Biolog微生物自动分析系统——酵母菌鉴定操作规程的研究

Biolog微生物自动分析系统是美国Biolog公司研制开发的新型自动化快速微生物鉴定系统,以酵母菌与96孔微平板上多种脱水碳源进行氧化实验和同化实验为基础进行鉴定,将菌体生长所产生的特征性代谢图谱与标准数据库作比对,从而得出鉴定结果。该系统目前已成为国际上酵母菌多相分类鉴定常用的技术手段。文中在总结实践经验的基础上,参阅最新Biolog系统操作手册4·2版和国家微生物资源平台技术规程的统一格式,研究制定了酵母菌鉴定的操作规程,以提高我国Biolog系统对酵母菌的鉴定应用水平。     

Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统在糟醅酵母菌鉴定中的应用初探

本研究从白酒糟醅样品中分离纯化出2株酵母菌,经菌落特征观察和镜检后,利用Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统进行鉴定,确定其分别为指甲毕奇酵母菌(Pichia onychis)布鲁塞尔德克酵母酋A(Dekkera bruxellenensis A),研究表Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统可用于白酒醅中酵母菌的鉴定.其鉴定速度快,操作简便.     

羊羔美酒大曲中酵母菌多样性及分子鉴定

目的：分离和鉴定羊羔美酒大曲中的酵母菌,探寻酵母菌群多样性组成,为深入研究羊羔美酒的风味特征奠定基础。方法：对羊羔美酒大曲实施多点采样、混合研磨、无菌水梯度稀释、平板画线分离、挑取酵母菌单菌落。酵母菌的形态鉴定采取菌落特征和显微细胞特征结合的方法,分子鉴定采用5.8S rDNA-ITS区域限制性内切酶片段长度多态性（restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP）分析及序列分析法。结果：从羊羔美酒大曲中共分离出474 株酵母菌,传统形态学鉴定为14 种形态类型,经5.8S rDNA-ITS区域RFLP分析法区分为6 种分子类型。经基因序列分析,将其鉴定为分属于6 个属的6 种酵母菌,分别为：异常毕赤酵母（Pichia anomala）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyce cerevisia）、阿氏丝孢酵母（Trichosporon asahii）、黏质红酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）、浅白隐球酵母（Cryptococcus albidus）、东方伊萨酵母（Issatchenkia orientalis）。结论：羊羔美酒大曲中酵母菌多样性丰富,除酿酒酵母外,还含有多种酵母菌辅助代谢产生各种风味物质,其中酿酒酵母为主要优势菌群。     

橙汁腐败酵母菌的分子鉴定及其形态特征分析

目的：结合多种酵母菌鉴定方法,分析腐败橙汁中酵母菌的种类,为快速检测和控制商品橙汁中酵母菌污染奠定基础,也为酵母菌种类的快速鉴定提供参考。方法：以分离自腐败橙汁的8株酵母菌株为材料,观察菌落和细胞形态。用引物ITS1/ITS4扩增菌株5.8S rDNA 及其ITS间隔区(5.8S-ITS),对扩增产物用HhaⅠ、Hae Ⅲ 和 HinfⅠ进行限制性酶切片段多态性(RFLP)分析和测序;用引物NL1/NL4扩增26S rDNA D1/D2区并测序。结果：菌落特征观察将菌株初分为6组,细胞学观察粗分为3组,分子方法都分成4组。用限制性内切酶HhaⅠ、Hae Ⅲ和HinfⅠ对5.8S-ITS区产物进行 RFLP分析,观察到4种不同的图谱类型。5.8S-ITS 区和26S rDNA D1/D2区的序列分析结果相似,8株分离菌与GenBank中的4种酵母菌参考菌株序列一致性达99%以上。分离株与参考菌株以两区序列构建的NJ系统树都分成4枝：Y1与克鲁维毕赤酵母(Pichia kluyveri),Y12-3、Y18-1与发酵毕赤酵母(Pichia fermentans),Y22、Y23、Y26和Y56与Meyerozyma guilliermondii,Y47与Wickerhamomyces anomalus分别聚为一枝。结论：结合形态分析和核酸分析,将8株腐败橙汁分离菌鉴定为P. kluyveri var. kluyveri、P. fermentans、M. guilliermondii和W. anomalus 4个种,其中M. guilliermondii在腐败橙汁中首见报道;ITS- RFLP分析、26S rDNA D1/D2区测序与菌株形态特征结合能有效鉴定酵母菌,核糖体DNA分析可鉴定酵母到生物学种,菌落形态特征可反映种以下的遗传差异,因此,采用分子方法鉴定时不能忽视形态特征分析的重要性。     

