不同含水率粘土在不同试验条件下的应力-应变特性

采用单轴固结试验和三轴剪切试验对饱和、湿润、风干以及烘干的藤森粘土进行了应力-应变特性研究。在试验过程中,进行了不同轴向应力水平下的恒应变率加载试验、蠕变试验以及卸载与重复加载试验。局部变形测量传感器(LDT)被用于三轴剪切试验中的轴向变形测量以提高小应变测量的精度。试验结果表明,不同含水率与饱和度的藤森粘土在单轴固结试验与三轴剪切试验条件下都表现出明显的粘塑性。它们的加载速率效应、蠕变效应都相似;而且在蠕变结束后的一小段邻域内藤森粘土的强度有明显的提高。笔者提出用参数β来描述藤森粘土的粘性。对试验结果的计算分析表明,在单轴和三轴试验条件下不同含水率与饱和度的藤森粘土的β值介于0.034到0.064之间;而且,含水率高的藤森粘土的β值大于含水率低的藤森粘土的β值,单轴试验条件下的β值大于三轴试验条件下的β值。     

描述粘土粘塑性的新参数

研究了2种粘土的未扰动上试样和对应的重塑土试样在三轴试验条件下的粘塑性和1种粘土重塑土试样在三轴与单轴试验条件下的粘塑性。试验过程中，不同的加载阶段采用不同的恒定应变率。试验结果表明，3种粘土都表现出很明显的粘塑性。对试验结果的分析发现，粘土的粘塑性可以用一个新的粘塑性参数β来描述。粘土粘塑性越大，β值也越大。试验结果还表明，对于同一种粘土，未扰动土的β值要比重塑土的小；三轴试验条件下得到的β值要比单轴试验条件下得到的小。     

土的弹粘塑性关系

本文根据土的室内蠕变试验提出了一项分析土的弹粘塑性应力-应变关系的方法。对武汉粘土、上海粘土及郑州黄土的单剪蠕变试验进行了分析研究。分析结果表明,三种土类的弹粘塑性应力-应变关系具有一定的规律性,本文给出了线性及双曲线函数数学表达式;三种土类都具有明显的屈服剪应力,当土的剪应力小于屈服剪应力时,三种土类的剪切特性表现为线性粘弹性,而当土的应力大于屈服应力时则表现为粘塑性。文内还给出了确定极限剪应力的分析方法,并与实测结果进行了对比。     

软岩的应变速率效应研究

对硅藻质软岩试样进行了不同围压和不同加载速率的应变和应力控制式固结不排水三轴试验,试验结果表明,硅藻质软岩具有明显的应变速率效应,加载速率对软岩的强度变形特性有较大的影响。在试验研究的基础上,应用三维弹粘塑性模型,考虑硅藻质软岩的应力–应变关系的时间依存性,模拟了软岩的应变速率效应。数值分析中所采用的参数均由试验确定,对不同应变速率下固结不排水试验的应力–应变关系和有效应力路径的数值计算结果,反映出不同应变速率下软岩的峰值强度和残留强度均随着应变速率的增大而不断提高,与试验结果相吻合;计算结果还反映出与试验结果一致的孔隙水压力变化和应变软化趋势。通过对比分析表明,三维弹粘塑性模型可以较好地描述软岩的应变速率效应。     

原状与重塑人工冻结粘土抗压强度特征 对比试验研究*

 在相同试验条件下分别对原状和重塑人工冻结粘土进行了单轴无侧限抗压试验。试验结果表明：原状与重塑冻结粘土的破坏特征不同，原状冻结粘土表现为脆性破坏特征，而重塑冻结粘土表现为塑性破坏特征。原状冻结粘土的抗压强度略低于重塑冻结粘土的抗压强度，而前者的弹性模量略高于后者。原状冻结粘土的破坏应变则明显小于重塑冻结粘土的破坏应变。     

应变速率对粘土不排水抗剪强度的影响

由于流变特性的影响，饱和粘土的不排水抗剪强度与加载速率有关。应变速率对粘土不排水抗剪强度的影响程度通常采用应变率参数（应变速率增长10倍下不排水抗剪强度的增长率）来反映。国外大量的试验结果表明这个参数为8％～20％，而大部分在12％左右，并且超固结比、固结状态、试验类型对应变率参数P的影响并不明显。介绍了一个用来研究应变率参数P的各向异性弹粘塑性本构模型，在这个本构模型的基础上推导得出了应变率参数P的理论表达式。实际上，只要是采用滞后变形理论构建的流变本构模型，都可以推导得出这个公式。这个公式从理论上证明了应变率参数与固结状态、试验类型的无关性。众多试验结果表明，对于大多数粘土，压缩指数与次压缩指数的比值大都为0．03～0．05，代入公式中ρ的计算结果为7．2％～12．2％。试验中所得到的高达20％的数值与灵敏性土在结构破损明显阶段所具有较高的压缩指数与次压缩指数的比值有关。计算结果与一些试验结果的对比表明了这个表达式的可靠性。     

