微陨石撞击下ZrO2涂层的损伤效应

利用静电式粉尘加速器模拟空间微米级陨石粒子,研究了不同撞击速度下航天器外表面ZrO2涂层的损伤形式.结果表明,ZrO2热控涂层在空间微陨石的撞击下,涂层表面形成砂蚀损伤,导致光学性能发生变化热控涂层表面破坏程度及形式与碰撞速度有关,ZrO2涂层表面砂蚀损伤是导致涂层光学性能变化的原因.ZrO2涂层吸收发射比由碰撞前的0.23变为碰撞后的0.75,涂层性质由太阳吸收体向绝对反射体转变.     

空间粉尘环境因素对航天器材料损伤的研究动态

简要阐述空间粉尘的定义、来源、空间分布状况及与航天器发生碰撞概率,并从空间粉尘与航天器外表材料交互作用角度,综述空间粉尘环境因素对热控涂层、高温热管、光学材料、太阳电池和绝缘隔热层影响的国内外研究动态.地面模拟试验表明,空间粉尘高速撞击下对这些材料与元器件会产生不同程度的损伤.     

扫描速度对激光熔覆CeO2/Ni60A涂层耐腐蚀性能的影响

本工作研究了扫描速度对激光熔覆CeO₂/Ni60A复合涂层成形质量与耐腐蚀性能的影响规律,利用同轴送粉技术在TC4表面制备了四种不同扫描速度(8 mm/s、12 mm/s、16 mm/s、20 mm/s)的强化涂层,对涂层进行了几何特征观察、显微组织分析及电化学耐腐蚀性能检测。研究结果表明,扫描速度会影响涂层内部的马兰戈尼对流效应,且涂层中的硬质相主要为TiB₂和TiC,且TiB₂晶粒尺寸的减小有利于TiC相的长大和析出。当扫描速度为20 mm/s时,涂层中的元素偏析严重,降低了元素分布均匀性,涂层表面钝化膜的致密度较低,易被外加电压击穿。当扫描速度为12 mm/s时,涂层表面钝化膜的致密度较高,所表现出的电化学耐腐蚀性能也较强,说明钝化膜自我修复效果显著。选取12 mm/s的扫描速度可获得成形质量高、耐腐蚀性能优异的CeO₂/Ni60A复合涂层。     

空间电子作用对ZnO-有机硅热控涂层光学性能影响研究

研究了空间电子辐照作用下ZnO-有机硅热控涂层光学性能的变化规律.通过扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和电子能谱分析了电子辐照前后试样表面形貌和元素组成变化,探讨了电子辐照的损伤机理.试验结果表明,在相同能量情况下,随电子的辐照剂量的增加,有机硅热控涂层的表面硅树脂发生了降解,产生了碳化,因而导致了ZnO-有机硅热控涂层的光学性能下降.     

TiAl合金表面TiAlCrY/YSZ涂层高温长时间服役性能

TiAl合金具有低密度、高比强度的优异性能,是一种潜在的航空发动机用结构材料。TiAl合金的服役温度范围为700～900℃,在其表面制备高温热防护涂层可以进一步提高服役温度。本研究采用等离子喷涂技术在TiAl合金表面制备了新型TiAlCrY/YSZ涂层,并与传统的NiCrAlY/YSZ热障涂层进行高温长时间服役性能对比研究。结果发现, TiAlCrY/YSZ涂层在1100℃空气环境中服役300 h保持完好,表现出良好的高温性能,而NiCrAlY/YSZ涂层在1100℃的服役寿命不足100 h。显微分析结果表明, TiAlCrY黏结层表面会形成一层连续且致密的TGO,其主要成分为Al2O3,与YSZ涂层的界面兼容性良好。并且TGO在1100℃空气环境中服役300 h后,厚度仍<8μm。以上研究表明,与传统NiCrAlY/YSZ热障涂层相比, TiAlCrY/YSZ更适合作为TiAl合金表面的高温热防护涂层。     

