水环境中常见的雌激素之一--双酚A

对双酚A的主要危害、测定方法及在环境水体中的生物降解特性进行了介绍，指出了开展水源水和饮用水中双酚A研究的重要性。     

城市污水处理过程中壬基酚的迁移转化途径研究

采用GC—Ms法对北京市某污水处理厂各处理单元的壬基酚（NP）分布状况进行了检测，探讨了城市污水处理过程中壬基酚的迁移转化途径。结果表明，城市污水处理厂进水NP平均浓度为19．26μg／L，出水NP平均浓度为4．57μg／L。由于泥区回流液中NP浓度较高，导致NP浓度随水处理流程有先升高后降低的趋势，沉砂池出水NP浓度最高，为进水浓度的1．5倍。在污水处理流程中，除原水外，泥区回流液是NP的一个重要来源；NP的迁出与去除途径包括：初沉池生污泥和二沉池活性污泥的吸附作用，曝气池内的生物降解作用以及随处理出水的排放。     

饮用水消毒过程中典型内分泌干扰物的迁移转化

总结了壬基酚、双酚A、阿特拉津、多氯联苯和雌激素等典型内分泌干扰物（EDCs）在饮用水消毒过程中的去除效果以及副产物的生成情况，分析了由此引起的内分泌干扰作用及其毒性变化。典型EDCs母体在消毒过程中均有一定程度的降解，并以多种途径生成了不同的消毒副产物，依母体结构和消毒方式的不同，最后表现的毒性会有不同程度的改变，其中双酚A消毒后的产物毒性将大大增加。因此研究饮用水中EDCs在消毒工艺中的降解特性和物质迁移变化，对指导饮用水消毒的运行和管理具有重要意义。     

硝化-膜生物反应器去除双酚A的机理分析

采用硝化-膜生物反应器处理含双酚A(BPA)废水,考察了在自养硝化污泥驯化期间反应器中NH+4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N浓度的变化以及对低浓度BPA的去除效果,讨论了吸附和生物降解对去除BPA的贡献。在污泥负荷为0.032~0.055 gBPA/(kgSS·d)、进水氨氮浓度为100~350 mg/L时,硝化污泥对BPA的去除率可达70%以上,对氨氮的去除率90%。硝化污泥吸附去除的BPA量占总去除量的25%以下,并随着进水BPA浓度的增加而减小。经过驯化后,反应器可以在去除较高浓度氨氮的同时降解一定浓度的BPA。当污泥负荷0.055 gBPA/(kgSS·d)时,低浓度BPA的加入对硝化-膜生物反应器去除常规污染物能力的影响较小。     

双酚A废水处理系统中污泥的有机毒性特性研究

以处理双酚A(BPA)模拟废水的活性污泥系统为研究对象,经BPA初始浓度为2.5mg/L的模拟废水驯化后,考察在不同BPA初始浓度(5、7.5、20和40 mg/L)下出水COD浓度及水相与泥相不同分区中BPA含量及毒性的变化趋势。结果表明,在降解BPA的过程中,污泥外层EPS区域(占泥相的22.27%)无BPA及毒性的显著积累;在驯化与运行过程中,污泥内层EPS和胞内区域无BPA残留,但毒性不断积累,分析认为是在活性污泥降解BPA的过程中,毒性降解产物或BPA诱导微生物细胞分泌的毒性物质滞留在该区域所致。     

南宁某污水厂各处理单元中典型EDCs的分布

采用固相萃取前处理技术和高效液相色谱分析方法,研究了典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)在南宁某城市污水处理厂各处理单元中的分布状况,并对各单元的处理情况进行了分析.结果表明:进水中双酚A(BPA)、雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)和雌三醇(E3)的平均浓度分别为2.86、10.32、4.62和1.78 μg/L,出水平均浓度分别为0.87、2.65、2.45和0.53 μg/L,进、出水浓度均偏高,具有一定的环境风险.E1和BPA主要在氧化沟工艺中被去除,E2主要在沉淀池中被去除,而E3主要在沉砂池和氧化沟中被去除.     

