Effects of taurine on hepatic lipid metabolism and anti-inflammation in chronic alcohol-fed rats

The effects of taurine (Tau) in regulation of lipid metabolism and decreasing inflammation in chronic alcohol-fed rats was investigated. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) isocaloric solution; (2) 3 g alcohol/kg BW/day; (3) 3 g alcohol/kg BW/day + 1 g Tau/kg BW/day for 6 weeks. Liver size and serum/liver lipids of alcohol-fed rats were decreased (p < 0.05) by Tau supplementation, but daily fecal lipid/bile acid outputs were increased (p < 0.05). Regarding de novo lipogenesis, Tau downregulated (p < 0.05) fatty-acid biosynthesis and upregulated (p < 0.05) cholesterol metabolism (CYP7A1) and energy expenditure (PPAR-α). Serum AST and ALT, and hepatic TNF-α levels and MMP-9 activity of alcohol-fed rats were decreased (p < 0.05) by Tau supplementation which may be related to the maintenance of higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant levels (lower thiobarbituric-acid-reactive-substances values and higher trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) in serum and livers. Our study indicates that Tau downregulates lipogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in chronic alcohol-fed rats.     

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenol-rich litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)-flower-water-extract on livers of high-fat-diet fed hamsters

Gentisic acid and epicatechin are two major compounds in phenolic acids and flavonoids of litchi-flower-water extracts (LFWEs), respectively. Increased (p < 0.05) serum lipids and liver size/lipid, damage/inflammatory indices, TBARS value, CRP level, MMP-9 activity, and decreased (p < 0.05) liver GSH and TEAC levels, and SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were observed in high-fat-diet fed hamsters compared to normal-fat-dietary hamsters. Those biochemical values of high-fat-diet fed hamsters were significant improved (p < 0.05) by drinking LFWEs. In addition, these improvements on liver damage induced by a high-fat diet were also evidenced in the histopathological examination of livers where less microvesicular steatosis and no necrotic/inflammatory cells were observed in high-fat-diet fed hamster drinking LFWEs. Therefore, protective effects of LFWEs on liver damage of high-fat-diet fed hamsters can be accounted for antioxidative properties and anti-inflammatory effects of LFWEs.     

荞麦粉对高脂膳食大鼠脂代谢的影响

本文研究了荞麦粉(buckwheat,BW)对高脂膳食大鼠脂代谢的影响。将50只成年Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为基础对照组、高脂模型组、荞麦粉低、中、高剂量组(1、5、10 g/kg·d),每天喂食一次,饲喂30 d后腹主动脉取血,取出肝脏、肾周及睾丸附近脂肪,分别测定血清和肝脏中的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的水平,并观察肝脏病理切片。结果表明,与高脂膳食组相比,荞麦剂量组大鼠体重和食物摄入量都明显减少,肝重和脂肪重及其指数也明显降低,血清和肝脏中TC、TG、LDL-C的浓度降低,HDL-C的浓度升高。肝脏光镜结构表明,荞麦剂量组的肝脏脂肪变性均减轻,其中荞麦粉高剂量作用最为明显。说明荞麦粉干预高脂膳食,可起到降血脂、改善肝脏脂代谢、保护肝脏的作用,同时能够减少相关疾病的发生。     

Effect of low‐zinc status and essential fatty acids deficiency on the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in liver and serum of albino rats

The effects of dietary deficiencies of zinc and essential fatty acids (EFAs) or both on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were investigated in young growing rats. Four groups of albino rats were fed diets deficient in either EFA (4% hydrogenated coconut oil) or zinc (6 ppm) or both. The control diet was adequate in EFA (4% soybean oil) and zinc (100 ppm). The feeding trial lasted eight weeks and the activities of AST and ALT were determined in the liver and serum. EFA deficiency had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on liver AST. However, zinc and the double deficiencies depressed AST activity in the organ. Deficiencies of EFA, zinc and their combination depressed ALT activity in the liver significantly (p < 0.05) with a concomitant increase recorded in the serum. The data suggested alteration in endothelial permeability of the plasma membrane and thus leakage of membrane constituents in the tissue studied. It is therefore considered that these deficient diets may affect liver tissue negatively in view of the role of these enzymes in amino acid metabolism.     

