国外重大慢性非传染性疾病防治对策研究

重大慢性非传染性疾病包括心脑血管疾病、癌症、呼吸系统疾病、糖尿病等,其流行给全球居民健康造成了重大威胁。为进一步对慢性病进行有效预防控制,促进健康、推动经济和社会发展,2014年中国工程院立项并开展了"重大慢性非传染性疾病防治的国际对比研究"项目,对国内外慢性病预防控制情况以及可供我们借鉴的经验进行了详细分析。本文从慢性病发病概况入手,分析了各种疾病的预防控制措施,并对不同国家的慢性病预防控制体系进行比较,凝练有益经验和方法,提出了增强我国慢性病预防控制的措施和建议。     

卫生经济学应用于慢性病防控决策的战略研究

为提高当前慢性病防控体系的效率,更好地遏制慢性病的流行,保护公众健康,2015年中国工程院设立了"卫生经济学应用于慢性病防控决策的战略研究"重大咨询项目。课题组调研发现,作为一种重要的卫生决策工具,卫生经济学在慢性病防控决策过程中尚处于初级应用阶段。对卫生经济学的重要性认识不足,对卫生经济学的方法的掌握和应用能力有限,制约了其在慢性病防控决策中的应用,因此建议建立多元主体参与的卫生经济学研究力量,加强卫生经济学应用于慢性病防控决策的大数据积累及应用研究,提出将卫生经济学应用于我国慢性病防控决策的战略框架。     

弥合临床医学与公共卫生的裂痕强化我国的疾病控制工作

阐述临床医学与公共卫生的割裂给中国疾病预防控制工作带来的严重危害;并说明中国卫生系统近年来在弥合这一裂痕方面所做的巨大努力,例如建立了传染病网络直报系统和"不明原因肺炎"监测报告体系,加强了结核病控制工作中医疗机构与疾控机构的紧密衔接,以及临床医学逐步接纳现代疾病防控理念,为适应患者需求,在控制重大慢性疾病——脑中风中实施的医疗服务模式的重大转变.虽然这些改革措施已经在调整和加强临床与公共卫生两个子系统的联系与合作中发挥了作用,提高了疾病控制体系的整体效能,但是这些进展仅仅是初步的.卫生系统还需要在制定和实施"医疗机构公共卫生工作规范"等方面做出更多的努力,以推动疾病控制效能的进一步提高.     

健康信息关键技术标准研究

“防治‘非典’相关产品技术标准研究与制定”课题针对我国传染性非典型肺炎等新发传染性疾病技术标准与防控措施缺乏并难以适应保障我国公众健康安全需要的现状，提出并制定了传染性非典型肺炎防治控制《空调通风系统清洗规范》、《传染病爆发流行期间疫区邮件及处理系统预防控制规范》、     

谈当前猪病防控措施

对当前猪流行疾病的临床症状、病理变化进行分析和总结,结合多年实践经验,制订切实可行的防控措施。     

慢性乙肝的综合治疗方案

乙型肝炎，特别是慢性乙肝，是最常见的慢性传染病之一。据统计目前全球每年有100万以上的人死于HBV感染及其相关疾病，在我国，有超过1．2亿的乙肝感染者，其中慢性乙肝病人数至少2000万，每年约有28万人死于与乙肝相关的疾病，是世界上受乙肝茶毒最深的国家。但迄今对慢性乙肝尚缺乏理想的治疗方法和药物。本文就这综合治疗方法作些综述。     

纳米药物“监禁肿瘤”:肿瘤的高效低毒治疗新原理

<正>恶性肿瘤是威胁人类健康的重大疾病,据有关机构公布的数据,目前,每年全世界新增肿瘤病人已超过1 600万人,死亡人数超过700万人,肿瘤已经成为威胁人类健康的头号杀手。我国的恶性肿瘤发病率也一直呈上升趋势。2014年发布的癌症报告显示,我国新增恶性肿瘤病人超过360万人/年,死亡人数超过220万人/年,居疾病死亡之首。由于传统放疗、化疗等治疗方法,都是使用杀死肿瘤细胞的基本原理:这些方法对病人的毒副作用大、易产生耐药等,最终导致肿瘤复发率高、临床治疗效果不     

