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1.
Due to the increase of XML-based applications, XML schema design has become an important task. One approach is to consider
conceptual schemas as a basis for generating XML documents compliant to consensual information of specific domains. However,
the conversion of conceptual schemas to XML schemas is not a straightforward process and inconvenient design decisions can
lead to a poor query processing on XML documents generated. This paper presents a conversion approach which considers data
and query workload estimated for XML applications, in order to generate an XML schema from a conceptual schema. Load information
is used to produce XML schemas which can respond well to the main queries of an XML application. We evaluate our approach
through a case study carried out on a native XML database. The experimental results demonstrate that the XML schemas generated
by our methodology contribute to a better query performance than related approaches.
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2.
Text search engines are inadequate for indexing and searching XML documents because they ignore metadata and aggregation structure
implicit in the XML documents. On the other hand, the query languages supported by specialized XML search engines are very
complex. In this paper, we present a simple yet flexible query language, and develop its semantics to enable intuitively appealing
extraction of relevant fragments of information while simultaneously falling back on retrieval through plain text search if necessary. Our approach combines and generalizes several available techniques to obtain precise
and coherent results.
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3.
XML technologies have been recently introduced in network management towards alleviating limitations of SNMP. The XML W3C
standard, along with XML technologies has the potential to boost open, interoperable, cost-effective and standards-based management
solutions. This paper highlights recent efforts towards XML network management and introduces an architecture supporting XML-based
network management applications. This architecture specifies a runtime environment that parses XML documents containing composite
operations for individual devices, as well as for heterogeneous mutli-vendor networks. Management operations in the scope
of XML documents are defined in a programmable fashion based on an XML-based composition language supporting aggregations
of elementary operations, looping commands, conditional statements, as well as simple rules signifying the occurrence of specific
events. The introduced environment allows network managers to define management operations featuring high-level semantics
and accordingly produce sophisticated applications through XML authoring. Following the illustration of the architecture,
its composition language and issues relating to security and error handling, the paper ends up presenting a prototype implementation,
along with associated performance evaluation results.
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4.
XML is a flexible and powerful tool that enables information and security sharing in heterogeneous environments. Scalable
technologies are needed to effectively manage the growing volumes of XML data. A wide variety of methods exist for storing
and searching XML data; the two most common techniques are conventional tree-based and relational approaches. Tree-based approaches
represent XML as a tree and use indexes and path join algorithms to process queries. In contrast, the relational approach
utilizes the power of a mature relational database to store and search XML. This method relationally maps XML queries to SQL
and reconstructs the XML from the database results. To date, the limited acceptance of the relational approach to XML processing
is due to the need to redesign the relational schema each time a new XML hierarchy is defined. We, in contrast, describe a
relational approach that is fixed schema eliminating the need for schema redesign at the expense of potentially longer runtimes.
We show, however, that these potentially longer runtimes are still significantly shorter than those of the tree approach.
We use a popular XML benchmark to compare the scalability of both approaches. We generated large collections of heterogeneous
XML documents ranging in size from 500 MB to 8 GB using the XBench benchmark. The scalability of each method was measured
by running XML queries that cover a wide range of XML search features on each collection. We measure the scalability of each
method over different query features as the collection size increases. In addition, we examine the performance of each method
as the result size and the number of predicates increase. Our results show that our relational approach provides a scalable
approach to XML retrieval by leveraging existing relational database optimizations. Furthermore, we show that the relational
approach typically outperforms the tree-based approach while scaling consistently over all collections studied.
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5.
We propose a SAO index to approximately answer arbitrary linear optimization queries in a sliding window of a data stream.
It uses limited memory to maintain the most “important” tuples. At any time, for any linear optimization query, we can retrieve
the approximate top- K tuples in the sliding window almost instantly. The larger the amount of available memory, the better the quality of the answers
is. More importantly, for a given amount of memory, the quality of the answers can be further improved by dynamically allocating
a larger portion of the memory to the outer layers of the SAO index.
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6.
We present XFlavor, a framework for providing XML representation of multimedia data. XFlavor can be used to convert multimedia
data back and forth between binary and XML representations. Compared to bitstreams, XML documents are easier to access and
manipulate, and consequently, the development of multimedia processing software is greatly facilitated, as one generic XML
parser can be used to read and write different types of data in XML form.
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7.
There are only a few ethical regulations that deal explicitly with robots, in contrast to a vast number of regulations, which
may be applied. We will focus on ethical issues with regard to “responsibility and autonomous robots”, “machines as a replacement
for humans”, and “tele-presence”. Furthermore we will examine examples from special fields of application (medicine and healthcare,
armed forces, and entertainment). We do not claim to present a complete list of ethical issue nor of regulations in the field
of robotics, but we will demonstrate that there are legal challenges with regard to these issues.
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8.
Capturing latent structural and semantic properties in semi-structured documents (e.g., XML documents) is crucial for improving
the performance of related document analysis tasks. Structured Link Vector Mode (SLVM) is a representation recently proposed
for modeling semi-structured documents. It uses an element similarity matrix to capture the latent relationships between XML
elements—the constructing components of an XML document. In this paper, instead of applying heuristics to define the element
similarity matrix, we propose to compute the matrix using the machine learning approach. In addition, we incorporate term
semantics into SLVM using latent semantic indexing to enhance the model accuracy, with the element similarity learnability
property preserved. For performance evaluation, we applied the similarity learning to k-nearest neighbors search and similarity-based clustering, and tested the performance using two different XML document collections.
