲酸(PTA)生命周期清单分析的分析步骤、数据收集和计算,并对现有的PTA清单分析进行解释。指出了我国开展PTA清单分析的研究方向。     

Biomass-based chemical production using techno-economic and life cycle analysis

Furfural has been selected as one of the top 30 biomass derived platform compounds by the U.S. Department of Energy based on several indicators including the raw material used for production, estimated processing cost, technical complexity, and market potential. In this work, several high value chemicals such as butadiene, surfactants, jet-fuels, and lubricants are produced from furfural. The paper proposes the integrated flowsheet to produce those chemical and techno-economic and life cycle analysis is performed to compare the minimum selling price and environmental impacts of the integrated process. The capital and operating cost for production of lubricants and surfactants is the highest when compared with other products. Production of surfactants performs the best in terms of environmental impacts except in water depletion when compared with other processes while butadiene production performs the worst regarding the environmental effects.     

A life cycle assessment of advanced biofuel production from a hectare of corn

Conventional agricultural life cycle assessments (LCAs) measure greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for biofuel pathways as the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted per unit of energy provided by the pathway (i.e. gCO₂e/MJ). This measure of GHG emissions, as computed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is then used to determine the extent to which the corresponding biofuel pathway complies with the GHG emission standards set forth by the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. Under current legislation, ethanol produced from corn grain is prohibited from qualifying as an advanced biofuel, even if it were to meet the GHG emission standards. This paper proposes a measure of GHG emissions based on a unit of land rather than the energy provided by a biofuel pathway utilizing only one feedstock. A hectare of corn thus provides two feedstocks for the biofuel pathway considered here; corn grain is used for production of ethanol while corn stover is subjected to fast pyrolysis for production of biochar and bio-oil. The bio-oil is then subsequently upgraded to a fuel suitable for use as a drop in fuel in internal combustion engines. A LCA of this pathway is conducted and it is found that such a pathway generates a 52.1% reduction in GHG emissions. This is a reduction that is sufficient to qualify the combined output of a hectare of corn as an advanced biofuel if the current restriction in EISA were removed.     

中国化石能源生产的生命周期清单(Ⅱ)--生命周期清单的编制结果

计算得到2002年我国单位原煤、原油和天然气生产的完整生命周期清单.该清单包括各类初级资源的投入和污染物的排放,初级资源包括原煤、原油和天然气,污染物包括液态污染物、固体废弃物和CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、烟尘等气态排放物.该生命周期清单为化工产业及几乎所有材料与产品生命周期清单或生命周期评价分析提供了必需的基础数据.     

Life cycle assessment and economic analysis of HFC-134a production from natural gas compared with oil-based and coal-based production

China is the largest producer and consumer of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in the world. Coal-based route is mainly adopted to produce HFC-134a, which suffers from large waste and CO₂ emissions. Natural gas is a low-carbon and clean energy resource, and no research has been found on the environment and economy of producing HFC-134a from natural gas. In this study, CML 2001 method was used to carry out the life cycle assessment of natural gas (partial oxidation)-based and natural gas (plasma cracking)-based routes (abbreviated as gas(O)-based and gas(P)-based routes, respectively), and their environmental performances were compared with coal-based and oil-based routes. Meanwhile, considering that China is vigorously promoting the transformation of energy structure, and the application of electric heating equipment to replace fossil-based heating equipment in industrial field, which has a great impact on the environmental performance of the production processes, the authors conducted a scenario analysis. The results showed that the gas(O)-based route had the most favourable environmental benefits. However, the gas(P)-based route had the highest potential for reducing environmental burdens, and its environmental benefit was the most favourable in scenario 2050. Additionally, the economic performance of the gas(P)-based route was significantly better than that of gas(O)-based and coal-based routes.     

Technoeconomic analysis of continuous biodrying process in conjunction with gasification process at pulp and paper mills

In the biorefinery context, thermochemical processes have attracted a significant attention in recent years. Such processes generally consist of three main steps: pretreatment, thermochemical treatment, and post-treatment. In these developing processes, drying and feeding of biomass feedstock remain a significant and costly challenge. The moisture content of biomass feedstock must be decreased to an economic level at pretreatment step otherwise it has to have a detrimental effect on the process efficiency and quality of products. This work addresses the drying of biomass feedstock using novel but practical technology, called biodrying. It is a green technology that offers an opportunity for biomass drying without using an external heat source or fossil fuels, since drying energy is generated through exothermic microbial activity in the biomass that enhances the drying rate. This paper focuses on technoeconomic assessment of continuous biodrying technology integrated to gasification-based biorefinery and investigates the conditions that make such novel technology viable in conjunction with gasification process. Fixed capital investment and operating cost of different biodrying scenarios were estimated as M$4.3–21 and M$0.85/y–3.6/y, respectively, and potential benefits (sludge landfilling cost, energy savings, and carbon credit) from integration of the continuous biodrying system in gasification process implemented in pulp and paper mill were calculated, and ultimately economic performances of the scenarios were assessed. Furthermore, the viable biodrying conditions were specified as 4-day residence time and the major viability risk was found to be bound moisture of biomass.     

