急倾斜煤层工作面区段煤柱失稳机理及合理尺寸

根据急倾斜煤层工作面区段煤柱赋存特点,运用理论分析、数值模拟、现场实测等研究方法,分析了不同倾角、不同尺寸区段煤柱条件下的煤柱变形破坏特征、煤柱周围应力分布规律和影响煤柱稳定的主要因素,以及采空区的冒落、充填特征,得出区段煤柱主要受到沿倾向的剪切破坏作用出现"台阶"型破坏,急倾斜工作面区段煤柱失稳的必要条件α≥arctan(f1+f2),失稳方式为向采空区的滑落失稳,煤柱下端的底板处和上端的顶板处为主要破坏区域.结合龙煤七台河分公司新铁矿急倾斜煤层开采实际,分析得出了保证区段煤柱和采空区顶板稳定的区段煤柱合理尺寸,提出了加大区段煤柱尺寸或采空区后方煤柱上方注浆充填加固技术方案,保证了急倾斜煤层综采工作面的安全生产.     

条带煤柱中的应力分析与沉陷曲线形态研究

应用从属面积法应力分析原理,求得了倾斜煤层及条带煤柱的应力表达式,证明了煤柱中的正应力及剪应力与煤层倾角ａ和侧压系数ｋ有关,剪应力对煤柱强度和稳定性有影响;留设煤柱破坏与否决定了上覆岩移动及地表沉陷曲线的形态。研究表胆,随着煤层倾角的增大,垂直于煤层层面方向的弯曲量减小,而沿煤层层面方向滑移量增加;当５５℃〈ａ〈７５℃时,地表沉陷曲线呈波浪形分布,出现两个沉值相对最大的点。     

矿岩接触带巷道失稳分析及控制方法研究

矿岩接触带往往是巷道的薄弱区域,根据矿岩接触带变形破坏特征,并结合其特殊围岩情况,分析了矿岩接触带巷道薄弱区域的围岩稳定性.同时,将巷道围岩中的矿石和岩石的物理力学参数划分开,结合现场变形监测数据和矿岩物理力学参数,采用数值模拟进一步对矿岩接触带巷道支护前后的应力应变分布做了研究,探索失稳机理,研究发现矿岩接触带一般沿接触带层位发生剪切破坏且不与巷道中心线对称.根据上述研究,分别从塑性区拉伸破坏体积、剪切破坏体积和总体积分析对比分析锚杆支护、喷射混凝土支护、锚喷联合支护的应用效果,最后提出了针对矿岩接触带巷道的分区支护方法 .     

厚煤层采动裂隙发育演化规律及分布形态研究

结合弹塑性和断裂力学相关理论分析厚煤层上覆岩层采动裂隙扩展力学原理,根据覆岩内原生裂隙、次生裂隙和贯通裂隙分布情况将采动裂隙瓦斯流动通道沿工作面倾向分为:孤立区、局部网络区和网络区,运用UDEC数值软件模拟不同倾角和工作面长度条件下覆岩采动裂隙分布规律.结果表明:受采动影响,厚煤层工作面采空区覆岩出现"O"形裂隙圈,其随煤层倾角增大且沿煤层倾向向上发育,由水平煤层的等腰梯形演化为急倾斜煤层的不对称钝角梯形,瓦斯积聚于"O"形圈顶部;煤层倾角不变的情况下,"O"形裂隙圈随工作面长度的增加而增高.     

大倾角煤层采场顶板运动结构分析

根据大倾角煤层采场矿压显现特点 ,对采场顶板岩层的运动、破坏形式进行了研究 .提出了大倾角条件下老顶岩层在运动中易于形成倾斜砌体结构板大结构 ,直接顶岩层则因上段冒落矸石充填 ,在采场中下段形成砌体梁小结构 ,并探讨了中下段小结构平衡的极限条件和结构失稳形式 .     

厚煤层大采高采场煤壁的破坏规律与失稳机理

基于大采高采场煤壁稳定性控制需要,在现场实测基础上,采用数值模拟分析了煤层采动裂隙的发展演化规律,并用滑移线理论分析了煤壁失稳的力学过程.研究表明:仅含层理煤层的采动剪切破坏面由倾向相反的共轭面组成;含节理煤层中,硬煤的采动破坏面为剪切破坏面与节理张裂面组成的倾向相反的共轭面,软煤采动破坏面为倾向采空区的单向平面;超前塑性区内硬煤的后继剪切破坏面仍为倾向相反的共轭面,软煤内则为倾向煤壁的单向平面.采用塑性滑移线确定了煤壁片帮的危险范围,影响煤壁失稳的主要因素为端面距与砌体梁结构的回转变形压力.     

