自进式水射流钻进技术在煤层气开发中的应用

自进式高压水射流钻进技术是在煤层气勘探井内布置机械或水力扩孔装置,对准选定的煤层进行扩孔后,下入特制的转向工具,在300mm的曲率半径内实现由垂直转向水平进行钻进.自进式钻头由旋转喷嘴、钻屑整合装置及推力提供装置等组成,其带动为其提供高压水动力的特制胶管向前连续钻进.高压水通过高压胶管为自进式钻头提供动力,进行钻进、推动及排渣.该技术可以在同一煤层气勘探井内的不同煤层内完成多个水平钻孔,这些径向水平钻孔可以沟通新的瓦斯流动通道,从而大幅度地提高煤层气产量.     

自进式旋转钻头钻孔修复运动方程及关键参数研究

针对自进式旋转钻头依据钻孔修复理论计算长钻孔修孔参数误差大的问题,基于变质量牛顿定律,建立钻孔修复运动方程,得到修复长度和水力参数、钻孔参数、管道参数之间的关系,开展系统阻力测试试验,明确钻孔长度、角度、返水和运动速度对综合摩擦系数k的影响,修正运动方程,通过自进式旋转钻头修孔试验,验证运动方程。结果表明：综合摩擦系数k是运动方程的关键参数;自进式旋转钻头运动过程中,系统阻力随着修复距离增加呈线性增加;返水对钻头和高压软管产生阻力,导致综合摩擦系数k增大;钻头和高压软管在仰孔中运动时,重力的分力成为阻力;钻孔角度和射流压力增加均能导致返水流速增加,使综合摩擦系数k增加;综合摩擦系数k理论值需要用系数0.8进行修正;修正后的运动方程可以较为准确地计算自进式旋转钻头的最大修复距离,修复距离104.7 m时理论值与试验值误差为5.7 m,验证了自进式旋转钻头钻孔修复技术在长钻孔中应用的可行性。     

郑庄东大井区煤层含气量主控地质因素

以郑庄区块东大井区为主要研究对象,综合运用实验测试数据、煤田钻孔及煤层气井资料,并结合沉积、构造和地下水动力的原理和方法,深入分析了该区煤层含气量分布和主控地质因素。研究结果表明:研究区煤层含气量较高,总体呈自东向西逐渐增大的趋势,且主要受煤层埋藏深度、地质构造和水动力条件三个因素控制。即煤层埋深对含气量分布具有较好的控制作用,总体上含气量高值区大都位于北部深埋区域;地质构造对含气量的影响主要表现为次级构造叠加在煤层埋深影响的总体背景之上导致含气量展布复杂化;北部地区水动力条件对煤层气的运移和富集具有显著的控制作用,是影响煤层含气量展布的主要因素;而南部地区则由于埋深和断层等因素的影响,从而导致水动力条件与煤层含气量的相关性不太明显。     

深部高瓦斯工作面控制煤体扩容主动防控方法

基于深部开采高瓦斯工作面煤层扩容特性及采动扩容致灾机理,阐述了工作面煤体扩容力学行为的演化特征,揭示了扩容诱发煤与瓦斯动力灾害的力学本质.首次提出工作面近场钻孔减压控制扩容主动防控方法,研发了小孔径钻进-水力洗扩孔-大孔径套孔的湿式成孔技术.结果表明:控制煤体扩容的主动防控方法能有效消除了工作面煤层采动应力集中,大幅度降低瓦斯压力,实现工作面近场动力灾害主动防控.     

气动潜孔锤钻进工艺在动力头钻机上的应用

气动潜孔锤钻进工艺具有钻进效率高、排屑能力强、清碴速度快、清孔干净、成孔质量好、钻头寿命长、辅助时间少和劳动强度低等优点,所以在水文水井、建筑和桥涵基础工程孔、矿区普查孔的钻探施工中被广泛采用,优势是明显的,因此深受国内外钻探行业的重视.正反循环两种钻进技术结合使用,具有得天独厚的优势,不仅具有显著的技术优势,而且可创造可观的经济效益,可大幅度提高市场占有份额,完成更多的项目施工任务.     