污泥水煤浆全生命周期综合评价

为了客观评价在水煤浆中掺入污泥的综合效果,以污泥水煤浆为研究对象,建立全生命周期综合评价模型,以对外供应1 t蒸汽为最终目标,以煤炭准备—水煤浆生产—水煤浆利用(普通水煤浆路线)为基准路线,对比评价煤炭、污泥准备—污泥水煤浆生产—污泥水煤浆利用(污泥水煤浆路线)全过程的技术性、经济性和环境效益。评价认为,污泥水煤浆路线全过程能源效率85.40%,全过程消耗煤炭135.69 kg、污泥32.94 kg、新鲜水487.44 kg,全过程投资8.10元,全过程成本129.08元,全过程废水、烟尘、SO2、NOx排放基本与普通水煤浆路线相当。     

顺酐生产技术及市场分析

2003年全球顺酐生产能力约1 3Mt/a,消费量为1Mt,国内近几年顺酐消费量逐年增长,预计2005年顺酐需求量将达到24 8万t。分析了顺酐生产技术进展及国内外市场现状,提出了我国顺酐发展的建议。     

Multiactor multicriteria decision making for life cycle sustainability assessment under uncertainties

This article aims at developing a generic multiactor multicriteria decision making (MAMCDM) method for life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) of industrial systems under uncertainties, which can help multiple stakeholders/decision‐makers to prioritize the alternative industrial systems in a group decision‐making approach. The interval best–worst method, which can address the ambiguity, vagueness and hesitations existing in human's judgments, was developed for determining the weight of the criteria in LCSA. The consensus convergence model was developed for aggregating the relative importance of each criterion determined by different stakeholders/decision‐makers into an interval weight. Afterward, a novel multicriteria decision‐making method which can address the decision‐making matrix with interval numbers was developed to prioritize industrial systems under data uncertainties. An illustrative case has been studied by the developed model, and it reveals that the developed model allows multiple stakeholders/decision‐makers to participate in the decision‐making processes and prioritize industrial systems accurately by using interval numbers. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2103–2112, 2018     

An introduction to life cycle assessment with hands-on experiments for biodiesel production and use

This paper describes a hands-on project that introduces first year engineering students to life cycle assessment (LCA) through the comparison of the environmental impact of the production and use of three diesel fuels: petroleum diesel, biodiesel from new vegetable oil, and biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. The purpose of this LCA project was to incorporate life cycle thinking into the engineering design process, to apply the four main steps of LCA (definition and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and improvement assessment), and to explore some of the challenges associated with each step. The inventory for biodiesel production (from both new and waste vegetable oils) was based on measurements obtained by the students in laboratory experiments. The fossil diesel production inventory was obtained from the SimaPro^® database. The inventory for the use of all three fuels was obtained from measurements taken during combustion of the fuels in a generator. A cradle-to-grave life cycle analysis was then conducted using SimaPro^® for each fuel. The assessment of learning outcomes indicates a significant increase in conceptual understanding of the four stages of life cycle assessment, and an average gain of over 55% in overall knowledge of life cycle assessment.     

Comparative analysis of the life cycle impact assessment of available cement inventories in the EU

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is one of basic steps in life cycle assessment methodology (LCA). This paper presents a comparative study of the LCIA of different life cycle inventories (LCI) for EU cements. The analysis unit used is the manufacture of 1 kg of cement, from “cradle to gate”. The impact categories considered are those resulting from the manufacture of cement and include greenhouse effects, acidification, eutrophication and summer and winter smog, amongst others.The results of the study highlighted some inconsistencies in existing inventories. As for the LCIA, the main environmental interventions related to cement manufacture were classified and characterised and their effect on different impact categories analysed. Differences observed in evaluation of the impact of cement type were essentially related to their clinker content.     

Life cycle assessment of ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle for nuclear hydrogen production

The nuclear energy driven thermochemical cycle is one of the potential water‐splitting processes for producing hydrogen, presumed to be the transportation fuel of the future. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of one such system, which utilizes nuclear energy to drive the ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle, is presented in this paper. The results of the LCA are presented in terms of the emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂‐equivalent) and acid gases (SO₂‐equivalent). The contributions of the thermochemical plant to the emissions were determined through the estimation of material and energy requirements for chemical inventory, raw materials consumption and plant fabrication/installation. The greenhouse gas emissions from the system are 2515 g CO₂‐equivalent kg^?1 H₂ produced and acid gas emissions 11.252 g SO₂‐equivalent kg^?1 H₂ produced. A comparison of this hydrogen production route with other routes, including steam reforming of methane and high‐temperature electrolysis, is also presented in the paper. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry