机械合金化和添加微量Y2O3对制备细晶钨合金

采用机械合金化、添加微量Y2O3和冷等静压、液相烧结工艺制备Ф25mm的晶粒度为3～4μm的细晶93W-4.9Ni-2.1Fe(质量分数%,下同)合金棒材,研究粉末机械合金化、添加微量Y2O3、烧结温度和保温时间对合金棒材烧结致密化和显微组织的影响。结果表明:在1480℃液相烧结时钨晶粒发生明显球化,在此温度下降低保温时间对控制钨晶粒长大有较大影响,保温时间为30min时,钨晶粒尺寸为5～8μm;保温时间为60min时,钨晶粒为8～10μm。添加微量稀土氧化物Y2O3可以进一步有效地抑制晶粒的长大,降低合金的钨晶粒尺寸和提高组织均匀性,在1480℃烧结60min时,钨晶粒为3～4μm,而且晶粒尺寸分布更均匀。     

纳米La_2O_3增强Mo-Si-B合金多重强化效果分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和压缩试验机等手段研究了纳米氧化镧的添加对热压烧结制备的多相Mo-12Si-8.5B合金微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,合金的微观组织是La_2O_3和Mo_5SiB_2以颗粒形态弥散分布在具有连续结构α-Mo基体的晶粒内和晶界处。纳米尺度的氧化镧颗粒主要分布在Mo-12Si-8.5B合金中α-Mo的晶粒内,部分存在于和颗粒内。纳米氧化镧颗粒存在同时细化了α-Mo基体的晶粒尺寸和与相的颗粒尺寸,使合金内α-Mo、Mo_3Si和Mo_5SiB_2相的平均晶粒或颗粒尺寸均小于1μm。通过定量分析发现,纳米氧化镧增强Mo-12Si-8.5B合金中细晶强化和颗粒强化是主要的强化机制。     

微波烧结制备Y_(1.8)La_(0.2)O_3透明陶瓷

以Y2O3(4N)和La2O3(3N)为原料,采用化学共沉淀方法制备Y1.8La0.2O3粉体,粉体压制后氢气氛下分别采用常规烧结和微波烧结制备Y1.8La0.2O3透明陶瓷。结果表明:900℃煅烧2 h制备的粉体近似球形,粒径约40~60 nm,采用氢气氛下1450℃微波烧结30 min下,可以获得致密性较高、晶粒细小、韧性好、透光率较高的Y1.8La0.2O3透明陶瓷。与常规气氛烧结相比,微波气氛烧结温度明显降低,时间显著减少,且晶粒更细小,其断裂形式由常规烧结时的沿晶断裂逐步过渡到穿晶断裂。     

纳米晶W-La2O3电极材料的电弧特性

采用高能球磨和真空热压烧结工艺制备出块体纳米晶W—La2O3电极材料，研究了不同La2O3含量对纳米晶钨电极材料电性能的影响，同时用扫描电镜和能谱仪测定了燃弧后电极尖端La的分布及显微组织。结果表明：纳米晶W-La2O3电极的电性能优于传统的粉末冶金粗晶电极。当La2O3含量在6％～8％时，其热电子发射能力和稳定性最好。     

氧化钇稳定立方晶型氧化锆增强钨基合金制备工艺及性能北大核心CSCD

采用共沸蒸馏法结合粉末冶金法制备了氧化钇稳定立方晶型氧化锆增强钨基合金（W-3.0 mass%YSCZ）。利用XRD、SEM、EDS、TEM等检测手段对合金制备过程中不同阶段材料组织、形貌及微观结构进行了分析与表征,测定了复合钨粉的粒度、钨合金的密度、显微硬度、磨损性能及动态压缩性能。结果表明：p H值对前驱体粉体的粒度有显著影响,p H=2的初始溶液制得的前驱体粉体粒径细小,随着初始溶液的p H值增大,复合粉末粒径逐渐增加;p H=2的初始溶液制得的前驱体粉经550℃×4 h煅烧后得到粒径为40～60 nm煅烧粉体,再经750℃×2 h＋900℃×4 h氢气还原后得到尺寸为35～50 nm的钨与ZrO_2-Y2O3构成的近球形纳米级复合粉末;制得的钨合金中的ZrO_2为立方晶型,表明常温下Y2O3对ZrO_2晶型起到了稳定作用;ZrO_2-Y_2O_3颗粒对钨晶粒具有明显的细化作用,获得的钨晶粒粒径为3～6μm;钨基合金相对密度达90.9%,抗压强度达到1009 MPa,耐磨性较纯钨提高了约18.7%。     