旋挖机钻进过程的力学响应特征及地层强度确定

旋挖机的现场钻进参数表明随钻参数如钻进率、钻杆钻速、动力头压力及扭矩等实时改变可定性入岩判别，由此建立切削力与压力的关系，为地层辨识及终孔设计提供依据.以某输电变站场址为研究对象，建立旋挖钻机全钻头的三维数值模型，模拟钻进过程中的给进力、扭矩实时变化及地层响应特征.结合地层物性特征与钻机随钻参数的关联性，建立多因素协同控制的地层强度模型，基于三维数值模型获得各工况的给进力及地层强度，与地勘及监测计算的地层强度值吻合，说明三维数值模拟表征地层强度的合理性.最后，基于该三维模型计算不同钻进深度的地层强度并进行持力层辨识，实际与设计的入岩深度一致，表明数值模拟地层强度确定持力层的可行性.其成果可为不同物性地层的旋挖机终孔设计提供理论支持.     

荥巩煤田谷山井田构造演化与煤层气含量的关系

煤层气含量及其控制因素的研究是煤矿瓦斯灾害预测和煤层气的可开发性评价的基础.根据勘探和建井阶段的资料,荥巩煤田谷山井田东部山西组二1煤埋深200m以下的区域,煤层气含量与井田构造演化有着密切的关系.印支期(T末)在正常地温梯度下发生第一次生烃和燕山期(J3-K1)在异常热事件作用下发生了第二次生烃,奠定了高含气量的基础.但由于燕山期煤体所受温度极高(300℃),煤的理论吸附量不超过 15m3/t.K2到喜山早期,随南部嵩山不断隆起,浅部煤层中的煤层气在地下水作用下向深部运移,在滞留区煤层内聚集.这一时期构造决定的地下水动力条件控制着煤层气的运移富集.第三纪晚期形成的滑动构造使煤体破坏严重,储层渗透性降低,沿滑动构造面形成的糜棱岩带增加了煤的吸附能力,阻止了煤层气的扩散,并可能存在动力变质引起的生烃,对含气量进行补充.     

沁水盆地煤层气地质研究进展

综述沁水盆地煤层气地质的相关研究成果.根据研究,沁水盆地煤层气地质特征可以总结为：主要为高—过成熟的热成因气,仅有少量次生生物气;太原组煤层较山西组煤层吸附性强、渗透性好;煤层的含气性在南部相对较好,在西北部最差;煤层一般发育两组裂隙且以吸附孔为主,盆地南部部分裂隙被热液矿物充填;深成变质与燕山期构造热事件叠加所引起的二次生烃是盆地煤层气藏形成的主要气源,沁南富气区的勘探前景较好.关于煤层气成藏动力场的研究,已经实现了多因素耦合的研究方法.煤层气成藏分析相关研究已经对边界和类型作出划分和厘定.     

深部煤层气井排采特征及产能控制因素分析

根据鄂尔多斯盆地某区块深部煤层气井生产资料,分析深部煤层气井在排采初期的气水产出特征;研究影响深部煤层气井产能的地质和工程主要因素,基于产能主控因素提出研究区深部煤层气开发建议.结果表明:深部煤层气井在排采初期产能偏低,影响产气效果的地质因素主要包括构造部位、煤层埋深、含气量及水动力条件,工程因素主要包括压裂参数、开采层数和抽采制度;开发时应注意控制压裂液排量高于7.75m3/min,保持30~40m3的加砂量,并根据产气变化及时调节泵冲次,调节幅度以小于0.05次/min为宜;工程前期设计和后期操作要与地质情况紧密结合,充分发挥两者对产能控制的最大优势.     

掘进面沿顶钻进消突力学模型及配套钻具研究

对于掘进具有突出危险性的高应力易塌孔煤层,面临着掘进工作面消突困难问题.为解决煤巷掘进工作面快速掘进这项技术难题,提出沿顶钻进区域性消突方法,通过建立沿顶钻进力学模型,从力学的角度分析沿顶钻进施工后,掘进工作面煤孔解放层周围应力变化情况,验证该方法的可行性;研制高强度、高韧性钻具,完成配套的沿顶钻进工艺装备,为现场工业性试验提供完备的技术和装备支持.研究结果表明,沿顶钻进能够有效避免塌孔,有利于煤体应力释放,是解决掘进工作面难以施工钻孔、快速消突的有效技术手段.     