中温热管换热器内传热特性的研究

采用有效度-传热单元数(ε-NTU)法,建立了中温热管换热器的离散型数学模型。研究了中温热管换热器冷侧和热侧的传热特性。建立了单根热管的传热模型来修正计算热管热阻时所产生的温度误差,分析了单根热管的传热过程对整个换热器换热的影响。研究成果为安全衔接热管不同温度区域内的每排热管和强化中温热管换热器的传热性能以及中温热管换热器的进一步结构优化提供了理论依据。     

AlSi扩散涂层的制备及其在模拟燃煤环境中的热腐蚀行为

随着燃煤电站运行温度提高,会对电站耐热部件金属材料T91产生严重的高温热腐蚀,降低其设计使用寿命,因此,亟待开发耐热钢T91耐热腐蚀涂层。采用电弧离子镀技术在耐热钢T91表面制备一层Al5%Si镀层,然后在550℃真空热处理40 h形成Al Si扩散涂层;研究了该Al Si扩散涂层在650℃和750℃空气中典型燃煤环境中75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl盐膜下的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:耐热钢T91发生了快速热腐蚀,表面腐蚀产物主要是Fe和Cr的混合氧化物,易于剥落而不具有高温防护性能;而当T91表面施加Al5Si扩散涂层后,热腐蚀速度明显降低,表面腐蚀产物主要富含Al2O3,其抗热腐蚀性能较优,具有较好的高温防护性能。     

单晶高温合金钴铝涂层的高温腐蚀行为研究

采用化学气相沉积(CVD)方法在单晶高温合金基体上制备了钴铝(Co-Al)涂层,研究了900℃下涂层的高温热腐蚀行为。采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等方法分析了Co-Al涂层在高温热腐蚀过程中相结构、显微组织和化学成分的演变规律,结果表明:从腐蚀动力学曲线来看,表面涂覆Co-Al涂层的单晶合金的抗高温热腐蚀性能优于无涂层的合金基体;Co层可有效阻挡基体中的Cr元素向外扩散,使涂层表面形成一层连续纯净的Al2O3层,提高了涂层对合金材料的高温热腐蚀抗力;由于Al元素向外扩散,发生Co Al→α-Co相变,直至全部转变成α-Co相,涂层抗热腐蚀退化行为结束。     

先进高温选择吸收涂层材料及其稳定性研究

从高温选择吸收涂层材料的热力学基础、研究现状及热稳定性研究等方面简要阐述了先进高温选择性涂层的发展以及存在的问题。在高温选择吸收涂层材料及热稳定性研究方面,高熔点及耐氧化性的过渡族金属陶瓷材料经常是高温涂层的首选。此外,纳米晶、非晶以及多层膜结构等也对涂层的光学性能及热稳定性有积极作用。针对商业化应用,在后期的研究中还应继续解决涂层材料的高发射率及高温热不稳定等关键问题。     

基于单分子层模型的ZnO热控涂层电子辐照光学性能退化研究

在分析电子辐照对ZnO类热控涂层光学性能退化机理的基础上,提出了单分子层电子色心产生模型,推导了"色心浓度"表达式及材料光学性能退化随辐照剂量的变化关系。用该理论对100keV电子辐照下S781白漆太阳吸收比变化Δαs的实验数据的拟合结果表明,单分子层模型能够很好地预测ZnO类热控涂层在电子辐照环境下光学特性退化趋势。该理论可扩展应用于其它热控材料在空间不同辐射环境下光学性能退化趋势的预测。     