双酚A、合成树脂生产废水处理工程的改造

进行了双酚A，合成树脂生产废水处理工程的设计改造和调试，针对调试过程中出现的问题提出了整改方案。废水经物化－厌氧－二级表曝－塔滤处理后可达标排放。此外，采取有效措施解决了老化树脂堵塞，表曝池污泥膨胀与瀑泥等问题。     

类固醇雌激素在生活污水处理中的去除过程

介绍了类固醇雌激素的去除机理及其在污水处理过程中的变化.研究表明:雌酮(E1)、17β-雌二醇(E2)和17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)是生活污水中对生态环境和人类健康最具潜在影响的3种雌情化物质,雌激素通过吸附作用可从水相转移至固相活性污泥中,这也是生物降解的首要步骤;而生物降解则是污水处理过程中雌激素的雌情活力被去除的主要途径且遵循一级反应模式.雌激素的去除率随着污水处理程度的增加而提高,二级污水厂出水中总雌激素浓度普遍高于雌情阈值浓度(1 ng/L),因此二级处理后增加深度处理工艺是保证出水水质的有效手段.     

Fenton试剂降解内分泌干扰物双酚A的研究

采用单独Fe<'2+>、单独H<,2>O<,2>和单独Fenton试剂去除水中内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA),考察了Fe<2+>与H<,2>O<,2>的投加量、pH值以及BPA初始浓度对BPA降解效果的影响.研究表明,单独Fe<'2+>和单独H<,2>O<,2>都不能有效去除BPA,而Fe<'2+>与H<,2>O<,2>联用后生成的Fenton试剂对BPA具有良好的去除效果.在BPA初始浓度为5 mg/L、Fe<'2+>投加量为5.6 mg/L(以FeSO<,4>·7H<,2>O计)、H<,2>O<,2>投量为7 mg/L、pH值为3.94的条件下,反应30 min后对BPA的去除率高达99.12%.在低投加量范围内,随着Fe<'2+>和H<,2>O<,2>投量的增加,对BPA的去除率迅速提高,当其投量提高到一定水平后则去除率不再提高.pH值对BPA的降解影响显著,当pH值为3.94时对BPA的去除率最高.BPA初始浓度对其降解效果几乎没有影响.     

重金属迁移转化规律研究

通过对阜阳污水处理厂的进水、曝气沉砂池、出水分析检测,研究CASS工艺对城市污水中重金属的去除效果,得出了重金属的迁移转化规律,为进一步提高CASS工艺的污水处理效果提供了科学依据。     

Oxidation of bisphenol A by ozone in aqueous solution

Based on the literature data, an efficient removal of bisphenol A (BPA) during ozonation can be expected under water treatment conditions. However, up to now, the degradation products have not been identified. This has been the main point of this study. Aqueous solutions of BPA have been analyzed by LC-UV, LC-MS or MS/MS at different ozone doses. Under our experimental conditions, up to five major transformation products were evidenced. According to UV, MS and MS/MS spectra characteristics, chemical structures are consistent with catechol, orthoquinone, muconic acid derivatives of BPA, benzoquinone and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol. Moreover, three additional minor transformation products have been observed for which chemical structures have been tentatively proposed. In the case of major transformation products, the reaction pathway may involve an initial ozone reaction by electrophilic substitution or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. In the presence of ozone, these primary transformation products were shown to be unstable. Further transformation products, with smaller molecular weight and more polar character such as aliphatic acids or aldehydes, are then expected during ozonation. The identification of minor transformation products was more complex to assess. However, oligomeric structures have been evidenced, certainly arising from secondary reaction between various oxidation products of BPA. The formation of these latter products would not be favored under water treatment conditions.     

Environmental fate and toxicity of ionic liquids: A review

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with low melting point that are being considered as green replacements for industrial volatile organic compounds. The reputation of these solvents as “environmental friendly” chemicals is based primarily on their negligible vapor pressure. Nonetheless, the solubility of ILs in water and a number of literature documenting toxicity of ILs to aquatic organisms highlight a real cause for concern. The knowledge of ILs behavior in the terrestrial environment, which includes microbial degradation, sorption and desorption, is equally important since both soil and aquatic milieu are possible recipients of IL contamination. This article reviews the achievements and current status of environmental risk assessment of ILs, and hopefully provides insights into this research frontier.     