肝素锂目前在我国的应用研究进展

血栓性疾病是由血栓形成引起血管管腔狭窄与闭塞，使主要脏器出现缺血和梗塞，从而引发机能障碍的心、脑血管系统疾病。据世界卫生组织（WHO）统计，全球每年约有1，200万人死于脑血栓、脑梗死、心肌梗死、冠心病、动脉硬化等疾病，接近世界总死亡人数的1／4，心、脑血管系统疾病可谓人类健康的头号大敌。我国每年估计死于心脑血管疾病的人数达到260万人以上，存活者中有75％的患者因病致残，400／0以上为重度致残。抗凝产品成为治疗这类疾病的常备药物。据统计，在中国抗凝血销量位列抗血栓药第二，占32％，已接近抗血小板药物。     

食品,除了风味你还关注什么——借检验从业人员认证促食品安全提升

据世界卫生组织统计,每年约220万人口死于食源性疾病以及饮用水引起的疾病。食品安全已经成为影响全球公共卫生至关重要的、鲜明的因素。美国疾病预防与控制中心称:每年,食源性疾病可导致六分之一的人口患病,12.7万多人入院治疗以及大约3000人死亡。仅仅是美国,每年就要为此花费77亿美元。随着食品供应链日益高度全球化,食源性疾病发生的风险与日俱增。与此同时,食品安全事故的数量和严重程     

征文:疫情防控,标准化的作用与责任

一场新型冠状病毒,让中华大地突遭涂炭,全球震惊。从疫情出现到全面防控,标准的身影无处不在--N95与KN95标准之差异;出口口罩转为内销遭遇标准障碍;农贸市场管理紧急制定标准;美团发布"无接触配送"服务标准;疫情防控指南出台;疫情防控标准应包含哪些内容,是否应构建一个完整体系?17年前的非典、2020新冠病毒,疫情防控标准化存在哪些缺失,在实践中如何确保持之以恒?在突发疫情中,标准化应该从何入手,标准化人可以做些什么?无论是提出问题,或是现实反思或工作建议,我们都希望听到标准化工作者们的声音,让这种灾难尽可能不再发生,至少能最大程度降低危害。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

The shape and stability of wall-bound and wall-edge-bound drops and bubbles

The behavior of wall-bound drops and bubbles is fundamental to many natural and industrial processes. Key characteristics of such capillary systems include interface shape and stability for a variety of gravity levels and orientations. Significant solutions are in hand for axisymmetric pendent drops for a variety of uniform boundary conditions along the contact line with gravity acting normal to a planar wall. The special case of a wall-bound drop or bubble that is also pinned at an edge (i.e. a ‘wall-edge-bound’ drop) is considered here where numerical solutions are obtained for interface shape and stability as functions of drop volume, contact angle, fluid properties, and uniform gravity vector. For a semi-infinite zero-thickness planar wall (plate), a critical contact angle is identified below which wall-edge-bound drops are always stable. The critical contact angle is computed as a function of the gravity vector. The numerical procedure, which makes no account for contact angle hysteresis, predicts that such wall-edge-bound drops are unconditionally unstable for any gravity field with a component that is tangent to the wall while inwardly normal to the edge. Select experiments are conducted that support the conclusions drawn from the numerical results.     

Synthesis and luminescent properties of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates

We have synthesized a variety of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatometallates (titanates, zirconates, and hafnates). The alkali fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates have been shown to exhibit efficient roentgenoluminescence (RL) in the UV through visible spectral region, with a maximum at 390–440 nm. Their RL spectra depend significantly on their composition (cation, anion, and water content), coordination of KF and K₂SO₄, and relative amounts of fluorine and SO₄ groups. We have examined the effect of heat treatment on the RL of these compounds. The rubidium and cesium fluorosulfatozirconates Rb₃Zr₂F₉SO₄ · 2H₂O, Cs₂ZrF₂(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O, Cs₈Zr₄F₂(SO₄)₁₁ · 16H₂O, and Cs₂ZrF₄SO₄ offer the most efficient RL.     