异层位关键块下煤柱区巷道合理布置与围岩控制

针对新阳矿9~#煤柱两侧工作面采厚差异性大的情况,分析指出在煤柱上方形成异层位相邻关键块结构,模拟得出其作用下煤柱支承应力分布规律,并将9~#煤柱支承压力分段拟合.建立了9~#煤柱底板偏应力分布的力学计算模型,得出煤柱底板最大偏主应力s_1空间分布规律.结果表明:新102材料巷的合理位置为距9#煤柱左侧15m.巷道掘进20d后,围岩变形趋于稳定,顶底板最大移近量为270mm,两帮最大移近量为300mm,实现了异层位关键块下煤柱区巷道围岩的有效控制.     

大倾角综放面端面顶煤稳定性控制数值模拟及应用

大倾角松软煤层综放面实现高产高效的关键之一是端面顶煤稳定性控制.利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,分析了放项煤采场覆岩与顶煤的应力场特征、端面顶煤的破坏规律以及位移特征.结果表明:端面顶煤产生较大变形,处于应力降低区;煤壁前方项煤在支承压力作用下产生破坏区,遍布整个煤层;上端头的围岩片帮控制是应重点加强的关键部位;工作面上部支架后底座下滑是支架失稳最先出现和最常见的现象.通过及时支护、提高支护质量等围岩稳定性控制措施,可以取得良好的端面顶煤稳定性控制效果.     

特厚煤层综放工作面变宽煤柱段巷道掘进期间围岩矿压显现特征分析

为了掌握大同煤矿集团有限责任公司塔山煤矿特厚煤层综放工作面变宽煤柱段巷道掘进期间围岩变形破坏特征,采用现场实测、数值模拟及理论分析方法,分析了变宽煤柱段巷道掘进期间围岩矿压显现规律,研究了变宽煤柱段巷道围岩应力场及煤岩体能量分布特征,揭示了特厚煤层变宽煤柱段巷道掘进期间巷道矿压显现机理。研究表明:特厚煤层变宽煤柱段巷道掘进期间伴随有声响、震动、冒顶、片帮等强矿压现象,主要发生在煤柱宽度22.4～47.9 m段;侧向应力及煤体能量集中分布于距采空区边缘30～40 m处,呈"带"状分布,随着煤柱宽度的增大,巷道围岩侧向应力及围岩积聚的能量曲线表现出先增后减的趋势,在煤柱宽度约35 m时应力和能量均达到最大值,分别为24.27 MPa和7.29×10~5 J;巷道掘进使砌体梁结构的力学平衡状态受到破坏,引起围岩应力的快速动态调整,当煤岩体中的静载荷与采掘活动引起的动载荷叠加值超过煤岩体的承载极限时,煤体中集聚的大量弹性应变能以动能形式释放从而引起巷道矿压显现。     

薄煤层开采对上覆构筑物基础变形影响的数值模拟研究

煤层开采过程中,在煤层顶、底板岩层一定的条件下,煤层的倾角和埋深对地表变形有很大的影响。通过三维有限元数值模拟,研究平缓或缓倾斜煤层、倾斜煤层、急倾斜煤层开采对上覆构筑物基础变形的影响,依据特定构筑物对倾斜变形、水平变形和基础沉降最大值的容许要求,提出安全煤柱（移动角γ、β）的保护范围,为构筑物安全运行和煤矿合理开采提供依据。     

Failure laws of narrow pillar and asymmetric control technique of gob-side entry driving in island coal face

In allusion to the problems of complex stress distribution in the surrounding rock and deformation failure laws, as well as the difficulty in roadway supporting of the gob-side entry driving in the island coal face, 2107 face in Chengjiao Colliery is researched as an engineering case. Through physical mechanical test of rock, theoretical and numerical simulation analyses of rock, the analysis model of the roadway overlying strata structure was established, and its parameters quantified. To reveal the deformation law of the surrounding rock, the stability of the overlying strata structure was studied before, during and after the roadway driving. According to the field conditions, the stress distribution in coal pillar was quantified, and the surrounding rock deformation feature studied with different widths of the pillars in gob-side entry driving. Finally, the pillar width of 4 m was considered as the most reasonable. The research results show that there is great difference in support conditions among roadway roof, entity coal side and narrow pillar side. Besides, the asymmetric control technique for support of the surrounding rock was proposed. The asymmetric control technique was proved to be reasonable by field monitoring, support by bolt-net, steel ladder and steel wire truss used in narrow pillar side.     

