XML函数依赖的定义及分析

函数依赖是XML数据约束研究的重要组成部分.针对XML中存在的复杂的多种形式的函数依赖约束,分析了数据约束的特点,引入节点值相等的概念,提出了一种DTD的路径语言,进而提出了一种新的XML函数依赖(XFD)的定义,包括相对XFD和绝对XFD.其中,绝对键和相对键是XFD的特例.研究了XFD的逻辑蕴涵与闭包问题,给出一组相应的推理规则,并证明了推理规则的正确性及完备性.     

一个基于粗糙集的XML函数依赖发现算法

数据依赖是数据库的一个重要概念。函数依赖是一种常见的数据依赖关系,是数据语义的重要组成部分。随着XML文档的大量出现,这一概念被引入到XML的领域中。本文在约束限制范围的基础上,给出了XML函数依赖的定义。引入粗糙集解决XML数据不完整的特点,给出XML函数依赖的判定定理。并且提出了一个发现XML文档中最小非平凡函数依赖的算法。该算法基于一致集的概念,通过不可分辨关系划分元组集减少求一致集的运算次数,使用逐层求精的算法来计算最小非平凡XML函数依赖集的左部。通过该算法得到的XML函数依赖的语义信息对数据存储模式设计、查询优化和更新异常检查来说是十分重要的。     

基于常量条件函数依赖的冲突消解算法

目前绝大部分冲突消解方法都是基于迭代计算数据源可靠度和事实可信度的机制。当数据源较少时,数据源的可靠度难于进行评估,仅凭投票来消解冲突往往会造成较大误差。针对数据源较少时的冲突消解问题,提出基于常量条件函数依赖的冲突消解算法。根据多个数据源之间的冲突,找出冲突匹配对及对应的冲突候选值集合。考虑常量条件函数依赖中具体到部分实例子集的约束关系,将常量条件函数依赖集作为先验知识,通过判断候选值是否符合常量条件函数依赖来选择正确的候选值,避免了错误数据比例较大时直接投票选择产生的误差。通过两个真实数据集上的对比实验验证了上述算法的有效性。     

基于水利普查数据的函数依赖关系算法

条件函数依赖(Conditional Functional Dependencies,CFDs)在数据库一致性的检测上应用广泛。为检测水利普查数据的一致性,本文针对水利普查数据特点,将普查数据分为度量、维度2部分,并对度量数据进行聚类,引入条件函数依赖的概念,同时重新定义条件函数依赖,改进发现条件函数依赖的算法(即CTANE算法);以水库工程数据为例,验证本文改进的算法能准确高效地发现水利普查数据中的条件函数依赖,为检测数据一致性做好准备。     

XML上的函数依赖推理

函数依赖是数据语义的重要组成部分,这一概念被引入到XML的领域中.基于DTD,XML的树模型和路径表达式,对节点的值相等和路径节点集作了定义.在此基础上,研究了XML中函数依赖、逻辑蕴涵和路径闭包的概念,证明了函数依赖在给定DTD上的可满足性.提出了一个XML上函数依赖的正确和完备的推理规则集,并给出了一个用于计算路径闭包的算法.     

基于函数依赖的XML冗余检测算法

XML保持语义下的冗余检测问题对于防止XML文档的更新异常和减少XML冗余信息的存储具有很大意义,是XML规范化理论的关键问题之一。对XML schema、树元组、XML键、XML范式等进行研究,定义基于schema的XML函数依赖形式化模型,并基于该定义模型设计一种新的XAP算法,可有效发现XML文档中的函数依赖和冗余,并对算法的复杂性进行分析。     

条件函数依赖及其在领域无关数据清洗中的应用

条件函数依赖(Conditional Functional Dependeny,CFD)是对函数依赖(Functional Depencency,FD)加入语义约束扩展而来,它在数据库一致性检测、数据清洗方面更优于后者.讨论了条件函数依赖的相关概念及其基本性质,讨论如何将它应用于数据清洗,并对已提出的基于CFD的数据清洗方案提出改进措施,并通过实验说明改进措施的可行性.     

分布式大数据函数依赖发现

在关系数据库中,函数依赖发现是一种十分重要的数据库分析技术,在知识发现、数据库语义分析、数据质量评估以及数据库设计等领域有着广泛的应用.现有的函数依赖发现算法主要针对集中式数据,通常仅适用于数据规模比较小的情况.在大数据背景下,分布式环境函数依赖发现更富有挑战性.提出了一种分布式环境下大数据的函数依赖发现算法,其基本思想是首先在各个节点利用本地数据并行进行函数依赖发现,基于以上发现的结果对函数依赖候选集进行剪枝,然后进一步利用函数依赖的左部(left hand side,LHS)的特征,对函数依赖候选集进行分组,针对每一组候选函数依赖并行执行分布式环境发现算法,最终得到所有函数依赖.对不同分组情况下所能检测的候选函数依赖数量进行了分析,在算法的执行过程中,综合考虑了数据迁移量和负载均衡的问题.在真实的大数据集上的实验表明,提出的检测算法在检测效率方面与已有方法相比有明显的提升.     

判定粗糙XML函数依赖的一种算法

为了刻画和处理不确定XML数据,利用粒计算方法研究粗糙XML树信息系统中粗糙XML函数依赖的判定问题。基于粗糙集给出粗糙XML树信息系统的上近似、下近似的定义,借助粗糙相似关系进一步给出粗糙XML函数依赖;分析如何利用位模式表示粗糙XML树信息系统中的信息值;提出粗糙XML树信息系统中路径间的依赖关系的判定算法,并对算法的时间复杂性进行了分析。实例分析表明,信息值采用位模式时,数据格式更接近机器的内部表示,该方法可以快速判定粗糙XML函数依赖,算法的运算效率与速度也得到了提高。     

基于路径表达式的XML第四范式及无冗余性判定

随着XML应用越来越广泛,为避免冗余,XML模式设计也变成了越来越受关注的问题,因此XML规范化理论是一个重要的研究领域.类似于关系数据库,本文从数据库角度出发,以消除数据冗余为目的,研究DTD中以路径表达式为基础的基本定义;因函数依赖和多值依赖是数据语义的重要组成部分,将其引入到XML领域中,形式化定义了XML的函数依赖和多值依赖;基于XML树、函数依赖和多值依赖概念,给出了键、冗余的描述,进而在XML函数依赖和多值依赖并存情况下,提出了满足XML第四范式的条件;给出了满足XML第四范式条件的XML文档树无冗余的判定定理,并通过具体实例及实验证明了XML第四范式的有效性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。