极小转弯半径钻井在低渗透率煤层瓦斯抽放中的试验研究

针对在瓦斯渗透率低的煤层中现有的瓦斯抽放方式效率很低的问题,澳大利亚的Grasstree煤矿进行了极小转弯半径钻井系统现场试验.试验采用地面瓦斯抽放方法的极小转弯半径钻井系统能够沿着常规中心竖井在不同埋深的煤层中呈辐射状以极小转弯半径钻进多条深长水平孔,钻进水平瓦斯抽放孔总长1300m,其中最长的182m.试验结果表明,约抽放出900000m3瓦斯,将煤层中瓦斯含量从7.8m3/t减少至3.7m3/t.Grasstree煤矿试验证明极小转弯半径钻井系统在地下煤层瓦斯抽放、减小煤矿瓦斯灾害方面具有很好的应用前景.     

Switching mechanism and optimisation research on a pressure-attitude adaptive adjusting coal seam water jet slotter

To investigate the attitude-switching mechanisms of existing jet slotters, which integrate drilling, punching and slotting operations, and to improve its fracture ability, we used the power bond diagram theory to analyse the dynamic flow pressure, and force of slotters. A mathematical model was developed for the dynamic characteristics of slotter systems. Furthermore, to study the effect of the main characteristic parameters on the ability of the nozzle to erode sandstone, multi-orthogonal experiments were carried out. And the optimised slots were applied in later practical operations. The research results show that the inlet fluid passed through the time-varying orifice to generate pressure differential thrust, which overcame the spring force, pushed the valve core to open the side nozzle, and closed the rear cavity channel thereby realising the switch of the slotter attitude. An optimal plan was established to balance the diameter, depth, and volume of punching, and a rock-breaking plan was developed for the slotter. Subsequently, the optimised water jet slotter was practically used in coal seam gas drainage. Compared with conventional dense drilling, water jet slotting technology significantly improves the ability, efficiency, and effect of increasing the permeability of the coal seam.     

煤层注水促抽瓦斯及其影响因素的数值模拟

为有效预防煤矿瓦斯灾害,获取煤层注水促抽瓦斯的合理参数,以常村煤矿2103工作面为例,依据多相渗流理论,采用Fluent软件的VOF模型及多孔介质模型耦合求解,对煤层注水促抽瓦斯技术及其影响因素进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果应用于现场,对比分析数值模拟与现场实测数据,二者基本吻合.研究结果表明:煤层瓦斯含量以注水孔为中心径向逐步降低,以抽采孔为中心径向逐步升高;注水前抽采阶段,随着抽采时间的增加,抽采范围逐渐增大,抽采孔瓦斯流量先快速下降,后逐步缓慢降低;注水促抽阶段,随着注水时间的增加,注水范围逐渐增大,注水流量逐步降低,煤层瓦斯含量缓慢升高,抽采孔瓦斯流量逐渐增加;注水后抽采阶段,随着抽采时间的增加,压力水覆盖范围持续增大,煤层瓦斯含量逐渐降低,抽采孔瓦斯流量逐渐减小.注水时机、注水时间、注水压力、注水方式、布置方式及钻孔间距是影响煤层注水促抽瓦斯效果的6个主要因素.瓦斯正常抽采20 d后,按照一注一抽方式及5 m间距布置注抽钻孔,在8 MPa煤层注水压力下间歇注水10 d,煤层注水促抽瓦斯效果较好.     