Stability of roof structure and its control in steeply inclined coal seams

To improve the effectiveness of control of surrounding rock and the stability of supports on longwall topcoal caving faces in steeply inclined coal seams, the stability of the roof structure and hydraulic supports was studied with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The results show that roof strata in the vicinity of the tail gate subside extensively with small cutting height, while roof subsidence near the main gate is relatively assuasive. With increase of the mining space, the caving angle of the roof strata above the main gate increases. The characteristics of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the roof strata demonstrate that caved blocks rotate around the lower hinged point of the roof structure, which may lead to sliding instability. Large dip angle of the coal seam makes sliding instability of the roof structure easier.A three-hinged arch can be easily formed above both the tail and main gates in steeply inclined coal seams. With the growth in the dip angle, subsidence of the arch foot formed above the main gate decreases significantly, which reduces the probability of the roof structure becoming unstable as a result of large deformation, while the potential of the roof structure's sliding instability above the tail gate increases dramatically.     

Simulation of recovery of upper remnant coal pillar while mining the ultra-close lower panel using longwall top coal caving

With the depletion of easily minable coal seams, less favorable reserves under adverse conditions have to be mined out to meet the market demand. Due to some historical reasons, large amount of remnant coal was left unrecovered. One such case history occurred with the remnant rectangular stripe coal pillars using partial extraction method at Guandi Mine, Shanxi Province, China. The challenge that the coal mine was facing was that there is an ultra-close coal seam right under it with an only 0.8–1.5 m sandstone dirt band in between. The simulation study was carried out to investigate the simultaneous recovery of upper remnant coal pillars while mining the ultra-close lower panel using longwall top coal caving(LTCC). The remnant coal pillar was induced to cave in as top coal in LTCC system. Physical modelling shows that the coal pillars are the abutments of the stress arch structure formed within the overburden strata. The stability of overhanging roof strata highly depends on the stability of the remnant coal pillars. And the gob development(roof strata cave-in) is intermittent with the cave-in of these coal pillars and the sandstone dirt band. FLAC3 D numerical modelling shows that the multi-seam interaction has a significant influence on mining-induced stress environment for mining of lower panels. The pattern of the stress evolution on the coal pillars with the advance of the lower working face was found. It is demonstrated that the stress relief of a remnant coal pillar enhances the caveability of the pillars and sandstone dirt band below.     

Coal pillar mechanics of violent failure in U.S. Mines

This paper seeks to enhance the understanding that the horizontal stresses build up and release during coal pillar loading and unloading(post-failure) drawing upon three decades of observations, geomechanical monitoring and numerical modeling in bump-prone U.S. mines. The focus is on induced horizontal stress in mine pillars and surrounding strata as highly stressed pillars punch into the roof and floor, causing shear failure and buckling of strata; under stiff stratigraphic units of some western US mines, these events could be accompanied by violent failure of pillar cores. Pillar punching eventually results in tensile stresses at the base of the pillar, facilitating transition into the post-failure regime; this transition will be nonviolent if certain conditions are met, notably the presence of interbedded mudstones with low shear strength properties and proper mine designs for controlling seismicity and dynamic loads. The study clearly shows high confining stress build-up in coal pillars resulting in up to twice higher peak vertical stress and high strain energy accumulations in some western US mines in comparison with peak stresses predicted using common empirical pillar design methods. It is the unstable release of this strain energy that can cause significant damage resulting from pillar dilation and ground movements. These forces are much greater than the capacity of most common internal support systems, resulting in horizontal stressinduced roof falls locally, in mines under unremarkable far-field horizontal stress. Attention should be placed on pillar designs as increasing support density may prove to be ineffective. This mechanism is analyzed using field measurements and generic finite-difference stress analyses. The study confirms the higher load carrying capacity of confinement-controlled coal seams in comparison with structurally controlled coal seams. Such significant differences in confining stresses are not taken into account when estimating peak pillar strength using most common empirical techniques such as those proposed by Bieniawski and Salamon. While using lower pillar strength estimates may be considered conservative,it underestimates the actual capacity of pillars in accumulating much higher stress and strain energies,misleading the designer and inadvertently diminishing mine safety. The role of induced horizontal stress in mine pillars and surrounding strata is emphasized in coal pillar mechanics of violent failure. The triggering mechanism for the violent events is sudden loss of pillar confinement due to dynamic loading resulting from failure of overlying stiff and strong strata. Evidence of such mechanism is noted in the field by observed red-dust at the coal-rock interfaces at the location of coal bumps and irregular, periodic caving in room-and-pillar mines quantified through direct pressure measurements in the gob.     