Dietary supplementation of onion inhibits diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocellular carcinogenesis

This study was investigated about the effect of onion (Allium cepa. Linn) on the chemical induction of preneoplastic lesions in rat liver. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with control or onion powder diet for 9 weeks. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg BW) and 2/3 partial hepatectomy. Animals were sacrificed and livers were taken. Dietary supplementation of onion suppressed the formation of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci in numbers (p<0.01) and area (p<0.05). Cytosolic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was increased by DEN in the rats fed control diet. However, onion significantly decreased GST activity in DEN-treated rats. Glutathione peroxidase activity showed similar tendency to GST activity. Glutathione reductase activity and microsomal thiobarbituric acidreactive substance value, however, did not show noticeable difference among the groups. These results suggest that onion has anti-tumor activity that suppresses oxidative stress and the formation of preneoplastic foci in the rat liver.     

The influence of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray cv. Monthong) on conditioned taste aversion to ethanol

The adverse reaction to 1.25 g/kg ethanol was monitored in male Fischer rats given durian or cabbage (2.4 g FW/100 g BW/day), administered intragastrically. During the first ethanol challenge, a reduced rate of blood acetaldehyde clearance and hypothermia, which is associated with the disulfiram-ethanol reaction, was observed in rats given durian or cabbage. Blood ethanol levels and rate of acetaldehyde elimination were lowest 30 min after the first ethanol challenge in rats given cabbage, while a similar but more exacerbated trend was observed at 60 min in rats given durian. When subjected to conditioned taste aversion using saccharine solution (0.2% v/v) paired with ethanol administration, the rats given durian or cabbage exhibited aversion, with the former showing the earliest and most pronounced response, persisting through to the last ethanol challenge. Rats given cabbage exhibited delayed aversion, which progressively increased to the same level as that observed in rats given durian.     

氧化苦参碱改善非酒精性脂肪肝病的作用及转录组学研究

目的 研究氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine, Oxy)的抗非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)作用及机制。方法 将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、白藜芦醇组(50 mg/kg)和Oxy低、高剂量组(50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg); 采用高脂饮食(high-fat diet, HFD)饲喂16周诱导NAFLD大鼠模型, 从第8周开始按分组对应灌胃给药; 测定各组大鼠体重、肝脏重量和肝脏指数; 采用试剂盒检测大鼠血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-c)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)和甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)水平; 采用苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)、油红O和Masson染色检查大鼠肝脏病理变化; 采用高通量测序技术分析大鼠肝脏基因表达。结果 与正常组比较, 模型组大鼠体重、肝脏重量及肝脏指数显著增加(P<0.01); 血清中AST、ALT、LDL-c、TC和TG水平显著升高, HDL-c水平显著降低(P<0.01); 肝脏肝小叶结构出现损伤, 呈现弥漫性小泡、大泡脂肪变性及气球样变; 肝脏中脂滴和蓝色胶原纤维显著增多(P<0.01)。与模型组比较, Oxy组大鼠体重、肝脏重量及肝脏指数显著降低(P<0.05, P<0.01); 血清中肝损伤及脂代谢相关指标水平显著恢复(P<0.01); 肝脏结构趋于正常, 肝脏仅有轻微的小泡脂肪变性; 肝脏中脂滴和蓝色胶原纤维显著减少(P<0.01)。转录组结果显示, 正常组、模型组和Oxy组样本各自聚集在一起; 正常组与模型组间有499个差异基因, 模型组与Oxy组间有434个差异基因, 共有差异基因218个, 集中于环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanosine monophosphate, cGMP)/蛋白激酶G (protein kinase G, PKG)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt)、环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP)、松弛素、胰岛素抵抗、Rap1和Hippo信号通路。结论 Oxy具有明确的抗NAFLD作用, 具体表现为对HFD诱导的NAFLD大鼠的肥胖的缓解以及肝功能、脂代谢紊乱、肝脂肪变性和肝纤维化的改善, 机制可能与调控cGMP/PKG、PI3K/Akt、cAMP、松弛素、胰岛素抵抗、Rap1和Hippo信号通路有关。     

Cornus officinalis vinegar reduces body weight and attenuates hepatic steatosis in mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

