Automobile drivers’ willingness to pay for moving violation behaviour—Compared to motorcyclists

A triple-bounded dichotomous choice (TBDC) structure and Spike models are applied to investigate the amount of money Taiwan automobile drivers are willing to pay for five types of moving violations, including local street speeding, expressway and freeway speeding, red light running, right turn on red, and drink-driving. Face-to-face survey was conducted at freeway rest areas by targeting passenger car drivers. The Spike model, superior to other tradition models by capturing excessive zero responses, is applied and the estimated results show that speeders would accept willingness to pay (WTP) of US$37 and US$48,¹ respectively, for local roads and expressways and highways, while red-light runners would accept a WTP of US$44, drivers who turn right on red would accept a lower WTP of US$9, and drunk drivers will accept a WTP as high as US$597. Interestingly, the difference in WTP for drunk driving between drivers and motorcyclists is significant, while others are not.     

The amount of consolation compensation in road traffic accidents

This study aimed to investigate the amount of consolation compensation that road accident perpetrators were willing to pay victims. It used 2010 statistics for general road accidents from Taiwan's National Police Agency (NPA) for further sampling and to mail questionnaires. In investigating consolation compensation, the framework of the contingent valuation method was used, and the data were collected through the design of different scenarios. In this study, five injury levels were designed to further analyse the consolation compensation price the perpetrators were willing to pay: minor injury, moderate injury, serious injury, disability, and death. The results revealed the price that many perpetrators were willing to pay was zero; however, we overcame this issue by using the Spike model. The estimated results showed that road accident perpetrators were willing to pay more consolation compensation with increased injury severity.     

Willingness to pay for road safety and estimates of the risk of death: evidence from a Swedish contingent valuation study

We examine how WTP for a reduction in road-mortality risk varies with different individual characteristics and how subjective mortality-risk estimates differ from objective (statistical) mortality-risk values. Using data from a Swedish contingent valuation study, we find some support that WTP declines with age and background risk, but we find no support that WTP varies with health status. Further, we find that respondents underassess their own mortality risks, both road- and total-mortality risks, compared to the objective risk measures for Sweden at the time of the survey.     

The frequency and predictors of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists: A quantitative and qualitative study

Objective

This study examines the rate of helmet use and identifies barriers and facilitators of wearing helmets among Iranian motorcyclists. A mixed-method approach was used, including a structured seasonal survey with specific observations of a random sample of 6010 riders and qualitative methods that included 29 in-depth interviews and seven focus groups (n = 31).

Results

Only 10% of motorcyclists wear a standard helmet while riding. However, another 23% of motorcyclists used non-standard or partial helmets that covered only part of the head and do not prevent head trauma injuries effectively. We observed only 2 of 264 child passengers and 22 of 1951 adult passengers wearing helmets. Almost no one used protective pants or clothing made to be more visible in traffic. Themes emerged from qualitative interviews and were grouped into three main categories: (1) helmet characteristics; (2) social and cultural factors; and (3) personal and psychological factors.

Conclusion

Overall, the motorcyclists in our study believed that wearing a safety helmet protects them against serious injuries or death during a crash; however, only a small percentage of the motorcyclists used safety helmets. National intervention programs addressing motorcycle safety should aim to overcome barriers to and promote facilitators of helmet use, including providing inexpensive standard helmets, banning manufacturing/using unsafe partial or dummy helmets, as well as enforcing helmet use on a consistent basis.     

The relationship between highly-cited papers and the frequency of citations to other papers within-issue among three top information science journals

Scientometrics - This study investigates a potential relationship between highly-cited scholarly papers and the number of citations received by other papers with which they share a journal issue....     

The effect of alcohol, THC and their combination on perceived effects, willingness to drive and performance of driving and non-driving tasks

Background

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is one of the main causes of car accidents. Alcohol and marijuana are the most popular drugs among recreational users. Many classify these drugs as “Light” drugs and therefore allow themselves to drive after consuming them.

