NiFe2O4基金属陶瓷的电导率

制备了铝电解用NiFe2O4基金属陶瓷惰性阳极,研究了环境温度及材料成分对电导率的影响.实验结果表明NiFe2O4基金属陶瓷的电导率主要受温度、陶瓷基体电导率、金属成分及金属相在陶瓷相中分散度的影响;当温度从573 K升至1 233 K时,NiFe2O4陶瓷的电导率由0.099 S/cm提高到2.105 S/em;与NiFe2O4陶瓷相比,金属陶瓷的电导率有极大的提高,但二者随温度的变化趋势是一致的;1 233 K时,金属含量为5%Ni,5%Cu和4.25%Cu+0.75%Ni的NiFe2O4基金属陶瓷的电导率分别为20.576 S/cm,14.970 S/cm和18.797 S/cm,用作铝电解惰性阳极已能满足要求,但与当前铝电解碳素阳极材料相比还存在很大距离.     

NiFe2O4基惰性阳极抗热震性的研究进展

综述了铝电解用NiFe2O4型惰性阳极材料抗热震性能的研究现状。简要的介绍了材料抗热震断裂的理论,评述了NiFe2O4基金属陶瓷抗热震性的有关研究情况,概述了NiFe2O4型惰性阳极今后的研究重点及发展方向。     

铝电解用NiFe2O4型金属陶瓷惰性阳极的研究进展

介绍了国内外铝电解用NiFe2O4型惰性阳极材料的研究与开发进展情况,指出了该材料具有耐熔盐腐蚀、抗氧化和电阻率低等优点的同时也存在抗热震性能差和电连接困难等缺陷.此外,简要阐述了NiFe2O4型惰性阳极的主要制备工艺.     

用化学共沉淀法制取NiFe2O4的工艺

探讨了用化学共沉淀法制备NiFe2O4陶瓷材料的工艺过程,研究了影响材料性质的各种因素,并对材料的结构成分进行了分析与鉴定.结果表明,采用氢氧化钠调节混合液的pH值、于1100℃煅烧4 h的工艺,可以制出合格的NiFe2O4陶瓷粉末.因此,用化学共沉淀法制备NiFe2O4惰性阳极用陶瓷粉末原料是可行的.     

阳极电流密度对NiFe2O4基惰性阳极 电解腐蚀行为的影响

本文采用两步烧结法制备铝电解用NiFe_2O_4基金属陶瓷惰性阳极,重点研究了不同阳极电流密度下惰性阳极材料的电解腐蚀行为.实验结果表明:阳极电流密度在0. 2～1. 2 A/cm^2之间时,槽电压相对稳定,波动幅度较小,表现出良好的稳定性;阳极电流密度在1. 4 A/cm^2时,槽电压波动较大.电解后阳极尺寸无明显变化,棱角分明,与电解液接触面平整,无开裂、肿胀以及表层剥离的现象.从微观形貌和微区面扫描成分分析可知,阳极腐蚀速率随电流密度的增加先降低后增加.阳极电流密度为0. 8 A/cm^2时阳极腐蚀速率最低,产品铝中主要Cu、Ni和Fe杂质元素总含量最低.     

铝电解过程中阳极气泡对槽电压波动的影响

铝电解过程中阳极底部产生气泡,气泡排放会引起电解槽的槽电压波动.本文采用透明槽进行铝电解实验,在阳极上施加恒定电流电解,电流密度为0.7 A/cm~2,观察气泡行为和气泡对槽电压影响,研究了水平阳极和阳极倾斜角为2°的条件下得到的气泡在阳极底部的形成长大过程,分析了气泡对槽电压的影响.结果表明:槽电压-时间曲线呈锯齿形状波动,每一个波动对应一个阳极气泡的形成周期.气泡刚逸出完时,槽电压最小,随着气泡的逐渐长大,槽电压逐渐增大,气泡将要逸出时达到最大.与水平阳极相比,阳极倾斜角为2°的条件下,气泡在阳极底面的停留时间变短了,电压-时间曲线也是呈锯齿形波动,气泡逸出的频率比水平阳极快,倾斜阳极气泡的周期平均为4 s,而水平阳极的气泡周期平均为9 s.     