This study aimed to determine the main bioactive components of Cornus officinalis vinegar (COV) and assess the effects of COV on the body weight (BW) and hepatic steatosis in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. Seven-week-old KM female mice were divided into five treatment groups: (1) Normal control (NC) group, (2) high fat diet (HFD) group, (3) low concentration treatment group (3.5% COV), (4) medium concentration treatment group (5.0% COV), and (5) high concentration treatment group (6.5% COV). Mice in the NC group were fed with a normal chow diet, and those in the other four groups were fed with a HFD known for causing obesity for 10 weeks. Then, mice in the three COV treatment groups were orally administered with COV once a day for 6 weeks. Results showed that the contents of loganin and morroniside in COV reached 16.82 and 51.17 µg/ml, respectively, and COV also contained multiple organic acids. COV significantly reduced BW, abdominal fat weight, liver weight, and the levels of glucose, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of serum and increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of serum (p < 0.05). COV also improved the liver function and anti-oxidant activity of liver (p < 0.05). COV treatments increased the interleukin-10 expression and reduced the tumor necrosis factor-α expression in the liver tissue of NAFLD mice (p < 0.05). Histopathological observation revealed that COV suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis. The results suggest that COV may contribute to the alleviation of NAFLD and obesity.     

普洱茶对大鼠肥胖的干预和保肝护肝作用

将SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、高脂对照组、普洱茶低(0.45 g/kg)、中(0.90 g/kg)、高(1.35 g/kg)浓度组,每组10只,每天灌胃普洱茶,连续处理十二周后,禁食24 h,取大鼠肝脏,测其甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)的含量、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)的表达及与脂代谢相关的基因表达,以研究普洱茶的预防肥胖和保肝护肝作用。结果显示,普洱茶能降低高脂饲料喂养的大鼠肝脏中TG和TC的含量,显著提高腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)磷酸化水平(p<0.05),极显著下调脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c)和羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR)的mRNA表达水平(p<0.01),作用效果呈剂量依赖性。因此,普洱茶具有良好的预防肥胖和保肝作用效果。     

Effects of diet enriched with restructured meats,containing Himanthalia elongata, on hypercholesterolaemic induction,CYP7A1 expression and antioxidant enzyme activity and expression in growing rats

Meat and pork consumptions are very high in Spain. Seaweeds are rich in fibre, minerals, and bioactive substances. Due to the growing demand for healthier meats, this work studied the effect of diets containing restructured pork (RP) enriched with Himanthalia elongata (Sea Spaghetti) on: (1) cholesterolaemia; (2) liver cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) expression; (3) liver antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression; (4) the liver antioxidant substrate concentrations. Four groups of 10 Wistar rats each were fed a mix of 85% AIN-93 M rodent diet and 15% freeze-dried RM for 35 days. The control group (C) consumed control RP; the Sea Spaghetti (SS) group, RP with 5% Sea Spaghetti. Animals on added cholesterol diets (CholC and CholSS) consumed their basal C and SS diets enriched with cholesterol and cholic acid as hypercholesterolaemic agent. Food intake was significantly affected by the alga × cholesterol interaction and by dietary cholesterol (both p < 0.001). Plasma cholesterol was significantly affected by the cholesterol × alga interaction (p < 0.05). CholC rats showed significantly higher plasma cholesterol (p < 0.001) than did their C counterparts, whilst serum cholesterol of CholSS was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of CholC. The glutathione peroxide (GSSG) concentrations and all mRNA expressions were significantly affected by the cholesterol × alga interaction (at least p < 0.05). SS vs C group showed significant (at least p < 0.05) increases in superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decrease of glutathione reductase (GR) expressions, and increased GR activity, GSSG and the redox index. CholSS vs CholC showed significant (at least p < 0.05) increases of CYP7A1, GR and Cu,Zn-SOD expression but decreases in catalase, Mn-SOD and GPx expression, and increase of GR activity. In conclusion, Sea Spaghetti could be widely used in RP design. Its addition to non-cholesterol enriched RP diet reduced oxidation mechanisms. SS-RP partially blocked the effect of the hypercholesterolaemic agent, giving rise to a new balance of the antioxidant enzyme expression.     

Piperine reverses high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice

This study examined the effect of piperine on hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance induced in mice by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 13 weeks and elucidated potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Administration of piperine (50 mg/kg body weight) to mice with HFD-induced hepatic steatosis resulted in a significant increase in plasma adiponectin levels. Also, elevated plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose and hepatic lipid levels induced by feeding a HFD were reversed in mice when they were administered piperine. However, piperine did not reduce body weight and other biochemical markers to an extent where they became equal to the levels found in the CD-fed mice. Piperine reversed HFD-induced down-regulation of adiponecitn-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling molecules which play an important role in mediating lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation and insulin signalling in the livers of mice. The expressions of lipogenic target genes were decreased, whereas the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) gene involved in fatty acid oxidation was increased in the livers of the Pin50 group. Piperine significantly decreased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) compared with the HFD-fed mice. Administration of piperine appeared to reverse preexisting HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, probably by activation of adiponectin-AMPK signalling in mice.     