Objective

The study had two main objectives: 1) to investigate the effect of alcohol (BAC = 0.05%), THC (13 mg) and their combination on driving and non-driving tasks. 2) to investigate the extent to which people are willing to drive based on their subjective sensations and their perceived effects of the drugs.

Method

7 healthy men and 5 healthy women, ages 24-29, all recreational users of alcohol and marijuana, completed 5 experimental sessions. Sessions included: drinking and smoking placebo, drinking alcohol and smoking placebo, drinking placebo and smoking THC, drinking alcohol and smoking THC, drinking placebo and smoking placebo 24 hours after drinking alcohol and smoking THC. Three types of measures were used: subjective perceptions (with questionnaires), performance parameters of the driving and non-driving tasks (arithmetic task and a secondary target detection task) and physiological changes (heart rate).

Results

Overall, the combination of alcohol and THC had the most intense effect after intake. This effect was reflected in performance impairments observed in the driving and non-driving tasks, in the subjective sensations after intake, and in the physiological measures. Despite significant differences in the size of the effects after the various treatments, there were no differences in the distances subjects were willing to drive while under the influence on each of the treatments.     

Operating styles,working time and daily driving distance in relation to a taxi driver's speeding offenses in Taiwan

This study explored the determinant factors of taxi drivers’ speeding violations in Taiwan. Data were gathered from a nation wide survey and included 6923 professional taxi drivers in 2006. The results indicated that 96.6% were males and 92.5% had less than a college level education. Daily working hours were from 2.5 h to 15 h with a mean of 10.12 h. The data also indicated that taxi drivers worked approximately 27.35 days and only took 2.65 days rest per month. Of the observed taxi drivers, 25.6% reported at least one speeding violation in a one-year period. The results of a generalized linear model (GLM) revealed that the determinant factors associating with a taxi driver's speeding violation were not related to gender or educational level. However, age, job experience, operating styles, kilometers driven daily, driving late at night, and monthly off duty days were significantly associated with committing the speeding violations.     

网上购物扩展的计划行为模型的提出与验证

整合了以往的计划行为模型、技术接受模型、交易成本分析,提出了网上购物扩展的计划行为模型（ETPB）,并对该模型用结构方程进行了验证。结果发现,开放性人格通过网上购物行为控制正向影响网上购物意向,信任倾向分别通过网上购物交易成本、主观参照正向影响网上购物意向。对于大学生来说,开放性人格对网上购物意向有间接正向影响,而信任倾向、网上购物风险对网上购物意向没有显著的影响;对在职人员来说,信任倾向通过网上购物交易成本间接正向影响网上购物意向,网上购物风险对网上购物意向有直接正向影响,而开放性人格对网上购物意向不存在显著的间接影响。     

招聘公务员问题的优化模型与评述

本文针对2004年高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛的D题"招聘公务员"问题的评卷情况,首先概括地介绍了这个问题的背景、评卷要点、问题的解决方法和答卷中存在的问题。最后给出了解决这个问题的一个优化模型及求解结果。     

The bold and the fearless among us: Elevated psychopathic traits and levels of anxiety and fear are associated with specific aberrant driving behaviors

In spite of the well-documented connection between personality traits like impulsivity, sensation seeking and fearlessness with aberrant driving behaviors, scarce research exists to examine the association between risky and aggressive driving and psychopathic characteristics, which encompass the above traits. The present investigation examines in two studies the association between specific sub-types of driving misconduct, i.e., unintentional mistakes and deliberate rule violations with psychopathic characteristics, with a focus on the role of levels of fear and anxiety in aberrant driving. Findings support the hypotheses that fearlessness, i.e., the bold, unemotional aspect of psychopathic traits, characterizes drivers who engage in frequent deliberate driving code violations, whereas the more impulsive/antisocial aspect of psychopathy, associated with higher levels of fear and anxiety, is more characteristic of drivers who engage in unintentional mistakes. Fearless features are also associated with higher self-reported driving misconduct and accidents. Study 2 conceptually replicated this finding by showing that mistakes are positively related to high sensitivity to punishment, while violations are negatively related to it. Findings are discussed in light of psychopathy theory and in relation to prevention and intervention.     