加载速率变化条件下砂土的黏塑特性及本构模型

 分析并研究饱和的、风干的砂土在平面应变压缩试验条件下的弹黏塑性特征,尤其是黏性特性。加载速率效应、蠕变以及应力松弛都是砂土材料本身黏性的反映,而与超孔隙水压力的消散无关。试验不仅实现了应变率逐步变化加载过程,同时也实现了蠕变加载和应力松弛过程。试验结果表明,在加载应变率发生突变时,对砂土应力–应变关系有明显的影响,呈现出刚性很高、近似于弹性的特性,而后随着应变的进一步增加,在明显屈服之后黏性应力逐渐衰减至基本惟一的应力–应变曲线。类似现象同样也发生在蠕变加载或应力松弛后以一恒定应变率突然重新加载的情况。基于非线性三要素模型框架,针对所观察到的砂土黏性特性,提出一种弹黏塑性本构模型。该模型可以描述砂土在任意加载历史下的黏性效应,包括加载应变率发生任意变化时的应力–应变响应、蠕变以及应力松弛。最后,利用该模型对上述砂土平面应变压缩试验结果进行模拟,所提案的三要素弹黏塑性本构模型能够很好地模拟砂土的黏性特性。     

加载和卸围压条件下岩石力学特性的对比研究

为了研究岩石在加载和卸围压试验条件下的岩石力学特性,采用TAW-2000微机控制岩石伺服压力试验机,通过三轴加载和固定轴向应变卸围压的试验方法对辉绿岩进行了试验研究,分析了岩石在加载和卸围压条件下的岩石力学特性.并引入由Hoek-Brown屈服准则定义的主应力包络线切线,计算岩石峰值强度和残余强度时的粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ,获得了岩石在加载和卸围压条件下的岩石力学参数的变化特征.结果表明:在卸围压试验条件下,岩石在屈服破坏后,同样具有应变软化特性和破裂膨胀特性,但由于在卸围压条件下应变能的释放,岩石力学特性受围压的影响表现得更为突出.通过对加载和卸围压试验条件下的岩石力学参数进行比较分析,得到了岩石力学参数c、φ随围压的变化的规律.研究成果可为地下工程开挖过程中围岩受力变形特性研究提供参考.     

干燥与饱水状态下炭质板岩蠕变特性研究

采用分级增量循环加卸载方式,对兰渝铁路木寨岭二期隧道炭质板岩进行干燥与饱水状态下的蠕变试验。结果表明:无论干燥状态还是饱水状态,在各种应力水平作用下,岩石试件均产生了可恢复的瞬时弹性应变、不可恢复的瞬时塑性应变、可恢复的粘弹性应变以及不可恢复的粘塑性应变;水对岩石瞬时变形的影响主要表现在瞬时塑性应变方面,对瞬时弹性变形的影响不大;在蠕变变形方面,水对岩石黏弹性影响显著,对粘塑性应变的影响较小。根据岩石蠕变特点,选用Burgers模型描述炭质板岩流变特性,蠕变试验曲线与理论曲线吻合较好。     

粘性土的弹粘塑性本构方程及其应用

从常规试验成果出发，用弹粘塑性应力－应变－时间本构方程来描述粘性土的剪胀特性和时间效应。并采用Ｐｅｒｚｙｎａ的粘塑性方程，结合关联和不相关联流动法则，建立应力－应变－时间关系，对粘性土的有效应力路径特别是塑性区的剪胀特性和应力－应变关系的时间依存性进行了数值模拟计算，得出了与试验相近的结果。通过计算结果和试验结果的对比分析，探讨了该计算模型的合理性和可行性。     

A Simple Pneumatic Loading System Controlling Stress and Strain Rates for One-Dimensional Compression of Clay