刺玫籽醇提取物对力竭运动大鼠糖代谢的影响

研究刺玫籽醇提取物对力竭运动大鼠糖代谢的影响。将40只大鼠分为对照组、低剂量组(50 mg/kg)、中剂量组(100 mg/kg)、高剂量组(150 mg/kg)。大鼠每天分别灌胃1次刺玫籽醇提取物,以及每天1次游泳运动,为期4周。结果表明:低、中、高剂量组大鼠实验后血糖相比对照组显著上升(p 0. 05),低、中剂量组大鼠实验后血乳酸含量相比对照组显著降低(p 0. 05),高剂量组大鼠血乳酸含量相比对照组极显著降低(p 0. 01);低、中、高剂量组大鼠实验后肌糖原、肝糖原含量相比对照组显著上升(p 0. 05);实验后各组大鼠血糖、肌糖原、肝糖原含量与实验前平行对比有不同程度降低,而血乳酸含量有不同程度升高。研究说明刺玫籽醇提取物对力竭运动大鼠的糖代谢能力有良好的效果。     

Protective effects of Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 28 on alcohol-metabolizing enzyme activity in rats

In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of Lactococcus chungangensis CAU 28, a bacterial strain of nondairy origin, on alcohol metabolism in rats treated with ethanol, focusing on alcohol elimination and prevention of damage and comparing the effects with those observed for Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 19435. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered 20% ethanol and 3 substrates (freeze-dried cells, cream cheese, and yogurt) containing Lc. chungangensis CAU 28 or Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 19435, which were provided 1 h before or 1 h after ethanol ingestion. Blood samples were collected from the tail veins of the rats at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after ingestion of ethanol, Lc. chungangensis CAU 28 substrate, or Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 19435 substrate. Alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations in the Lc. chungangensis CAU 28 substrate-treated rats were significantly reduced in a time-dependent manner compared with those in the Lc. lactis ssp. lactis ATCC 19435 substrate-treated rats. Among the experimental groups, treatment with cream cheese before ingestion of 20% ethanol was found to be the most effective method for reducing both alcohol and acetaldehyde levels in the blood. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in the Lc. chungangensis CAU 28 substrate-treated rats were significantly lower than those in the positive controls. Moreover, in the Lc. chungangensis CAU 28 cream cheese-treated group, rats showed a reduction of liver enzymes by up to 60%, with good effectiveness observed for both pre- and post-ethanol ingestion. These results suggested that intake of lactic acid bacteria, particularly in Lc. chungangensis CAU 28-supplemented dairy products, may reduce blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations, thereby mitigating acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity by altering alcohol-metabolizing enzyme activities.     

Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Capsaicinoids and Lactobacillus plantarum Swun5815 Combined by Inhibiting Cholesterol Synthesis and Increasing Bile Acid and Sterols Excretion on Ovariectomized Rats

This study evaluated the hypocholesterolemic effects and potential metabolism of single and combined administrations of capsaicinoids and Lactobacillus plantarum SWUN5815 in ovariectomized rats. Forty female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 5 treatment groups. One group was sham‐operated (with 1 mL/100 g BW physiological saline), and the 4 other groups were double‐ovariectomized: OVX–CON (with 1 mL/100 g BW physiological saline), OVX–CAP (with 1 mL/100 g BW physiological saline and fed with food containing 0.08 g/kg capsaicinoids), OVX–L. P. (with 1 mL 2 × 10⁹ cfu/mL/100 g BW L. plantarum SWUN5815), and OVX–CAP + L. P. (with 1 mL 2 × 10⁹ cfu/mL/100 g BW L. plantarum SWUN5815 and fed with food containing 0.08 g/kg capsaicinoids). Rats were sacrificed after 6 weeks of feeding. Results showed that the combination of capsaicinoids and L. plantarum significantly decreased the total cholesterol, triglyceride and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol of plasma, total cholesterol and lipid accumulation of liver in ovariectomized rats without affecting food intake. Bile acid contents in the fecal excrement and small intestines were significantly increased by the combination compared with the individual effects. However, the mRNA levels of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG‐CoA R), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), ileum bile acid binding protein (IBABP), and apical sodium‐dependent bile acids transporter (ASBT) significantly decreased. Liver X receptor also remarkably increased. Therefore, these genes potentially affect cholesterol metabolism by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and promoting excretion of bile acid. The protective effects of the combination of capsaicinoids and L. plantarum SWUN5815 on the intestines were significant in ovariectomized rats.     