企业和生产过程专用的产品模型──产品摸型是联网的产品开发过程的基础

根据面向生产过程的造型范例，提出了对产品模型的要求，发展了体系结构，讨论了具体实施的经验。     

含Cu抗菌不锈钢的工艺与耐蚀性能

与普通0Cr17铁素体不锈钢和0Cr18Ni9奥氏体不锈钢相比，含铜铁素体和奥氏体抗菌不锈钢均具有良好的冷热加工性能和焊接性能．通过提高浇铸温度，抗菌不锈钢能保持良好的铸造性能．奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的抗应力腐蚀性能比0Cr18Ni9不锈钢有很大的提高，而铁素体抗菌不锈钢比0Cr17有明显的下降．与相应的普通不锈钢相比，两种类型抗菌不锈钢的耐点蚀性能均略有下降．     

The development of a method to measure speed adaptation to traffic complexity: identifying novice, unsafe, and overconfident drivers

To monitor novice driver performance in the first years of solo driving, a test aimed at assessing speed adaptation to the traffic situation was developed and evaluated. The Adaptation Test consisted of 18 traffic scenes presented in two (almost) identical photographs, which differed in one single detail, increasing the situation's complexity. As the pictures were presented randomly and participants could not return to previous pictures, participants were kept unaware of the complexity differences in the pictures. The difference in reported speed between the two pictures was used as an indication of drivers' inclination to adapt their speed to the complexity of the traffic situation. Results showed that novice drivers (n=434) performed worse on the Adaptation Test (i.e. less often reported a lower speed in the more complex situation) than experienced drivers (n=173). In addition, unsafe drivers and overconfident drivers, as identified in an on-road driving assessment, performed worse on the Adaptation Test. This indicates that the Adaptation Test is effective at measuring adaptation of driving speed to the complexity of the situation; and that incorrect self-assessment, and overestimating driving skills in particular, may have a negative effect on speed adaptation.     

基于模态试验与优化的静动力学模型转换

在结构强度分析中,将刚度分布较为准确的静力学模型转换为动力学模型可以大大提高建模效率。提出了一种基于模态试验和优化算法的静、动力学模型转换方法。在调整静力学模型的刚度矩阵基础上,再按照质量、质心、惯矩、单元体积进行节点质量的预分配,最后根据模态试验识别出的模态参数优化节点质量的修正量,如此便可得到其动力学模型。以某飞机翼身组合结构模型的转换为例,证明了该方法的实用性。     

The contribution of perceived parental and familial characteristics to attitudes toward accompanied driving among young drivers

One of the main requirements of the graduated driving licensing system in Israel is that new drivers be accompanied by an experienced driver (usually one of their parents) for the first three months after receipt of their license. The current series of studies examined the associations between young drivers’ attitudes toward accompanied driving (ATAD) and their perception of their parents’ driving styles and parenting modes, as well as dynamic of their family. Young drivers completed questionnaires assessing their ATAD, and either perceived parental driving style (Study 1, n = 100), perceived parenting style (Study 2, n = 120), or perceived family dynamic (Study 3, n = 254). The results indicated significant associations between the young drivers’ ATAD of tension, relatedness, avoidance, disapproval, and anxiety, and their own perceptions of the characteristic driving styles of their parents (risky, anxious, angry, and careful). They also indicated significant relationship between youngsters’ ATAD and their perceptions of their parents’ parenting modes (responsive, demanding, and autonomy-granting). Finally, the results indicated significant negative associations between ATAD of tension, avoidance, disapproval, and anxiety, and family cohesion and adaptability, and a positive association between these two and relatedness. The results are discussed in respect to the relationship between the parental model and the young drivers’ ATAD in particular, and risk management in general, and practical implications of these results are offered.     