A simple but automated pneumatic loading system that can control the stress and strain rates for one-dimensional (1D) compression of clay was developed. The rate-dependency of stress-strain behaviour due to the viscous property of clay was investigated by 1D compression tests on standard-size specimens by various loading methods: 1) Standard Consolidation Tests (SCTs), stepwise increasing the axial stress two times every one day; 2) ordinary Constant-Rate-of-Strain (CRS) tests at different strain rates; 3) special CRS tests including unloading and reloading cycles with different stress amplitudes at strain rates of which the absolute value was either kept constant throughout respective tests or changed at the start of reloading; and 4) special CRS tests including a number of sustained loading (SL) during otherwise primary loading or unloading or reloading at constant strain rate. Sufficiently low strain rates were employed to ensure essentially fully drained condition. The followings were found. Despite that the newly developed pneumatic loading system is rather simple, 1D compression tests following such various loading histories as above can be performed on four types of clay rather accurately. The stress-strain behaviour of clay is significantly rate-dependent, exhibiting significant creep strains at SL stages. The creep strain rate is significantly different whether SL starts during otherwise primary loading or unloading or reloading, controlled by the magnitude and sign of the initial strain rate at the start of SL. The whole observed trends of rate-dependent stress-strain behaviour can be qualitatively explained by the non-linear three-component elasto-viscoplastic model extended to cyclic loading conditions.     

平面应变加–卸载试验中砂土的黏性特征及本构模型化

 通过丰浦砂的平面应变循环加载试验,分析砂土在加–卸载条件下相应的黏性特征。试验比较不同加载应变速率下2组砂土的应力–应变响应,进行蠕变加载,着重研究卸载过程中砂土的黏性特征。试验表明砂土的黏性特征与加载速率以及应力水平密切相关,且加载速率变化所引起的砂土黏性会随着加载的继续和应变的增大而逐渐衰减。卸载开始后,砂土垂直应变并未立即降低,而在一段时间范围内仍旧保持增大趋势。卸载过程中的蠕变试验还表明砂土具有“蠕变恢复”的特性。针对砂土的以上黏性特征,基于三要素模型的基本框架,提出瞬时黏性效应(TESRA)模型用以模拟加载和卸载阶段砂土黏性特征。根据试验所得到的砂土应力–应变关系,对第一次加载循环(初始加载–卸载)的砂土应力–应变响应和时程响应进行模拟,并证明瞬时黏性效应(TESRA)模型能够比较精确地模拟砂土在加–卸载循环中的黏性特征。     

Effects of Particle Characteristics on the Viscous Properties of Granular Materials in Shear

The viscous properties of a wide variety of unbound granular materials (GMs) were evaluated by drained shear tests. The specimens were reconstituted ones that were loose or dense and air-dried or moist or saturated, of mostly natural sands and gravels, having different mean particle diameters, uniformity coefficients, fines contents, degrees of particle angularity and particle crushabilities. The tests were mostly triaxial compression (TC) tests and partly plane strain compression tests, both at fixed confining pressure, and direct shear tests at fixed normal pressure. The viscous properties of GMs were evaluated by stepwise changing the loading rate and performing sustained loading (SL) tests during otherwise monotonic loading (ML) at a constant loading rate. The viscous properties are characterised in terms of the rate-sensitivity coefficient (β), the viscosity type parameter (θ=β_r/β) and the decay parameter (r₁). Correlations among these parameters and effects of particle characteristics on these parameters are analysed. Creep strains are compared with residual strains by cyclic loading under otherwise the same TC conditions. As the particles become less angular, as the grading becomes more uniform and as the particles become less crushable, the viscosity type deviates more from the Isotach type (i.e., θ=1.0) changing toward the P & N type (i.e., θ<0) associated with a decrease in β and r₁, while creep strains by SL decreases and residual strains by many unload/reload cycles increases. It is shown that the loading rate effects observed in the experiments can be simulated well by the three-component model taking into account the effects of particle characteristics on the viscous property parameters.     

Creep and time-dependent damage in argillaceous rocks

This paper presents the results of laboratory tests on the time-dependent behaviour of three rocks characterized by a high proportion of clay particles. The viscosity of these sedimentary rocks was studied under different loading conditions in uniaxial compression: static or cyclic creep tests and quasistatic tests (low-loading strain rate) were performed across various orientations of fabric planes.The quasistatic tests showed similarities in the mechanical response of these three argillaceous rocks: a late phase of dilation and a linear development of volumetric deformation before the beginning of unstable crack propagation. The development of secondary and tertiary creep phases during the creep tests highlighted the existence of a deviatoric stress threshold, below which only primary creep is observed. Long-term creep tests also showed that the volumetric variation is not constant during the development of viscoplastic deformations.A microstructural analysis of thin sections extracted from specimens after the tests, gave evidence of cataclastic and granular creep. Damage to the argillaceous matrix occurs and no cracks were observed in the quartz and carbonate grains. This evidence was also demonstrated for tests with loading at a high strain rate.Finally, this study highlights the significant viscoplasticity of argillaceous rocks. The mechanical properties deteriorate rapidly when crack propagation becomes unstable and the viscoplastic strains seem to be due to clay particle slips, known as granular creep.     

