煤炭清洁发电技术进展与前景

近年来,我国大气复合污染问题日益突出,燃煤是造成大气污染的主要原因之一,我国电力行业耗煤量约占全国耗煤总量的一半,实现燃煤电厂烟气污染物高效控制是重中之重。本文介绍了我国煤炭清洁发电实现超低排放的最新进展及未来发展前景。通过理论研究、技术研发及集成应用,形成了符合我国国情的燃煤烟气污染物超低排放技术路线,建立了超低排放清洁环保岛,实现了污染物排放优于天然气机组排放标准限值,为我国大气污染防治特别是高用能密度区域的污染物减排提供了一条重要出路。研究综述了近年来我国超低排放技术的示范应用情况,通过费效分析表明超低排放可实现污染物大幅度减排,具有良好的环境、经济和社会效益。未来,我国燃煤电厂还将进一步发展烟气污染物深度脱除技术及二氧化碳捕集技术,最终实现燃煤烟气污染物的近零排放,为建设全世界最清洁的燃煤电厂奠定坚实的技术基础。     

浅谈1000MW超超临界发电机组设计创新优化措施

当今世界经济的发展,对能源、环保的要求越来越高,火电建设也随之迎来了大好的发展形势,迫切需要提高发电效率,而建设大容量、高参数的超临界、超超临界1000MW容量等级的机组成为当今燃煤电厂的主流选择,1000MW超超临界机组也因此成为主导我国电源建设和发展的主力机型,因此有必要研究1000MW超超临界发电机组的设计创新的优化措施,从而促进火力电厂的繁荣与发展。介绍超超临界机组的内涵和“1000MW超超临界发电机组技术”的重要意义,重点论述1000MW超超临界发电机组设计创新优化措施。     

燃煤电站利用飞灰脱汞的研究现状

汞的累积性及高毒性使其成为了未来主要的污染物控制对象之一,目前较为成熟的活性炭喷射技术平均汞脱除率能够达到80%-98%,但极高的运行成本仍然难于达到大范围商业推广的要求。飞灰作为燃煤电站的废弃物,成本极低,且同样具备汞捕集能力,某些飞灰的汞脱除能力甚至能够达到商业活性炭级别。本文对目前影响飞灰汞脱除率的研究进行了综述。综合讨论了烟气气氛、煤炭类型、飞灰含碳量、飞灰岩相结构等多种因素对飞灰汞脱除率的影响。明确了飞灰脱汞技术的可行性,以及未来亟待解决的问题。     

烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)采样技术及PM2.5监测问题的研究

烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)用于对大气固定污染源排放的烟尘、气态污染物进行排放浓度以及其它烟气参数的连续监测。简要介绍了燃煤产生的颗粒物,尤其是PM2.5给人体造成的危害,着重分析了CEMS系统的采样方法和PM2.5的重量测定,比较其各自的特点,最后,对有关现场校准的问题及PM2.5监测的问题进行探讨。     

烟气余热换热器低温腐蚀分析及对策

根据句容发电厂1000MW超超临界燃煤机组烟气余热换热器的运行情况,研究了冷端受热面硫酸低温腐蚀现象,分析得出有效控制此现象的措施为严格控制烟气余热换热器进口水温和排烟温度等。     

超超临界燃煤机组T23钢水冷管的腐蚀行为浅析

随着超临界、超超临界机组参数的提高和热负荷的增大,其水冷管材料对水中离子的敏感性也越高,其与水中杂质离子的腐蚀行为直接关系到机组的安全运行。采用电化学方法研究了常温下模拟加氧工况溶液中,阴离子对1 000 MW超超临界燃煤机组水冷壁管材料(T23钢)腐蚀行为的影响。结果显示:在模拟加氧工况溶液中无论Cl-和SO2-4是否单独存在,Cl-和SO2-4均加速T23的腐蚀,且随Cl-和SO2-4浓度的增加,T23钢的腐蚀电流升高,腐蚀电位降低,阻抗值降低,腐蚀加速;当Cl-和SO2-4同时存在时,腐蚀比Cl-单独存在时更为严重,应严格控制给水中阴离子以保证机组安全运行。     

灵武电厂二期（2×1O00MW）机组微油点火系统问题分析

针对燃煤机组启停过程中需要燃烧大量燃油的问题,宁夏灵武电厂二期工程（2×1000MW）超超临界燃煤机组应用了微油点火技术。文章介绍了微油点火系统的基本组成及工作原理,微油点火系统运行中出现的问题及采取的措施,经济效益分析,为同类行机组采用微油点火技术提供借鉴。     