Heat and Mass Transfer and Modeling and Prediction of Environmental Catastrophes

Basic definitions and concepts of the physicomathematical theory of natural catastrophes are given. Possibilities of mathematical modeling of natural and technogenic catastrophes are discussed in the context of the theory of heat and mass transfer and the mechanics of reacting media. The importance of taking into account conjugate heat and mass exchange in modeling catastrophes is emphasized. A formula for evaluating the probability of a collisional catastrophe is given.     

CellML and associated tools and techniques

We have, in the last few years, witnessed the development and availability of an ever increasing number of computer models that describe complex biological structures and processes. The multi-scale and multi-physics nature of these models makes their development particularly challenging, not only from a biological or biophysical viewpoint but also from a mathematical and computational perspective. In addition, the issue of sharing and reusing such models has proved to be particularly problematic, with the published models often lacking information that is required to accurately reproduce the published results. The International Union of Physiological Sciences Physiome Project was launched in 1997 with the aim of tackling the aforementioned issues by providing a framework for the modelling of the human body. As part of this initiative, the specifications of the CellML mark-up language were released in 2001. Now, more than 7 years later, the time has come to assess the situation, in particular with regard to the tools and techniques that are now available to the modelling community. Thus, after introducing CellML, we review and discuss existing editors, validators, online repository, code generators and simulation environments, as well as the CellML Application Program Interface. We also address possible future directions including the need for additional mark-up languages.     

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces

The existence of multiple ferroic orders in the same material and the coupling between them have been known for decades. However, these phenomena have mostly remained the theoretical domain owing to the fact that in single-phase materials such couplings are rare and weak. This situation has changed dramatically recently for at least two reasons: first, advances in materials fabrication have made it possible to manufacture these materials in structures of lower dimensionality, such as thin films or wires, or in compound structures such as laminates and epitaxial-layered heterostructures. In these designed materials, new degrees of freedom are accessible in which the coupling between ferroic orders can be greatly enhanced. Second, the miniaturization trend in conventional electronics is approaching the limits beyond which the reduction of the electronic element is becoming more and more difficult. One way to continue the current trends in computer power and storage increase, without further size reduction, is to use multi-functional materials that would enable new device capabilities. Here, we review the field of multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials, putting the emphasis on electronic effects at ME interfaces and MF tunnel junctions.     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

Electronic and magnetic properties and structural stability of BeO sheet and nanoribbons

The novel electronic and magnetic properties of BeO nanoribbons (BeO NRs) as well as their stability are investigated through extensive density functional theory calculations. Different from semiconducting graphene nanoribbons and insulating BN ribbons, all zigzag edged BeO NRs are revealed to display ferromagnetic and metallic natures independent of the ribbon width and edge passivation. The polarized electron spins in H-passivated zigzag BeO NRs are from the unpaired electrons around the weakly formed Be-H bonds, while those of bare zigzag BeO NRs are due to the 2p states of edge O atoms. In sharp contrast, all armchair BeO NRs are nonmagnetic insulators regardless of the edge passivation. In particular, all bare armchair BeO NRs have a nearly constant band gap due to a peculiar edge localization effect. Interestingly, the band gaps of all armchair BeO NRs can be markedly reduced by an applied transverse electric field and even completely closed at a critical field. The critical electric field required for gap closing decreases with increasing ribbon width, thus the results have practical importance. Further stability analysis shows that bare BeO NRs are more stable than H-passivated BeO NRs of similar ribbon widths and bare armchair BeO NRs are energetically the most favorable among all the nanoribbons.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。