W-1%La2O3合金的显微组织分析

通过X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对聚变堆面向等离子体候选材料W-1%La2O3合金的显微组织进行了研究。结果表明:与纯钨相比,添加了1%La2O3的钨合金组织致密,孔隙与晶界裂缝消失,大量颗粒弥散在钨合金基体上。进一步的化学成分分析并结合电子衍射花样发现,在这些颗粒中不仅存在La2O3以及钨的氧化物,还存在一种镧的钨酸盐La2(WO4)3及非晶态颗粒。同时讨论了W-1%La2O3合金的韧性和存在颗粒的可能形成过程。     

氧化钇稳定立方晶型氧化锆增强钨基合金制备工艺及性能

采用共沸蒸馏法结合粉末冶金法制备了氧化钇稳定立方晶型氧化锆增强钨基合金(W-3.0 mass%YSCZ)。利用XRD、SEM、EDS、TEM等检测手段对合金制备过程中不同阶段材料组织、形貌及微观结构进行了分析与表征,测定了复合钨粉的粒度、钨合金的密度、显微硬度、磨损性能及动态压缩性能。结果表明:p H值对前驱体粉体的粒度有显著影响,p H=2的初始溶液制得的前驱体粉体粒径细小,随着初始溶液的p H值增大,复合粉末粒径逐渐增加;p H=2的初始溶液制得的前驱体粉经550℃×4 h煅烧后得到粒径为40~60 nm煅烧粉体,再经750℃×2 h+900℃×4 h氢气还原后得到尺寸为35~50 nm的钨与ZrO_2-Y2O3构成的近球形纳米级复合粉末;制得的钨合金中的ZrO_2为立方晶型,表明常温下Y2O3对ZrO_2晶型起到了稳定作用;ZrO_2-Y_2O_3颗粒对钨晶粒具有明显的细化作用,获得的钨晶粒粒径为3~6μm;钨基合金相对密度达90.9%,抗压强度达到1009 MPa,耐磨性较纯钨提高了约18.7%。     

SPS烧结制备高性能超细晶钼合金

采用平均粒度为1.03 μm的超细钼粉和La2O3颗粒的混合粉末作为原材料,应用SPS粉末冶金法制备出粒度为3.74 μm、致密度为98.71％的力学性能优异的钼合金烧结坯.探究了SPS制备超细晶高强度高硬度钼合金烧结坯的最佳烧结温度、保温时间以及温度制度对烧结坯致密度、晶粒大小、显微硬度的影响,并进一步对比了SPS烧...     

纳米碳化钽对SPS烧结钨显微结构的影响

通过放电等离子体烧结(SPS)方法在1700℃下制备纳米碳化钽(TaC)弥散强化钨块,研究钨粉原始粉末粒度大小和添加碳化钽的量对烧结钨块微观组织的影响。结果表明:不同粒度钨粉(30nm、200nm和3μm)制备的钨块,烧结后的粒径随原始粉末粒度的增大而增大,3μm钨粉烧结后的晶粒平均直径为22.19μm;同一种粒度钨粉(如200nm)中分别添加质量分数为0%,1%,2%和4%的碳化钽,烧结后钨晶粒的平均直径随碳化钽添加量的增加而减小,加入量为4%时晶粒平均直径为5.91μm。通过SEM分析可以看出,碳化钽在烧结钨中是以球形状态存在的。从断口可以看出,纯钨烧结体为穿晶断裂,加入碳化钽的钨烧结体为晶间断裂。     

微量Y弥散强化细晶W的烧结组织和性能

以"溶胶喷雾干燥-纳米原位复合"法合成的超细/纳米W-0.3%Y复合粉末为原料,通过普通模压-预烧和在1800~1950℃下烧结制备了细晶钨。检测了细晶钨的显微硬度和抗拉强度,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线能量色散谱(EDX)观察了显微组织及断口形貌,研究了其烧结行为及断裂行为的变化。结果表明,微量稀土Y以Y2O3第二相粒子的形式均匀弥散分布于W晶粒的晶内和晶界处,能有效抑制W晶粒的长大,显著细化晶粒,提高其力学性能。微量稀土Y的添加改变了细晶钨的断裂形式,由纯W的沿晶断裂转变为细晶钨的沿晶断裂为主+部分穿晶断裂。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。