Exploitation technology of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells in the Huainan coal mining area

Exploitation technology of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells is a new method for exploration of gas and coalbed methane exploitation in mining areas with high concentrations of gas, where tectonic coal developed. Studies on vertical surface well technology in the Huainan Coal Mining area play a role in demonstration in the use of clean, new energy re-sources, preventing and reducing coal mine gas accidents and protecting the environment. Based on the practice of gas drainage engineering of pressure relief coalbed methane in vertical surface wells and combined with relative geological and exploration en-gineering theories, the design principles of design and structure of wells of pressure relief coaibed methane in vertical surface wells are studied. The effects of extraction and their causes are discussed and the impact of geological conditions on gas production of the vertical surface wells are analyzed. The results indicate that in mining areas with high concentrations of gas, where tectonic coal developed, a success rate of pressure relief coalbed methane in surface vertical well is high and single well production usually great. But deformation due to coal exploitation could damage boreholes and cause breaks in the connection between aquifers and bore-holes, which could induce a decrease, even a complete halt in gas production of a single well. The design of well site location and wellbore configuration are the key for technology. The development of the geological conditions for coalbed methane have a sig-nificant effect on gas production of coalbed methane wells.     

Technology and application of pressure relief and permeability increase by jointly drilling and slotting coal

Difficulties with soft coal seams having a high gas content and high stress levels can be addressed by a technology of pressure relief and permeability increase. Slotting the seam by auxiliary drilling with a water jet that breaks the coal and slots the coal seam during the process of retreat drilling achieves pressure relief and permeability increase. Improved efficiency of gas extraction from a field test, high gas coal seam was observed. Investigating the theory of pressure relief and permeability increase required analyzing the characteristics of the double power slotting process and the effects of coal pressure relief and permeability increase. The influence of confining pressure on coal physical properties was examined by using FLAC3D software code to simulate changes of coal stress within the tool destruction area. The double power joint drilling method was modeled. Field experiments were performed and the effects are analyzed. This research shows that there is an “islanding effect” in front of the joint double power drill and slotting equipment. The failure strength of the coal seam is substantially reduced within the tool destruction area. Drilling depths are increased by 72% and the diameter of the borehole is increased by 30%. The amount of powdered coal extracted from the drill head increases by 17 times when using the new method. A 30 day total flow measurement from the double power drilled and slotted bores showed that gas extraction increased by 1.3 times compared to the standard drilled bores. Gas concentrations increased from 30% to 60% and were more stable so the overall extraction efficiency increased by a factor of two times.     

吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区煤层气钻完井适用技术探讨

在剖析美国圣胡安盆地煤层气空气钻井、裸眼洞穴完井技术及优势的基础上,确定了低煤阶煤层气钻井及裸眼洞穴完井的煤储层条件等,并以吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区低煤阶煤层气为主要研究对象,利用类比法及地质统计法,具体分析了吐哈盆地沙尔湖地区的煤储层厚度、含气量、渗透率、井壁稳定性及储层压力条件等．研究表明,沙尔湖地区煤层厚度大,储层物性好,井壁稳定性好,可采用低成本空气钻井及裸眼完井技术提高钻井效率,保护煤储层,提高煤层气采收率．     

Hydraulic drill hole reaming technology with large flow and draining of coal mine gas

This paper takes Zhaozhuang mine in Shanxi province as an example to study the technology of hydraulic reaming drill hole for improving the gas extraction. The influence of the physical properties of coal seam on the hydraulic reaming drill holes and the draining of coal mine gas were analyzed and discussed for different coal structure areas, and the following conclusions were made. Hydraulic drill hole reaming has had a positive impact in Zhaozhuang Mine, and can improve the efficiency of gas extraction to different degrees. The water jet pressure used in hydraulic drill hole reaming mainly depends on the structure of the coal. When the coal seam basically becomes integrated, the critical water jet pressure increases, the discharge becomes relatively easy to achieve, the blocking effect on the gas extraction decreases, and the gas extraction significantly increases after the reaming process. When the coal seam is broken, the critical water jet pressure decreases, the discharge becomes difficult to achieve, the blocking effect on the gas extraction becomes obvious, and the gas extraction changes slightly after reaming.     

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.     

水力喷射钻径向水平井技术研究与实践

介绍了采用旋转射流水力喷射钻径向水平井的原理及技术关键． 对该技术进行了室内破岩试验、地面全尺寸模拟水平钻进试验以及现场井下破岩钻井试验, 结果表明旋转射流的破岩能力完全可以满足径向水平井的要求． 现场试验的成功表明了该项技术是可行的, 并对开采我国东部油区剩余油、提高采收率有十分重要的现实意义．