D-柠檬烯对大鼠酒精性肝损伤脂质代谢紊乱的影响

探讨D-柠檬烯（D-limonene）对大鼠酒精性肝损伤脂质代谢紊乱的保护作用及可能作用机制,利用持续酒精灌胃的方法建立大鼠酒精肝损伤模型,分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G共7 组。A组为空白对照组,每日给予蒸馏水灌胃,前2 周8 mL/（kg·d）,后4 周12 mL/（kg·d）;B组为酒精模型组,每日灌胃体积分数为50%的乙醇,前2 周8 mL/（kg·d）,后4 周12 mL/（kg·d）;C、D、E组分别为D-柠檬烯低、中、高剂量组,每日分别灌胃D-柠檬烯100、200、400 mL/（kg·d）,其中D-柠檬烯与A、B组等量的50%的乙醇混合后灌胃;F组为水和D-柠檬烯空白高剂量组,每日给予D-柠檬烯400 mL/（kg·d）;G组为甘利欣药物对照组,灌胃量200 mL/（kg·d）。HE染色和电镜观察肝组织形态结构和肝组织超微结构的变化,测定血清谷丙转氨酶（alanine transaminase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate transaminase,AST）、碱性磷酸酶（phosoporic acid,ALP）、胆碱酯酶（cholinesterase,CHE）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、胆固醇（cholesterol,CHO）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low densitylipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C）水平。结果电镜下观察到A组肝细胞结构正常,核呈圆形或椭圆,线粒体形态正常。B组肝细胞次级溶酶体数量增加,线粒体形状不规则,脂滴多。C组可见少量脂滴,高尔基体正常,线粒体清楚。D组少量脂滴,胆小管有内容物,线粒体正常。E组线粒体高尔基体正常,少量脂滴,核圆。F组细胞器无异常,少量脂滴。G组少量脂滴,偶见溶酶,体线粒体正常。B组大鼠血清ALT、AST、ALP、CHE、TG、CHO、LDL-C均高于空白对照组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;F组大鼠血清所测各指标与空白对照组无明显差异;而D-柠檬烯低、中、高剂量干预组和酒精模型组比较,血清所测各指标水平均有不同程度地降低,其中D-柠檬烯中、高剂量干预组血清所测各指标水平明显低于酒精模型组,差异显著（P＜0.05）。结论：过量酒精摄入引起的肝组织超微结构病理损伤与升高血清ALP、CHE、ALT、AST、TG、CHO、LDL-C水平,在D-柠檬烯干预下有所减轻和降低。因此,D-柠檬烯可调节过量酒精摄入造成的脂质代谢紊乱。     

Interaction between lactose levels and antimicrobial growth promoters on growth performance of weanling pigs

In experiment 1, 224 pigs (initially 8.85 kg and 28 ± 2 days of age) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to investigate the interaction between lactofeed (LF70) (860 g kg^?1 whey permeate, 140 g kg^?1 soya bean meal) level (175 g kg^?1 and 350 g kg^?1) and avilamycin (0 and 40 mg kg^?1) inclusion in piglet starter diets. Pigs were fed starter diets from day 0 to day 22 and a transition diet was fed from day 23 to day 39. The inclusion level of LF70 in the transition diet was 75 g kg^?1 and 150 g kg^?1. Pigs fed 350 g kg^?1 LF70 had a higher daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.01) and an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05) during the starter period than the pigs fed 175 g kg^?1 LF70. Pigs fed medicated diets had a higher ADG (p < 0.05) and an improved FCR (p < 0.05) than the non‐medicated fed pigs during the starter period. There was an increase in feed intake (AFI) (p < 0.05) during the transition period with increasing levels of LF70. There was an improvement in FCR during the transition period with the inclusion of avilamycin (p < 0.01). There was a significant interaction (p < 0.01) between LF70 and avilamycin for ADG during the transition period. The inclusion of avilamycin at 175 g kg^?1 LF70 inclusion had no effect (p > 0.05) on ADG. However at 350 g kg^?1 LF70 inclusion the pigs offered medicated diets had a higher ADG (p < 0.001) compared with non‐medicated diets. In experiment 2, 224 pigs (initially 8.85 kg and 28 ± 2 days of age) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial to investigate the interaction between LF70 level (175 g kg^?1 and 350 g kg^?1) and zinc oxide (ZnO) (0 and 3.1 g kg^?1) inclusion in piglet starter diets. The inclusion level of LF70 in the transition diet was 75 g kg^?1 and 150 g kg^?1 and of ZnO was 2 g kg^?1. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in ADG with increasing levels of LF70 during the starter period. The inclusion of ZnO during the starter period resulted in an increase in ADG (p < 0.001) and FCR (p < 0.05) compared with no ZnO inclusion. Neither the inclusion of zinc oxide not of LF70 had an effect (p > 0.05) on performance during the transition period. In conclusion the supplementation of starter diets with increasing levels of LF70, ZnO and avilamycin resulted in increased ADG and improved FCR. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