浅析燃煤锅炉烟气治理技术

我国是一个煤炭储量较大的国家,对煤炭的消耗量较大,在不断的消耗中排放出了大量的SO2、烟尘等污染物,这些污染物对环境造成了极大的破坏作用。如何治理煤炭燃烧过程中所排放的烟气已成为当前急需解决的重要问题。文中针对燃煤锅炉烟气治理技术的现状进行了具体的分析。     

1000 MW火电机组快速甩负荷系统设计与性能分析

超超临界燃煤发电机组快速甩负荷(Fast Cut Back,FCB)技术可以在电网故障时快速将机组与电网解列,实现机组带厂用电孤岛运行,减少机组停机次数,在电网故障排除后可以迅速提升机组负荷,加快电网恢复速度.以神华国华印尼爪哇1050MW燃煤发电工程中的FCB系统为研究对象,系统分析了FCB系统中机组的关键性能参数,...     

宁海电厂2×1000MW机组协调控制简介及应用

主要介绍国华宁海电厂2×1000MW超超临界燃煤机组协调控制(CCS)原理、协调回路的构成及相关的逻辑关系;分析了调试过程中出现的一些故障原因、处理过程及协调优化改进的措施。     

Analysis of Flue Gas Pollutants Deep-removal Technology in Coal-fired Power Plants

In recent years, frequent haze has made PM_2.5 become a public hotspot. PM_2.5 control has been added to the 2012 release “ambient air quality standard.” Currently flue gas pollutant control technology does not easily remove PM_2.5. Developing Flue Gas Pollutant Deep-removal Technology (DRT) for coal-fired power plants for deep-removing pollutants such as PM_2.5, SO₂, SO₃, and heavy metals, is an urgent problem. Based on the analysis of the necessity and existing problems of developing DRT suitable for China, this study focused on PM_2.5 removal technology, low NO_x emission of ultra supercritical boiler under all load conditions, and the adaptability of SCR working temperature. Finally, the flue gas pollutant removal system at a 2×660MW supercritical power plant was introduced, and the roadmap for developing DRT for 1,000MW ultra supercritical units was analyzed.     

The R&D of Flue Gas Pollutants Deep-Removal Technology for Coal-fired Power Plants

The flue gas pollutants deep-removal technology(DRT) focusing on PM2.5removal is the prime method of further reducing pollutants emission from coal-fired power plants. In view of the four key technological challenges in developing the DRT, studies were conducted on a series of purification technologies and the DRT was developed and successfully applied in 660 MW and 1000 MW coal-fired units. This paper analyzes the application results of the demonstration project, and proposes a roadmap for the follow-up researches and optimizations.     

Multi-pollutants simultaneous removal from flue gas

The multi-stage humidifier semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology, the CRS plasma flue gas cleaning technology and oxidative additive flue gas cleaning technology were investigated for multi-pollutants removal. The semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology using multistage humidifier and additive can improve oxidation and absorption, and it can achieve high multi-pollutants removal efficiency. The CRS discharge can produce many OH radicals that promote NO oxidation. Combining NaOH absorption can achieve high deSO2 and deNOx efficiencies. It is very fit of the reconstruction of primary wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD). In addition, Using NaClO2 as additive in the absorbent of WFGD can obtain very high removal efficiency of SO2 and NOx.     

活性炭法脱硫脱硝的自动控制

烧结烟气活性炭法脱硫脱硝技术成功解决了烧结烟气量大、SO2浓度低、成份复杂等脱硫脱硝工艺技术的难题,在烧结脱硫脱硝领域取得了重大突破,其自动控制系统的成功开发与应用使工艺系统得以安全、高效、稳定运行.     

A dual-use of DBD plasma for simultaneous NO(x) and SO(2) removal from coal-combustion flue gas

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was investigated for the simultaneous removal of NO(x) and SO(2) from flue gas in a coal-combustion power plant. The DBD equipment was used in either a mode where flue gas was directed through the discharge zone (direct oxidation), or a mode where produced ozonized air was injected in the flue gas stream (indirect oxidation). Removal efficiencies of SO(2) and NO for both methods were measured and compared. Oxidation of NO is more efficient in the indirect oxidation, while oxidation of SO(2) is more efficient in the direct oxidation. Addition of NH(3), has lead to efficient removal of SO(2), due to thermal reaction, and has also enhanced NO removal due to heterogeneous reactions on the surface of ammonium salt aerosols. In the direct oxidation, concentration of CO increased significantly, while it maintained its level in the indirect oxidation.     