The SLVM obtained via learning was found to outperform significantly the conventional Vector Space Model and the edit-distance-based
methods. Also, the similarity matrix, obtained as a by-product, can provide higher-level knowledge on the semantic relationships
between the XML elements.
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9.
Nearest Neighbor (NN) search has been in the core of spatial and spatiotemporal database research during the last decade.
The literature on NN query processing algorithms so far deals with either stationary or moving query points over static datasets
or future (predicted) locations over a set of continuously moving points. With the increasing number of Mobile Location Services
(MLS), the need for effective k-NN query processing over historical trajectory data has become the vehicle for data analysis, thus improving existing or
even proposing new services. In this paper, we investigate mechanisms to perform NN search on R-tree-like structures storing
historical information about moving object trajectories. The proposed (depth-first and best-first) algorithms vary with respect
to the type of the query object (stationary or moving point) as well as the type of the query result (historical continuous
or not), thus resulting in four types of NN queries. We also propose novel metrics to support our search ordering and pruning
strategies. Using the implementation of the proposed algorithms on two members of the R-tree family for trajectory data (namely,
the TB-tree and the 3D-R-tree), we demonstrate their scalability and efficiency through an extensive experimental study using
large synthetic and real datasets.
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10.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
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12.
Various techniques have been developed for different query types in content-based image retrieval systems such as sampling
queries, constrained sampling queries, multiple constrained sampling queries, k-NN queries, constrained k-NN queries, and multiple localized k-NN queries. In this paper, we propose a generalized query model suitable for expressing queries of different types, and investigate
efficient processing techniques for this new framework. We exploit sequential access and data sharing by developing new storage
and query processing techniques to leverage inter-query concurrency. Our experimental results, based on the Corel dataset,
indicate that the proposed optimization can significantly reduce average response time in a multiuser environment, and achieve
better retrieval precision and recall compared to two recent techniques.
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13.
A number of mobile applications have emerged that allow users to locate one another. However, people have expressed concerns
about the privacy implications associated with this class of software, suggesting that broad adoption may only happen to the
extent that these concerns are adequately addressed. In this article, we report on our work on P eopleF inder, an application that enables cell phone and laptop users to selectively share their locations with others (e.g. friends,
family, and colleagues). The objective of our work has been to better understand people’s attitudes and behaviors towards
privacy as they interact with such an application, and to explore technologies that empower users to more effectively and
efficiently specify their privacy preferences (or “policies”). These technologies include user interfaces for specifying rules
and auditing disclosures, as well as machine learning techniques to refine user policies based on their feedback. We present
evaluations of these technologies in the context of one laboratory study and three field studies.
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14.
The purposes of this study are (a) to establish a measurement for evaluating conversational impressions of group discussions,
and (b) to make an exploratory investigation on their interactional processes which may affect to form those impressions.
The impression rating and factor analysis undertaken first give us four factors concerning conversational impressions of “focus
group interviews (FGIs)”: conversational activeness, conversational sequencing, the attitudes of participants and the relationships
of participants. In relation to the factors of conversational activeness and conversational sequencing in particular, the
microanalysis of four selected topical scenes from our database further shows that the behavior of the moderator and the interviewees
is organized not independently but with reference to each other. The study thus emphasizes the importance of the integration
of quantitative and qualitative approaches towards human interactions.
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15.
Japan has more robots than any other country with robots contributing to many areas of society, including manufacturing, healthcare,
and entertainment. However, few studies have examined Japanese attitudes toward robots, and none has used implicit measures.
This study compares attitudes among the faculty of a US and a Japanese university. Although the Japanese faculty reported
many more experiences with robots, implicit measures indicated both faculties had more pleasant associations with humans.
In addition, although the US faculty reported people were more threatening than robots, implicit measures indicated both faculties
associated weapons more strongly with robots than with humans. Despite the media’s hype about Japan’s robot ‘craze,’ response
similarities suggest factors other than attitude better explain robot adoption. These include differences in history and religion,
personal and human identity, economic structure, professional specialization, and government policy. Japanese robotics offers
a unique reference from which other nations may learn.
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16.
This viewpoint argues that the introduction of most computer-based system to an organization transforms the organization and
changes the work patterns of the system’s users in the organization. These changes interact with the users’ values and beliefs
and trigger emotional responses which are sometimes directed against the software system and its proponents. A requirements
engineer must be aware of these emotions.
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17.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
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18.
Listening to music on personal, digital devices whilst mobile is an enjoyable, everyday activity. We explore a scheme for
exploiting this practice to immerse listeners in navigation cues. Our prototype, ONTRACK, continuously adapts audio, modifying
the spatial balance and volume to lead listeners to their target destination. First we report on an initial lab-based evaluation
that demonstrated the approach’s efficacy: users were able to complete tasks within a reasonable time and their subjective
feedback was positive. Encouraged by these results we constructed a handheld prototype. Here, we discuss this implementation
and the results of field-trials. These indicate that even with a low-fidelity realisation of the concept, users can quite
effectively navigate complicated routes.
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19.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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20.
We present an enhancement towards adaptive video training for PhoneGuide, a digital museum guidance system for ordinary camera-equipped
mobile phones. It enables museum visitors to identify exhibits by capturing photos of them. In this article, a combined solution
of object recognition and pervasive tracking is extended to a client–server-system for improving data acquisition and for
supporting scale-invariant object recognition. A static as well as a dynamic training technique are presented that preprocess
the collected object data differently and apply two types of neural networks (NN) for classification. Furthermore, the system
enables a temporal adaptation for ensuring a continuous data acquisition to improve the recognition rate over time. A formal
field experiment reveals current recognition rates and indicates the practicability of both methods under realistic conditions
in a museum.
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