沙棘原花青素软胶囊对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

沙棘原花青素软胶囊(沙棘籽提取物、沙棘油、紫苏籽油组方)按人群推荐摄入量(人均3g/d)确定摄入剂量为0.05g/kg·BW(成人体重均值以60kg计),并按照人群推荐日摄入量的10,20,30倍设置低、中、高3个剂量组(即0.5,1.0,1.5g/kg·BW),连续灌胃SPF级昆明种小鼠30d后,以50%乙醇建立雄性小鼠化学性肝损伤模型,16h后测定各项指标。结果显示各剂量组间小鼠体重增长均无显著性差异(P0.05);在模型成立的情况下,高剂量组小鼠肝匀浆中MDA和TG含量显著降低(P0.05),还原性GSH含量显著升高(P0.05);病理组织学显示,高剂量组能显著减轻肝脏脂肪变性程度(P0.05)。说明沙棘原花青素软胶囊对酒精性肝损伤有保护作用。     

景参片的安全性评价及其抗急性酒精性肝损伤作用研究

目的: 本文对景参片进行安全性评价,并研究其对急性酒精性肝损伤的辅助保护功能。方法: 通过小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验及大鼠30 d喂养试验,进行景参片的安全性毒理学评价。60只小鼠随机分为5组,空白对照组给予无菌水,模型对照组及各剂量组给予50%乙醇建立酒精性肝损伤模型。造模成功后,将景参片经口灌胃,按人体推荐剂量（4.8 g/60 kg·BW）的5、10、30倍（0.40、0.80、2.40 g·kg-1）给药,记录并观察景参片对小鼠肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和甘油三酯（TG）含量的影响。结果: 小鼠急性经口试验最大给药量均大于15 g/（kg·BW）,急性毒性分级属无毒级;小鼠各剂量组骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率、精子畸形发生率与溶剂对照组比较均无显著性差异（P>0.05）,Ames试验中各剂量组回变菌落数均未超过溶剂对照组、未处理对照组回变菌落数2倍以上,说明景参片无诱发突变作用;大鼠30 d喂养试验脏器指数、生化及血液指标与溶剂对照组比较均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;与模型对照组比较,2.40 g·（kg·BW）-1组能显著降低肝组织中丙二醛及甘油三酯含量（P<0.05）;病理结果显示,景参片各剂量组均能减轻肝细胞中的脂肪变性及炎性浸润。结论: 景参片具有抗急性酒精性肝损伤作用,在受试剂量范围内,安全无毒。     

Dietary cholesterol affects lipid metabolism in rabbits

Effects of dietary cholesterol [0 (control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 g cholesterol/kg diet for 12 weeks] on lipid contents and fatty acid compositions in red blood cell (RBC) membranes and plasma of rabbits and pathological changes and lipid oxidation in their livers were determined. Contents of total lipid and unsaturated fatty acids in RBC membrane and plasma of rabbits fed ≥4 and ≥2 g dosages, respectively, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the control, and their increases were dosage-dependent. Accumulations of neutral lipids in centrolobular regions of livers in rabbits fed ≥2 g were dosage-dependent. Lipid oxidation in liver of rabbits fed 8 g was >2 times higher (p<0.05) than those fed lower dosages. The results indicated that dietary cholesterol can modify lipid metabolisms of rabbits, including biosynthesis and transportation of lipids and fatty acids and incorporation of fatty acid into RBC membranes.