Coupling effects of coal pillars of thick coal seams in large-space stopes and hard stratum on mine pressure

Concerning the issue of mine pressure behaviors occurred in fully mechanized caving mining of thick coal seams beneath hard stratum in Datong Mining Area, combined with thin and thick plate theory, the paper utilizes theoretical analysis, similar experiments, numerical simulations and field tests to study the influence of remaining coal pillars in Jurassic system goaf on hard stratum fractures, as well as mine pressure behaviors under their coupling effects. The paper concludes the solution formula of initial fault displacement in hard stratum caused by remaining coal pillars. Experiments prove that coupling effects can enhance mine pressure behaviors on working faces. When inter-layer inferior key strata fractures, mine pressure phenomenon such as significant roof weighting steps and increasing resistance in support.When inter-layer superior key strata fractures, the scope of overlying strata extends to Jurassic system goaf, dual-system stopes cut through, and remaining coal pillars lose stability. As a result, the bottom inferior key strata also lose stability. It causes huge impacts on working face, and the second mine pressure behaviors. These phenomena provide evidence for research on other similar mine strata pressure behaviors occurred in dual-system mines with remaining coal pillars.     

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars, we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that, under a coal pillar, vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases. We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars. Based on this, we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar, such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support, cable reinforcement support,single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock, which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.     

Structure and deformation measurements of shallow overburden during top coal caving longwall mining

Mining induced pressures are strong and overburden failure areas are large in top coal caving longwall mining, which constrains high production and safety mining. By employing the combination of the full view borehole photography technique and the seismic CT scanner technique, the deformation and failure of overlying strata of fully mechanized caving face in shallow coal seam were studied and the failure development of overburden was determined. Results show that the full view borehole photography can reveal the characteristics of strata, and the seismic CT scanner can reflect the characteristics of strata between the boreholes. The combined measurement technique can effectively determine the height of fractured and caved zones. The top end of the caved zone in Yangwangou coal mine employing the top coal caving longwall mining was at the depth of 171 m and fractured zone was at the depth of 106-110 m. The results provide a theoretic foundation for controlling the overburden strata in the shallow buried top coal caving panel.     

Coupling control on pillar stress concentration and surface cracks in shallow multi-seam mining

In order to ensure safe mining and reduce surface damage in shallow multi-seam mining, the failure characteristics of interburden strata with different coal pillars offset distances between pillars in the upper and lower seams, the distribution characteristics of stress concentration in coal pillars, and the development characteristics of stratum cracks and subsidence were investigated by physical and UDEC2 D simulation. Meanwhile, the effect of different coal pillar offset distances on stress concentration of coal pillar and development of stratum cracks were studied. Based on those results, a formula for safe mining and reducing surface damage was established, which provided a theoretical basis for safe and environmentally friendly mining in shallow multi-seam. According to the results, the optimal coal pillar offset distance(the side to side horizontal distance of the upper and lower coal pillars) between the upper and lower coal seams was developed to reduce the stress concentration of coal pillars and surface damage.The results of this study have been applied in Ningtiaota coal mine and have achieved good results in safe and environmentally friendly mining.     

F-structure model of overlying strata for dynamic disaster prevention in coal mine

The rupture and movement scope of overlying strata upon the longwall mining face increased sharply as the exploitation scale and degree growing recently, and the spatial structure formed by fractured strata became much more complex. The overlying strata above the working face and adjacent gobs would affect each other and move cooperatively because small pillar can hardly separate the connection of overlying strata between two workfaces, which leads to mining seismicity in the gob and induces rockburst disaster that named spatial structure instability rockburst in this paper. Based on the key stratum theory, the F-structure model was established to describe the overlying strata characteristic and rockburst mechanism of workface with one side of gob and the other side un-mined solid coal seam. The results show that F-structure in the gob will re-active and loss stability under the influence of neighboring mining, and fracture and shear slipping in the process of instability is the mechanism of the seismicity in the gob. The F-structure was divided into two categories that short-arm F and long-arm F structure based on the state of strata above the gob. We studied the underground pressure rules of different F-structure and instability mechanism, thus provide the guide for prevention and control of the F-structure spatial instability rockburst. The micro-seismic system is used for on-site monitoring and researching the distribution rules of seismic events, the results confirmed the existence and correct of F-spatial structure. At last specialized methods for prevention seismicity and rockburst induced by F-structure instability are proposed and applied in Huating Coal Mine.