酵母核酸常用的鉴定方法及其应用

随着酵母全基因组测序的完成,针对酵母的染色体、基因组DNA、核糖体RNA(r RNA)和线粒体DNA(mt DNA)采用分子生物学技术手段进行已知酵母菌的鉴定,并用于未知菌株多样性分析的方法得到了越来越多的应用。综述并对比了酵母菌的分子生物学分类鉴定方法及其实际应用,其中包括PFGE、r RNA基因的18S、26S,5.8S-ITS区域的PCR、PCR-RFLP、PCR-单链构象多态性分析、DNA的RAPD分析、线粒体DNA的酶切分析等。     

Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统对宜宾芽菜生产菌种的鉴定

通过对芽菜生产菌种的鉴定,指导芽菜生产,提高产品的风味和品质。采用形态学特征和显微观察,初步得到A、B、C 3株优势菌。经Biolog微生物自动鉴系统鉴定:A菌为浅黄隐球酵母菌,B菌为橙黄红酵母菌B,C菌为木糖葡萄球菌。     

26S rDNA序列分析法鉴定开菲尔发酵液中的酵母菌

利用26S r DNA D1/D2区序列分析法鉴定了内蒙古牧区传统开菲尔发酵液中的酵母菌,为筛选可发酵特色乳酒的酵母菌奠定基础。对所分离纯化得的酵母菌进行菌落特征和细胞显微形态区分,在形态鉴定基础上,选择代表菌进行26S r DNA D1/D2区序列分子鉴定。结果表明,共分离到36株酵母菌,形态聚类为5类,经DNA提取、26S r DNA D1/D2区PCR扩增、酶切、基因序列分析和同源性比对,鉴定为5种分子类型的酵母菌,分别为胶红酵母菌(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)、诞沫假丝酵母菌(Candida zeylanoides)、发酵毕赤酵母菌(Pichia fermentans)、酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、有孢圆酵母菌(Torulaspora delbrueckii)。传统开菲尔发酵液中分离到的酿酒酵母,具有可发酵特色乳酒的潜质。     

树莓酒自然发酵过程中酵母菌的分离与鉴定

目的:从树莓酒自然发酵过程中分离和鉴定酵母菌,目的是筛选适宜树莓酒发酵特点的专用酵母菌株。方法:采用传统微生物分离纯化技术与和26S r DNA D1/D2区序列分析相结合的方法,从树莓酒自然发酵的不同时期分离纯化酵母菌,结合菌落和细胞显微形态特征进行区分,随机选择代表菌株进行26S r DNA D1/D2区序列分析。结果:从树莓酒自然发酵过程中共分离出323株酵母菌,形态学初步鉴定为12类,分子鉴定为分属于5个属的7种酵母菌,分别为葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia terricola)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、覆膜孢酵母属亚种(Saccharomycopsis crataegensis)、叉开假丝酵母(Candida diversa)、东方拟无枝酸菌(Candida sorboxylosa)和假丝酵母属亚种(Candida stellimalicola)。结论:传统的微生物培养形态区分与分子鉴定技术结合,对筛选树莓酒自然发酵过程中的酵母菌准确有效。     