饱水状态下隧道围岩蠕变力学性质的试验研究

含水状态是影响岩石蠕变力学性质的一个重要因素，隧道开挖后因渗流路径的增加将改变围岩的含水状态，且使围岩力学性质遇水弱化，以浙江省上三线高速公路任胡岭隧道工程勘探岩样为研究对象，通过干燥和饱水两种状态下岩石蠕变试验结果的对比，探讨了岩石蠕变受含水状态影响的规律性，并根据广义Kelvin模型求得了两种状态下岩石蠕变的模型参数，分析了模型参数变化的规律性。     

超固结度对超固结饱和黏土不排水蠕变特性的影响研究

以具有不同超固结度的重塑黏土试样为研究对象,在加载应力比等同于临界状态线斜率的应力条件下开展了一系列不排水蠕变试验,研究了超固结饱和黏土的蠕变特性。试验结果表明,对强超固结度黏土试样,随着蠕变时间的增加,孔压一直降低,并从正孔压降到负孔压。强超固结度试样的初始应力路径虽然都到达了正常固结土试验获得的临界状态线,但强超固结度的试样在蠕变阶段并不破坏。在蠕变初始阶段,对于不同强超固结度轴应变速率与对数蠕变时间的关系线是相互平行的直线。整个蠕变过程中,强超固结度试样都处于剪胀状态中,且超固结度越大,到达最大剪胀状态的蠕变时间越长。在相同的应力比下,超固结度是影响超固结试样不排水蠕变破坏与否的重要因素。     

Effects of wetting and ageing on 1D elasto-viscoplastic behaviour of cement-mixed clay and model simulation

The combined effects of wetting, the viscous property and ageing on the one-dimensional (1D) compression characteristics of kaolin were evaluated. Two series of special constant-rate-of-strain (CRS) 1D compression tests, with sustained loading at intermediate stages, were performed on kaolin with and without cement-mixing. Most of the air-dried specimens were made partially or fully saturated at intermediate stress levels. The effects of the degree of saturation, the wetting process period, the stress level at which wetting was made, the strain rate during loading and the over-consolidation history applied by compaction during the preparation of the specimens were evaluated. The effects of wetting, viscous property and ageing, observed in the experiments, were significant and complicated. A non-linear three-component elasto-viscoplastic model, that had been modified to take into account the effects of wetting, was further modified to account for the ageing effects. The effects of wetting and ageing were described by a decrease and an increase in the inviscid yield stress at a fixed irreversible strain in the plastic component. The viscous property changed from the basic type, Isotach to TESRA as the ageing effects due to cement-hydration developed. The stress–strain relations and the time histories of stress and strain, during complicated loading and wetting histories applied in the experiments, were successfully simulated by the modified model.     

Circumferential strain behavior during creep tests of brittle rocks

Creep tests were carried out on Inada granite under confining pressure and on dry and wet specimens of Kamisunagawa sandstone. Distinctive points Q_A (the point where the axial strain rate reaches a minimum), Q_C (the point where the magnitude of circumferential strain rate reaches a minimum) and R_C (the point where the magnitude of circumferential strain acceleration begins to increase) were defined. Dependency of the strain values at the distinctive points on creep stress, confining pressure and water presence was examined. Circumferential strain at Q_C or R_C was not affected by creep stress for both rocks. Peak load points were observed in reloading stress–strain curves when reloading was carried out before Q_C for Kamisunagawa sandstone. Circumferential strain values at peak load during reloading coincided with critical extensile strain, which is defined as circumferential strain value at peak load during constant strain rate tests and is insensitive to confining pressure, water presence, and anisotropy, although slightly affected by strain rate. Load increased slightly or did not increase when reloading was carried out after R_C for both rocks. R_C in creep tests scattered around unloading stress–strain curves from peak load during constant strain rate tests for Kamisunagawa sandstone. These observations suggest that Q_C and R_C in creep tests are closely related to the peak load points during constant strain rate tests. Circumferential strain would be used as a condition-insensitive damage indicator of rock in creep tests as well as in constant strain rate tests.