Thermal management with self-rewetting fluids

The present paper describes the results of a series of microgravity experiments on thermal management device, actually wickless heat pipes, with using the so-called “self t-rewetting fluids” (dilute aqueous solutions of high carbon alcohols) as a working fluid. Although most of liquids show a decrease in the surface tension with increasing temperature, self-rewetting fluids show exceptionally an increase in the surface tension with increasing temperature. This particular characteristic allows for a spontaneous liquid supply to hotter interface by the thermocapillary flow. When liquid/vapor phase change takes place, furthermore, additional Marangoni effect due to concentration gradient by the preferential evaporation of alcohol-rich composition in the aqueous solutions is induced. A considerably strong liquid inflow to dry patch or thin film is therefore expected at three-phase interline or liquid/vapor interface. One of the most promising applications of the self-rewetting fluids in space is wickless heat pipes in which condensate spontaneously returns to evaporation region by enhanced Marangoni effect. Demonstrational experiments on the fluid behavior in a transparent glass tube wickless heat pipe were conducted in JAMIC, and spontaneous liquid return velocities were measured. The present authors then performed parabolic flight experiments on heat transfer characteristics of prototype wickless copper heat pipes, and the performance was compared with ordinary heat pipe having wick structure and with other working fluid.     

平板热管中金属网格填料表面的沸腾传热的实验研究

为了研究平板热管在蒸发段的沸腾传热情况,以及吸液芯层对沸腾情况的影响,针对这种新型平板热管做了金属网格表面的沸腾传热研究。     

多联机系统制热模式冷冻油滞留位置分析

针对多联机系统制热模式下冷冻油滞留于系统中的情况进行研究,主要对空调系统的气态连接管、液态连接管、室外机换热器和室内机换热器进行理论分析和试验验证。研究结果表明：多联机制热模式下,压缩机冷冻油主要滞留于气态连接管和无开机需求的室内机。     

Performance measurements of a 7 mm-diameter hydrogen heat pipe

A gravity assisted heat pipe with 7-mm diameter has been developed and tested to cool a liquid hydrogen target for extracted beam experiments at COSY. The liquid flowing down from the condenser surface is separated from the vapor flowing up by a thin wall 3 mm diameter plastic tube located concentrically inside the heat pipe. The heat pipe was tested at different inclination angles with respect to the horizontal plane. The heat pipe showed good operating characteristics because of the low radiation heat load from the surroundings, low heat capacity due to the small mass, higher sensitivity to heat loads (to overcome the heat load before the complete vaporization of the liquid in the target cell) due to the higher vapor speed inside the heat pipe which transfers the heat load to the condenser.     

Polarized polymer films as electronic pulse detectors of cosmic dust particles

A dust particle detector based on a new physical principle of detection is described. The basic detecting element requires no bias voltage and consists of a thin film of the polarized polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) having conducting electrodes on each of its surfaces. A high velocity (～10 km/s range) dust particle entering the detector removes dipoles along its trajectory. This produces a local depolarization, which results in a fast (ns range) charge pulse signal in the external circuit which is detected using pulse electronics. A theory has been developed for this new mechanism of pulse detection. The dependence of signal amplitude on particle mass and velocity has been measured for several PVDF detectors having thickness in the range 2–28 μm and area in the range 4–150 cm² using iron particles with velocity in the range ～1–12 km/s and mass in the range ～ 10^?13–10^?10 g. In addition, measurements carried out using a two-detector arrangement show that time of flight information may be obtained. Experimental results are presented which show, for example, that PVDF detectors have mass detection thresholds in the range ～10^?14–10^?12 g, at an impact velocity of 10 km/s, which compare favorably with mass thresholds reported for current dust detectors based on other physical principles. PVDF detectors have the advantages of being inexpensively and easily fabricated, tough, flexible and radiation resistant (to at least 10⁷ rad). They exhibit long term stability, and may be operated for extended periods of time over the temperature range ?50°C to + 50°C. In addition, their fast response permits a detector-pulse electronics system to count dust impacts at event rates up to 10⁴ s^?1 with no corrections required, and they have a response to dust particle impacts which is unaffected by high background fluxes of charged particles. As an example of the application of PVDF dust detectors, a detector is described which is being carried on space probes to measure the mass and flux of dust particles from Halley's Comet in March 1986. Other important applications for experiments in space are discussed.     