袋装麻糬胀袋的原因分析

目的 分析市售袋装麻糬胀袋的原因。方法 分析胀袋麻糬袋内气体成分, 并对胀袋麻糬及其生产原料-糯米粉进行微生物的分离培养及鉴定。结果 胀袋麻糬包装中二氧化碳含量显著升高, 增至50%左右; 麻糬和原料-糯米粉中检测出的微生物都包括克柔假丝酵母菌、八孢裂殖酵母菌和橙黄红酵母菌3种。结论 原料-糯米粉带入的酵母菌将葡萄糖转化为二氧化碳是引起麻糬胀袋的主要原因。     

茶酒酿造过程中酵母菌的分离和鉴定

对采集茶酒酿造过程中关键环节(前发酵和主发酵)的发酵料,进行酵母菌的分离纯化,对获得的优势菌株SQCJ01和SQCJ02采用常规形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特性和18S rRNA基因测序及系统发育分析,结果表明,SQCJ01和SQCJ02都属于啤酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),结合常规的表型特征分析和分子分类学方法是目前相对完善的酵母菌鉴定方法。     

Methods for yeast characterization from industrial products

This work compared the efficiency of four methods for the identification of industrial yeast strains and the establishment of a pattern for yeast characterization to be used during industrial fermentation processes, allowing the detection of yeast contaminants. Five strains of yeast currently used in the Brazilian fuel alcohol industry (about 99% of the yeast used for this purpose), and yeast strains isolated from the five major beer industries that represent 95% of the Brazilian beer market were evaluated for their growth and absorption of dyes on differential culture media, their total protein electrophoretic patterns (SDS–PAGE), CHEF chromosome separation patterns, and RAPD profiles. For the identification of brewing yeast, all tested methods were efficient, allowing the identification of at least two different species, one of which wasSaccharomyces cerevisiae . The strains used for the fuel alcohol industries were best characterized by SDS–PAGE and RAPD analysis. Those strains share high level of genetic similarity and they are all known as S. cerevisiae strains.     

Wine yeast molecular typing using a simplified method for simultaneously extracting mtDNA,nuclear DNA and virus dsRNA

Quick and accurate methods are required for the identification of industrial, environmental, and clinical yeast strains. We propose a rapid method for the simultaneous extraction of yeast mtDNA, nuclear DNA, and virus dsRNA. It is simpler, cheaper, and faster than the previously reported methods. It allows one to choose among a broad range of molecular analysis approaches for yeast typing, avoiding the need to use of several different methods for the separate extraction of each nucleic acid type. The application of this method followed by the combined analysis of mtDNA and dsRNA (ScV-M and W) is a highly attractive option for fast and efficient wine yeast typing.     

一种酵母快速批量分子鉴定方法

26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列同源性分析是一种常用的酵母分子鉴定方法。D1/D2区域序列的扩增需要酵母染色体DNA作为模板,目前常用的酵母染色体DNA提取方法繁琐耗时且难以进行批量操作,限制了酵母分子鉴定的规模化。研究中建立了一种快速高效的批量酵母染色体DNA提取方法,整个提取过程仅耗时20min,从而使得酵母大规模快速分子鉴定成为可能。用该方法制备的染色体DNA不需要任何后续处理即可作为模板用于扩增酵母的26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列,获得了良好的扩增结果以及扩增产物的测序结果。     

两种分子标识在酵母分子鉴定中的比较

rDNA序列同源性分析是一种通用的酵母分子鉴定方法,26S rDNA D1/D2区域和rDNA内部转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)是rDNA序列同源性分析中最为常用的两种分子标识。同时使用这两种分子标识对20株分离自水果表面的酵母菌株进行分子鉴定,结果显示19株酵母分离物的鉴定结果相一致,两种分子标识序列在认定酵母种内和种间关系时都拥有足够的差异,能将大部分酵母菌株直接鉴定到种一级水平。     