湿法烟气脱硫塔能效特性研究

针对湿法烟气脱硫能效规律欠缺问题,以150 MW超低排放机组湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,基于脱硫设备的主要能耗和脱硫效率构建了脱硫能效指标——脱硫能效值,并采用数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方法,探究了液气比、入口烟气量、烟气流速、入口SO₂质量浓度、烟气温度等参数以及不同喷淋层组合方式对脱硫能效特性的影响规律。结果表明：脱硫能效值为0.22~0.96 kg/（kW·h）,并随入口SO₂质量浓度增加呈正比例变化,随喷淋层组合数、液气比和入口烟气温度增加呈反比例变化,随入口烟气量和塔内烟气流速增加先上升后下降。研究结果可为脱硫技术评价和脱硫系统节能运行提供参考。     

燃煤电厂烟气中Hg的生成、治理、测试及排放特征研究

燃煤电厂是大气Hg排放的主要来源之一，基于文献调研，分析了燃煤电厂烟气中Hg的来源及生成、燃烧后现有设备协同脱Hg技术和吸附剂喷射脱Hg技术、主要离线测试方法、超低排放实施前后燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放特征等，指出燃煤电厂实施更严格的烟气Hg排放控制是非常有必要的，且改性活性炭、改性飞灰喷射脱Hg技术将是未来应对更严格Hg排放限值的主流技术。研究结果可为燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放控制提供参考。     

燃煤电厂烟气非常规污染物检测与协同控制技术研究综述

随着国家环保要求的不断提高,为响应国家可持续发展政策的号召,燃煤烟气非常规污染物控制已逐步提上日程。研究人员不再把精力集中于常规污染物的脱除,而是逐渐开展对非常规污染物（如SO₃、Hg、可凝结颗粒物等）脱除的研究。基于燃煤电厂烟气非常规污染物的特性,分析了当前各种非常规污染物的检测技术优缺点及适用条件,以及在新的环保形势下,各种环保设备协同控制非常规污染物的研究现状,为下一步开展燃煤电厂非常规污染物控制技术研究提供参考。     

Industrial Application of a Deep Purification Technology for Flue Gas Involving Phase-Transition Agglomeration and Dehumidification

A moist plume forms when the flue gas emitted from wet desulfurization equipment exits into the ambient air, resulting in a waste of water resources and visual pollution. In addition, sulfur trioxide (SO₃), water with dissolved salts, and particles in the wet flue gas form secondary pollution in the surrounding atmosphere. In this study, a deep purification technology for flue gas involving phase-transition agglomeration and dehumidification (PAD) is proposed. This deep purification technology includes two technical routes: the integrated technology of phase-transition agglomeration and a wet electrostatic precipitator (PAW); and the integrated technology of phase-transition agglomeration and a mist eliminator (PAM). Industrial applications of PAW and PAM were carried out on 630 and 1000 MW coal-fired units, respectively. The results show that the average amount of recycled water obtained from wet flue gas by means of PAD is more than 4 g·(kg·°C)⁻¹. Decreasing the wet flue gas temperature by 1.5–5.3 °C allows 5%–20% of the moisture in the flue gas to be recycled; therefore, this process could effectively save water resources and significantly reduce water vapor emissions. In addition, the moist plume is effectively eliminated. With the use of this process, the ion concentration in droplets of flue gas is decreased by more than 65%, the SO₃ removal efficiency from flue gas is greater than 75%, and the removal efficiency of particulate matter is 92.53%.     

燃煤烟气中Hg迁移转化特性研究

研究了300 MW煤粉锅炉系统选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）、低低温电除尘器、海水脱硫、湿式电除尘器等超低排放设施在不同工况、不同煤种情况下的Hg迁移特性和脱除能力。结果表明：各工况下总汞排放浓度为1.16~2.90 μg/m³。最终排入大气中的汞主要以单质汞存在,还有少量氧化态汞,颗粒态汞被全部脱除;汞主要是在海水法烟气脱硫中被去除的,低低温电除尘器、海水脱硫、湿式电除尘器对总汞平均脱除率分别为25%、62%、37%;Hg²⁺占比是影响烟气中汞脱除效率的关键,气相中较高的Hg²⁺份额有利于在电除尘器和海水脱硫装置中获得较高的脱除效率;在该配备SCR脱硝、低低温电除尘器、海水脱硫、湿式电除尘器等超低排放设施的300 MW煤粉锅炉电厂中,总汞平均脱除率约为83%,能够实现较大程度的汞脱除。