A review of phytoestrogens: Their occurrence and fate in the environment

Phytoestrogens are plant compounds with estrogenic activities. Many edible plants, some of which are common in the human diet, are rich in phytoestrogens. Almost all phytoestrogens eaten daily by people were reported partly recovered in urine or feces, which can be regarded as one of the main sources of their occurrence in municipal wastewaters. As they may act as one part of the endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water systems, some phytoestrogens have been monitored and detected in wastewater and other various environments. It is very difficult to monitor numerous unknown EDCs in complex wastewater samples, and it is helpful if some estimation of target EDCs can be done before monitoring. With this in mind, this review will: (1) summarize estrogenic activities or estrogenic potencies of phytoestrogens by different bioassays; (2) summarize daily urinary excretion rates of phytoestrogens by humans, and compare their urinary excretion rates to that of estrone, which suggests that most phytoestrogens may occur in municipal wastewaters; (3) collect and summarize published data on the occurrence and fate of phytoestrogens in various environments.     

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A by green synthesized CuO decorated nickel hexacyanoferrate nanocomposite

Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical additive in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is suspected to be an endocrine-disrupter. Extensive use and irregular treating methods have led to frequent detection of BPA in wastewater, raising demand for their removal by efficient nanomaterials-based technique. Nanocomposite CuO@NiHCF was synthesized via green method using Citrus aurantium peel extract. Crystalline structure (particle size <50 nm) of CuO@NiHCF was analysed by microscopic and spectroscopic analysis. This nanocomposite showed 97% degradation of BPA (50 mg L⁻¹) at neutral pH in sunlight. Moreover, improved particle stability (zeta potential: −56.2 mV; 2.0 eV) and high surface area, pore volume (81 m²g⁻¹, 13.9 nm) resulted from synergism of NiHCF (−26.3 mV; 2.4 eV), and CuO (−11.5 mV; 1.9 eV) led to efficient photodegradation of BPA. Degradation of BPA was found photo-adsorptive. Moreover, degradation was carried out by OH radicals based with ring-opening mechanisms by GC–MS. High efficiency and sustainability of CuO@NiHCF were revealed by its multiple reusability (n = 10), leading to a promising and sustainable photocatalyst.     

水中内分泌干扰物的生物筛检及其毒性变化

对内分泌干扰物的筛检和评价方法及其毒性在水处理过程中的变化进行了综述。研究表明：活体法评价结果可靠性高，但较费时、费力，而离体法可以快速通量筛检评价内分泌干扰物的活性，但需活体法验证；常规污水和饮用水处理工艺对水中的内分泌干扰物有一定的去除效果，但是还远远不能满足要求，并可能产生毒性更大的产物。     

A review of the environmental corrosion, fate and bioavailability of munitions grade depleted uranium

Depleted uranium (DU) is a by-product of nuclear fuel enrichment and is used in antitank penetrators due to its high density, self-sharpening, and pyrophoric properties. Military activities have left a legacy of DU waste in terrestrial and marine environments, and there have been only limited attempts to clean up affected environments. Ten years ago, very little information was available on the dispersion of DU as penetrators hit their targets or the fate of DU penetrators left behind in environmental systems. However, the marked increase in research since then has improved our knowledge of the environmental impact of firing DU and the factors that control the corrosion of DU and its subsequent migration through the environment. In this paper, the literature is reviewed and consolidated to provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the environmental behaviour of DU and to highlight areas that need further consideration.     

Endosulfan, a global pesticide: A review of its fate in the environment and occurrence in the Arctic