几株酵母菌的分子系统学鉴定

通过对酵母菌5.8S核糖体RNA的ITS区域PCR扩增及限制性酶切片段多态性(RFLP)的图谱分析以和26S rDNA D1/D2区及5.8S-ITS区的序列分析,共鉴定13株分离自新疆鄯善地区的葡萄酒相关酵母菌。5.8S-ITS区的4种内切酶(HaeⅢ、Hin6Ⅰ、HinfⅠ、AluⅠ)的酶切分析产出4种特异性图谱。根据26S rDNA D1/D2区的序列分析和BLAST比对,将供试菌株鉴定为4个属4个种,分别为Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Candida zemplinina、Hanseniaspora uvarum、Pichia kluyveri var. kluyveri;而根据5.8S-ITS-RFLP及5.8S-ITS序列分析,将供试菌种鉴定为Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Candida zemplinina、Hanseniaspora uvarum、Issatchenkia terricola 4个属4个种。3种方法对供试的10个菌株的鉴定结果一致,而对另外3株的鉴定结果不同。     

Basic methods for fission yeast

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a popular model system, and has been particularly influential in studies of the cell cycle and chromosome dynamics. Despite its differences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the tools and methods for fission yeast are conceptually similar to those used in budding yeast. Here, we present basic methods sufficient for a beginner in this system to carry out most required manipulations for genetic analysis or molecular biology.     

葡萄酒病害相关酵母的分离与鉴定

利用3种培养基和3种分离方法,从贺兰山东麓葡萄酒产区发生葡萄酒病害的5款酒样中分离获得23株酵母菌株。经形态学鉴定,初步将所分离的酵母菌归为4种培养类型;26S rDNA D1/D2区序列分析结果表明,4种培养类型的酵母分属于3个属3个种,分别为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）、葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）和乳酪隐球酵母（Cryptococcus friedmannii）。     

加味逍遥丸微生物适用性试验方法与评价

目的建立适合加味逍遥丸的需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌及控制菌检查方法,对主要污染菌进行结果分析。方法按照2015年版《中国药典》对15家24批次的产品进行方法适用性试验,用建立的方法对15家24批次的加味逍遥丸进行微生物限度检查,细菌鉴定采用VITEK2全自动细菌鉴定系统。结果需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌计数方法适用性中各试验菌的回收率均为0.5~2.0,在控制菌检查方法适用性试验中,大肠埃希菌检查适用性组可检出大肠埃希菌;耐胆盐革兰阴性菌检查适用性组可检出大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌;沙门菌检查适用性组可检出沙门菌。样品主要污染的微生物是葡萄球菌和其他根系微生物。结论建立加味逍遥丸的微生物限度检查方法,需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数可用常规法进行检验,直接接种方法可用于控制菌检查。     

Yeast diversity in crop-growing environments in Cameroon

In the present study, we have investigated the occurrence of yeast flora on several agricultural products coming from crop-growing environments in Cameroon, to provide better knowledge of the biodiversity of yeast flora, and to thus define the impact of this biodiversity on food products. The yeast biodiversity was investigated using traditional culture-dependent methods, along with culture-independent methods. The culture-dependent approach was carried out using both direct and enrichment procedures, to detect the broadest possible presence of yeast species. A total of 151 strains belonging to 26 different yeast species were isolated and identified using restriction pattern analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region 5.8S-ITS and sequence analysis of D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA gene. The enrichment isolation procedures carried out in high-sugar media allowed the recognition of fermentative species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii, which have previously not been detected using direct isolation methodology. The results of culture-independent method using DGGE patterns and sequencing of the DNA bands revealed a lower number of yeast species when compared with the culture-dependent methodology even if the identification of several yeast species not detected by traditional microbiological procedures such as Candida tropicalis and Hanseniaspora uvarum is allowed. Thus, these multiphasic approaches to study yeast biodiversity (culture-dependent and -independent methods) have allowed us to get a more complete picture of the microbial diversity in these natural environments.