The relationship between visibility aid use and motor vehicle related injuries among bicyclists presenting to emergency departments

Background

Little is known about the effectiveness of visibility aids (VAs; e.g., reflectors, lights, fluorescent clothing) in reducing the risk of a bicyclist–motor-vehicle (MV) collision.

Purpose

To determine if VAs reduce the risk of a bicyclist–MV collision.

Methods

Cases were bicyclists struck by a MV and assessed at Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, emergency departments (EDs) from May 2008 to October 2010. Controls were bicyclists with non-MV injuries. Participants were interviewed about their personal and injury characteristics, including use of VAs. Injury information was collected from charts. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for VAs during daylight and dark conditions, and adjusted for confounders using logistic regression. Missing values were imputed using chained equations and adjusted OR estimates from the imputed data were calculated.

Results

There were 2403 injured bicyclists including 278 cases. After adjusting for age, sex, type of bicycling (commuting vs. recreational) and bicyclist speed, white compared with black (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28, 0.95), and bicyclist self-reported light compared with dark coloured (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.49, 0.92) upper body clothing reduced the odds of a MV collision during daylight. After imputing missing values, white compared with black (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.99) and bicyclist self-reported light compared with dark coloured (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.52, 0.97) upper body clothing remained protective against MV collision in daylight conditions. During dark conditions, crude estimates indicated that reflective clothing or other items, red/orange/yellow front upper body clothing compared with black, fluorescent clothing, headlights and tail lights were estimated to increase the odds of a MV collision. An imputed adjusted analysis revealed that red/orange/yellow front upper body clothing colour (OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.06, 15.99) and tail lights (OR 2.54; 95% CI: 1.06, 6.07) remained the only significant risk factors for MV collisions. One or more visibility aids reduced the odds of a bicyclist MV collision resulting in hospitalization.

Conclusions

Bicyclist clothing choice may be important in reducing the risk of MV collision. The protective effect of visibility aids varies based on light conditions, and non-bicyclist risk factors also need to be considered.     

The Land Demonstrations in relation to Colour Theory and Colour Photography

Colour effects observed in Land photographs suggest other well-known perceptual phenomena. An explanation of the Land colours must, however, be in terms of the basic mechanisms on which all these phenomena are dependent. Trichromatic theory postulates the nature of the initial stage in the colour reception process, but it has little applicability to the qualitative phenomena of colour vision. The opponents theory of Hering is here used as a basis for later stages in the visual process in order to explain qualitative phenomena in terms of neural mechanisms. Methods are described by means of which tristimulus specifications for the receptors can be selected which are appropriate to the trichromatic theory and to an opponents theory based on the trichromatic theory. The Land photographs can then be understood in terms of such a system, provided there occur changes in sensitivity of the receptors, or adaptive changes which simulate such changes in sensitivity at a later stage in the visual process. Such changes are partly dependent on interaction between outputs corresponding to a particular retinal area and those corresponding to a larger retinal area. These mechanisms are also discussed in relation to the suppressor mechanism for chromatic aberration. Colour photography is essentially satisfied by a trichromatic process as a photograph has, ideally, to produce similar activity at the first stage in the visual process as do the objects photographed. But in so far as modifications are necessary in a photograph to compensate for the limitations of photographic reproduction and the conditions in which the photograph is viewed, it may be useful to go beyond the trichromatic scheme both to understand the nature of such modifications and to simplify their implementation. The Land demonstrations are important as they highlight basic perceptual phenomena and provide a means of obtaining quantitative data which may reveal the nature of the underlying mechanisms.     

The Ductile to Brittle Transition Behavior of the Modified 9Cr-1Mo Steel and Its Laser Welds

The ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of the modified 9Cr-lMo steel and its laser welds was studied. The increase in grain size of the weld structure ascended the DBTT of the steel significantly. The transformation of retained austenite at martensite interlath boundaries into untempered and/or twinned martensite could also contribute to increased DBTTs of the steel and its welds tempered at 540℃.