5Cu/(NiFe2O4-10NiO)金属陶瓷惰性阳极低温电解腐蚀研究

采用等静压工艺来制备5Cu/(NiFe2O4-10NiO)金属陶瓷惰性阳极。通过电解后阳极的宏观形貌、微观形貌以及槽电压研究金属陶瓷惰性阳极的抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,电解后虽然阳极外观保持完好,但内部已存在金属相的腐蚀。     

低温电解质熔体中NiFe_2O_4基惰性阳极电解腐蚀初探

通过电解前后阳极的外观形貌、微观形貌及槽电压,研究不同槽型对电解腐蚀的影响,并以优化后的电解槽研究5Cu/(NiFe2O4-10NiO)金属陶瓷惰性阳极在Na3AlF6-K3AlF6-AlF3-Al2O3电解质中的电解腐蚀。结果表明:电解后阳极存在一定程度的腐蚀,且少量电解质已渗透到阳极中。     

NiFe2O4-NiO复合陶瓷的熔盐腐蚀行为

采用气氛烧结技术制备NiFe2O4-xNiO复合陶瓷材料(x为复合陶瓷中NiO的质量分数,％.x-0、5、10、17、25),并以该材料作阳极进行960℃的铝电解实验.分析烧结体的显微结构和物相组成以及电解试样的表层形貌与成分,研究NiO的添加对NiFe2O4陶瓷烧结性能和电解腐蚀性能的影响,并对该材料的烧结机制和熔盐腐蚀行为进行探讨.结果表明:氮气气氛下1 300℃烧结的NiFe2O4-NiO复合陶瓷存在NiO和NiFe2O4两种物相,NiO相含量高于理论值;NiFe2O4陶瓷的相对密度为98.54％,添加NiO后复合陶瓷材料的相对密度有所下降,但仍保持在95％以上;电解过程中阳极表面形成不含NiO相的致密保护层,阻止电解质熔盐的渗透;保护层厚50～80 μm,为含Al的尖晶石NiFe2O4相;随着NiO含量增加,阳极表面的致密层变得越发不平整.     

合成工艺对NiFe2O4基惰性阳极性能的影响

为得到制备NiFe2O4基惰性阳极的最佳条件,利用正交实验法确定合适的工艺条件.考虑了影响惰性阳极制品的4个主要因素,每个因数又设计3个水平,通过正交实验极差分析研究了各因素对制品气孔率的影响,并确定了影响因素的主次.实验结果表明:对烧结后试样气孔率影响最大的因素是烧结温度,其次是纳米粉含量,再次是成型压力,最后是烧结时间;添加合适量的纳米粉,提高烧结温度和保温时间,增大成型压力等都有利于降低样品的气孔率.最佳工艺条件为:纳米粉质量分数20%,成型压力200MPa,烧结温度     

5Cu/(10NiO-NiFe2O4)金属陶瓷惰性阳极钠钾混合电解质电解腐蚀研究

采用传统粉末冶金技术制备了铝电解用5Cu/(NiFe2O4-10NiO)金属陶瓷惰性阳极,对其在钠钾冰晶石混合冰晶石中进行电解腐蚀。研究结果表明,从微观来看,阳极存在腐蚀现象。电解过程的槽电压波动剧烈。Fe、Ni和Cu组元的平衡浓度分别为150×10-6、42×10-6及40×10-6,腐蚀速率比常规电解条件下的低。     

Corrosion of Zinc Ferrite Based Inert Anodes in AlF3-NaF-Al2O3 Melts Under Conditions of Anodic Polarization

ZnFe2O4-based inert anodes were made to conduct the aluminum electrolysis tests. The corrosion behaviors of the inert anodes were examined and discussed. Experiment results prove that: (1) ZnFe2O4-based inert anodes are good corrosion resistant to AlF3-NaF-Al2O3 melts under the conditions of anodic polarization; (2) High anodic current density(＞1.5 A·cm-2), high alumina concentration and low ratio of NaF/AlF3 in the molten salts will be the most important conditions for using inert anode.     