单面波浪平板脉动热管的传热性能

对一种单面波浪平板脉动热管的传热性能进行了实验研究,分析在空气强制对流冷却条件下充液率、加热功率、倾角等因素对其传热性能的影响。研究结果表明,除0°倾角外,脉动热管的最佳充液率为20%～30%,倾斜角度对脉动热管传热性能的影响很小,但90°时相对最好。脉动热管在0°放置时其传热性能较差,在低充液率的情况下甚至丧失脉动效果,主要是工质回流不畅的原因,与平板脉动热管的槽道设计有很大关系。此外低加热功率时热管传热性能存在波动,有时甚至不能启动。     

顶灰环对旋风分离器分离特性的影响

针对旋风分离器顶部灰环逃逸现象,采取在升气管根部开孔直接导出顶灰环中颗粒的方法,以探究顸部灰环在环形空间的分布形态及粒径分布特性。实验在升气管圆周的8个位置分别开孔并试验,通过粗粉收率的变化判断顶灰环中颗粒的逃逸量,并分析了细粉中的粒径分布。发现顶灰环中颗粒逃逸的量是由于顶灰环在空间分布不均造成的,而且在空间的粒径含量和分布是一个动态平衡过程。实验数据袁明相对于升气管开孔前的收率下降了0．37％-5．5％,压降下降了20．1％-40％。最大效率可达97．47％,最低压降可达176．4Pa。     

流体横掠泡沫金属中等温光管的流动与传热分析

基于Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy流动模型和局部热平衡传热理论建立了流体横掠泡沫金属中等温光管的对流传热控制方程组,运用Runge-Kutta法和"打靶法"对方程组进行了数值求解,依据数值计算结果对流体流动与传热性能进行了分析,并得出了对流传热的Nusselt数关联式。结果表明,泡沫金属的孔隙率和孔密度(ppi)对强化传热起着至关重要的作用,但它的存在同时也增大了压力降,这为泡沫金属在换热器等化工设备上的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

A material point method model and ballistic limit equation for hyper velocity impact of multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate

A multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate is usually used in the hard upper torso of space suit to protect astronauts from getting hurt by space dust. In this paper, the protective performance of the multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate is investigated. To establish its ballistic limit equation, thirteen hyper velocity impact tests with different impact velocities (maximum velocity is 6.19 km/s) and projectile diameters have been conducted. To provide data for impact velocity higher than 6.2 km/s which is hard to be obtained by tests due to the limitations of test equipment capacity, a material point method (MPM) model is established for the multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate and validated/corrected using the test results. The numerical results obtained using the corrected MPM model for impact velocity higher than 6.2 km/s are used together with the test results to develop the ballistic limit equation. The corrected MPM model and the ballistic limit equation developed for the multi-layer fabric coated aluminum plate provide an effective tool for the space suit design.     

基于CFD和试验的商用车高位引气管预滤性能的 分析与优化

为延长恶劣工况下某商用车进气系统空气滤清器滤芯的使用寿命,避免频繁更换滤芯,提出了增加旋流扇的高位引气管方案,并通过优化旋流扇夹角来提高进气系统预滤灰尘和液雾的效率,达到降低成本的目的。首先,采用计算流体力学（computational fluid dynamics,CFD）方法,对进气过程中高位引气管的内部流场进行数值模拟,分析了3款高位引气管的速度流线图和速度梯度云图,得到了高位引气管预滤灰尘和液雾的机理,并基于高位引气管速度流场的变化规律,提出了旋流扇夹角优化方向;其次,利用台架试验对优化后的高位引气管进行灰尘和液雾的预滤试验,并计算出灰尘和液雾的预滤效率;最后,对比不同高位引气管预滤灰尘和液雾的效率,根据两预滤效率的变化趋势,选择旋流扇最优夹角为75°。仿真和试验结果表明：旋流扇夹角对进气系统工作过程中高位引气管的流场及预滤效率有重要影响,优化旋流扇夹角有助于提高进气系统的预滤性能,从而减少进入空气滤清器的灰尘和液雾,达到延长空气滤清器滤芯寿命的目的。