This review investigates the fate and behaviour of endosulfan, a current-use organochlorine pesticide, in temperate environments and the Arctic. Usage data and patterns, physical-chemical properties, environmental partitioning and degradation, environmental levels, global distribution and temporal trends are evaluated and discussed in the context of criteria that designate a substance as a persistent organic pollutant. Endosulfan is one of the most abundant OC pesticides in the global atmosphere and is capable of undergoing long range transport to remote locations such as the Arctic. Degradation of the two isomers, α- and β-endosulfan, does occur in temperate/tropical soil and aquatic systems, both by abiotic and biotic processes, although this is highly dependent on the prevailing environmental conditions. Endosulfan sulfate is the major metabolite and this recalcitrant compound has been detected in air and is present in remote mountain lake sediments, although in comparison to α-endosulfan, data for this compound in the wider environment are lacking.Temporal trends from ice/snow cores as well as mountain lake sediments reveal a marked increase in endosulfan accumulation from the 1980s onwards. Furthermore, unlike other ‘legacy’ OC pesticides, levels of α-endosulfan do not show a decline in atmospheric monitoring data, reflecting ongoing use of this pesticide in the northern hemisphere. Endosulfan is present at low concentrations (relative to the pesticide, lindane) in surface Arctic Ocean waters, with the atmosphere likely to be the major contemporary source. Residues of endosulfan have been detected in marine biota for different geographical regions of the Arctic, with higher bioaccumulation factors (> 10³-10⁷) for zooplankton and various species of fish, compared to studies in warmer/temperate systems. Endosulfan is present in marine mammals, although there is uncertainty in the various Arctic biota datasets due to differences in analytical techniques. For some biota, biomagnification factors for α-endosulfan are > 1, notably from fish to seal, although there is a wide variability in values between the same species for different regions of the Arctic. There is little if any evidence of trophic magnification of α-endosulfan in well-defined marine foodwebs, with some evidence of bio-dilution at higher trophic levels, presumably due to increased metabolism.Endosulfan does fulfil several of the criteria under the UNEP Stockholm Convention for designation as a persistent organic pollutant. The α- and β-isomer have similar physical-chemical properties and environmental behaviour to some of the obsolete organochlorine pesticides, although an assessment of their persistence and toxicity should be viewed alongside endosulfan sulfate, as ‘Σendosulfan’. Persistence of ‘Σendosulfan’ coupled to ongoing use of endosulfan pesticides, will ensure continued long-range transport and contamination of remote environments.     

固相萃取气质联用测定水中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质

采用固相萃取预处理和气质联用对5种典型邻苯二甲酸酯类物质（PAEs）进行了测定，针对影响固相萃取的主要因素进行了正交试验，得到了最佳萃取条件（洗脱剂为二氯甲烷，洗脱速率为2．0mL／min，洗脱体积为4mL，水样流速为5mL／min），并确定了5种PAEs的线性范围、线性相关性及最低检出限。该检测方法线性相关性较好，精度高，准确性好，适于水中痕量PAEs的测定。     

Occurrence, fate and removal of synthetic oral contraceptives (SOCs) in the natural environment: a review

Synthetic oral contraceptives (SOCs) are a group of compounds with progestagenic and/or androgenic activities, with some also possessing estrogenic activities. Recent research has documented that some of these emerging contaminants have adverse effects on aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. To facilitate the evaluation of their latent risks, published works on their occurrence and fate in the environment are reviewed. Androgenic/progestagenic relative potencies or relative binding affinity of these SOCs as well as their physicochemical properties and toxicity are summarized. Appropriate analytical methods are outlined for various environmental sample types, including methods of sample preparation and limit of detection/quantification (LOD/LOQ). Finally results on their occurrence and fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and other environments are critically examined.     

The environmental fate and ecological impact of organosilicon materials: a review

In order to assess reliably and safely the potential threats posed by the environmental presence of any class of materials, one must carefully consider a number of key parameters. In addition to chemical reactivity, one must consider a material's physical properties such as vapor pressure, density, water solubility, lipid solubility, and often most importantly, the molecular weight. These factors define how and where the substance is likely to be distributed in the environment and what, if any, undesirable ecological consequences are to be anticipated. It is particularly important to realize that a material does not represent an ecological threat simply because it is toxic or persistent, or lipid soluble, or bioconcentratable. Hazard is proportional to the exposure intensity which is defined by the parameters of time and concentration. Therefore, only those materials which are toxic and persistent and bioconcentratable are likely to manifest undesirable ecological consequences. Based on extensive toxicological and environmental fate studies, commercially important organosilicon materials do not appear to present any ecologically significant threat. Recurrent suggestions that methylsiloxanes might produce methylmercury species under aquatic conditions are also discussed and shown to be highly improbable.