Experimental Study of the Morphology and Dynamics of Gas-Laden Layers Under the Anodes in an Air–Water Model of Aluminum Reduction Cells

The bubble layer formed under an anode and the bubble-induced flow play a significant role in the aluminum electrolysis process. The bubbles covering the anode bottom reduce the efficient surface that can carry current. In our experiments, we filmed and studied the bubble layer under the anode in a real-size air?Cwater electrolysis cell model. Three different flow regimes were found depending on the gas generation rate. The covering factor was found to be proportional to the gas generation rate and inversely proportional to the angle of inclination. A correlation between the average height of the entire bubble layer and the position under the anode was determined. From this correlation and the measured contact sizes, the volume of the accumulated gas was calculated. The sweeping effect of large bubbles was observed. Moreover, the small bubbles under the inner edge of the anode were observed to move backward as a result of the escape of huge gas pockets, which means large momentum transport occurs in the bath.     

Investigation of Anodic Gas Film Behavior in Hall–Heroult Cell Using Low Temperature Electrolyte

A novel one-fourth scale low temperature electrolytic model of the Hall–Heroult cell was constructed to investigate the electrolytic bubble formation, coalescence, and movement under the horizontal anode surface. The principles of geometric and dynamic similarities were applied in developing this model electrolytic cell for the first time. A 0.28 M aqueous CuSO₄ + 20 pct H₂SO₄ solution was used as the electrolyte. Analogous to the Hall–Heroult cell, copper (Cu) was deposited at the cathode and oxygen (O₂) bubbles were generated underneath the anode. The bubble generation mechanism, development, coalescence, and detachment underneath the anode were observed using a high speed camera. It was found that electrolytic bubbles were generated uniformly under the entire anode surface and grew through gas diffusion and coalescence. With increasing current density (CD) and anode inclination angle to the horizontal, bubble velocity increased underneath the anode surface. Moreover, the bubble layer thickness and bubble sizes decreased with an increase in anode inclination angle. Bubble coverage under the anode also decreased with increasing anode inclination angle, but was found to be insensitive to the change in CD. Finally, the calculated bubble resistance was found to decrease with increasing anode angle.     

Morphology of Two-Phase Layers with Large Bubbles

The understanding of formation and movement of bubbles nucleated during aluminum reduction is essential for a good control of the electrolysis process. In our experiments, we filmed and studied the formation of a bubble layer under the anode in a real-size air–water electrolysis cell model. The maximum height of the bubbles was found to be up to 2 cm because of the presence of the so-called Fortin bubbles. Also, the mean height of the bubble layer was found to be much higher than published previously. The Fortin bubbles were investigated more closely, and their shape was found to be induced by a gravity wave formed at the gas–liquid interface. In addition, large bubbles were always observed to break up into smaller parts right before escaping from under the anode. This breakup and escape led to a large momentum transfer in the bath.     

还原性气体阳极在铝电解中应用的研究进展

介绍了还原性气体阳极相对于炭阳极和惰性阳极的优势,系统梳理了气体阳极用于金属电解的发展过程。结合近年该技术的研究进展,介绍了气体阳极能用于铝电解需要解决的三个关键技术问题,即多孔电极的制备及性能、氟化氢等有害副产物的抑制和气体阳极反应持续性及效率问题,并提出了可能的解决方案。     

烧结温度对NiFe2O4/TiN复合陶瓷惰性阳极材料性能的影响

采用两步烧结法制备了掺杂质量分数为7%TiN的NiFe₂O₄/TiN复合陶瓷惰性阳极材料,重点研究了烧结温度对NiFe₂O₄/TiN复合陶瓷惰性阳极材料的微观结构及性能的影响.研究结果表明:随着烧结温度的升高,惰性阳极材料的晶粒间隙变小,气孔逐渐减少,晶粒间结合度提高,体积密度呈先升高后降低趋势,在1325℃时达到最大值5.20g/cm³,但材料内部存在微裂纹;烧结温度为1300℃时,材料表现出较好的综合性能,抗弯强度达到最大值66.77MPa,一次热震强度剩余率为95.54%,表现出良好的耐高温冰晶石熔盐腐蚀能力;烧结温度超过1300℃时,材料内部缺陷尺寸增加,电解质成分更容易渗入到阳极材料中,耐腐蚀性能下降.